Real time simulation of nonlinear generalized predictive control for wind energy conversion system with nonlinear observer

In order to make a wind power generation truly cost-effective and reliable, an advanced control techniques must be used. In this paper, we develop a new control strategy, using nonlinear generalized predictive control (NGPC) approach, for DFIG-based wind turbine. The proposed control law is based on two points: NGPC-based torque-current control loop generating the rotor reference voltage and NGPC-based speed control loop that provides the torque reference. In order to enhance the robustness of the controller, a disturbance observer is designed to estimate the aerodynamic torque which is considered as an unknown perturbation. Finally, a real-time simulation is carried out to illustrate the performance of the proposed controller.     

采用内模控制理论的双馈感应风机鲁棒控制器设计

针对工程中双馈感应电机转子电流控制器参数整定的问题,提出一种利用内模控制理论设计转子电流控制器的鲁棒控制方法。首先定义内模控制的灵敏度函数和互补灵敏度函数,并推导双馈感应电机转子电流控制系统传递函数,建立了转子电流内环的内模数学模型。IMC控制器的设计以平方积分误差值和鲁棒稳定M值为准则,并与传统比例积分控制器进行比较。通过对1.5 MW双馈感应电机的MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真表明,本文方法稳态跟踪精度高、动态响应快、对模型误差和外界干扰具有较好的鲁棒性。最后在11 k W的双馈风机实验平台上验证了所提方法的有效性。     

The effect of torque scheduling on the performance and mechanical loads of a wind turbine

The generator torque control loop of a multi-MW wind turbine consists of three operational regions, i.e. a max Cp region, a transient region around the rated rotor speed, and a power regulation region. The performance and mechanical stress on the wind turbine structure are closely related with how the torque schedule is mechanized in the transient and above-rated regions. Using a drive train model, the closed loop dynamic characteristics for different torque schedules were analyzed. It is found that the slope of the torque for the rotor speed in the transient region is the major factor which determines the performance and mechanical loading of the wind turbine. The effect of using a variable torque instead of the fixed rated torque in the above-rated region is also analyzed.     

Robust fractional order sliding mode control of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines

Wind power plants have nonlinear dynamics and contain many uncertainties such as unknown nonlinear disturbances and parameter uncertainties. Thus, it is a difficult task to design a robust reliable controller for this system. This paper proposes a novel robust fractional-order sliding mode (FOSM) controller for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy conversion system. In order to enhance the robustness of the control system, uncertainties and disturbances are estimated using a fractional order uncertainty estimator. In the proposed method a continuous control strategy is developed to achieve the chattering free fractional order sliding-mode control, and also no knowledge of the uncertainties and disturbances or their bound is assumed. The boundedness and convergence properties of the closed-loop signals are proven using Lyapunov׳s stability theory. Simulation results in the presence of various uncertainties were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control scheme.     

Variable speed wind turbine control by discrete-time sliding mode approach

The aim of this paper is to propose a new design variable speed wind turbine control by discrete-time sliding mode approach. This methodology is designed for linear saturated system. The saturation constraint is reported on inputs vector. To this end, the back stepping design procedure is followed to construct a suitable sliding manifold that guarantees the attainment of a stabilization control objective. It is well known that the mechanisms are investigated in term of the most proposed assumptions to deal with the damping, shaft stiffness and inertia effect of the gear. The objectives are to synthesize robust controllers that maximize the energy extracted from wind, while reducing mechanical loads and rotor speed tracking combined with an electromagnetic torque. Simulation results of the proposed scheme are presented.     

Performance optimization of linear active disturbance rejection control approach by modified bat inspired algorithm for single area load frequency control concerning high wind power penetration

The linear active disturbance approach is employed to deal with the load frequency control issue of a single area wind power system based on doubly fed induction generator, and the performance of the control law is optimized by using the bat-inspired algorithm. The load frequency control issue has become more challenging in a complex power system based on wind energy conversion system due to the varying feature of the wind penetration, and sustaining the balance between the power generation and demand by rejecting the internal uncertainties in the process model and the external disturbances simultaneously. In the framework of the presented linear active disturbance rejection control approach, by constructing an extended state observer, the total disturbance, including all the unmodelled dynamics in the process model and the external disturbances, can be estimated in real time and then compensated by a simple linear PD control law. The controller parameters tuning is then simplified into the optimization of the two bandwidths: observer bandwidth, and the controller bandwidth. Then, this issue can be achieved by employing the heuristic modified bat inspired algorithm based on the optimization of the proposed performance index. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by the extensive simulation examples of the load frequency control issue involved in the single area power system, taking into account different wind penetration, as well as the external disturbances. The performance robustness of the proposed approach against the parameters perturbation in the process model is also demonstrated via the Monte-Carlo method. The performance superiority of the proposed approach over the conventional Proportional Integral and Fuzzy-Proportional Integral based controller even in the presence of external disturbances and uncertainty in power system parameters under different cases of high wind penetration is also validated from the simulation results.     

风力机与液力变速传动装置匹配工作特性研究

通过对液力变速传动装置应用于风力发电系统运动规律的分析,得到了适应变化的风轮转速、保持恒定发电机输入转速的风轮转速与液力变矩器涡轮输出转速应保持的关系。根据传动系的功率分流原理及能量平衡方程,推导了液力变矩器泵轮输入功率占风轮功率的比例以及液力变速传动装置的总体传动效率关系式。结合风力机特性进行了液力变矩器涡轮输出工作特性的分析,综合评价了影响传动效率的主要因素。针对低转速比和高转速比两种型号的液力变矩器进行了系统的匹配计算,为液力元件的选型与设计、差动轮系及定轴轮系关键结构参数的选取提供了参考。
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变速恒频风力发电用交流励磁双馈发电机的研究

描述了变速恒频风力发电用交流励磁双馈发电机的结构特点和运行原理,并通过对该电机基本方程式、等效电路及时空矢量图的分析,导出了电机运行参数(如定、转子电流、有功、无功功率及电磁转矩)的数学表达式,证明了(?)运行性能可表示为转差率、转子励磁电压及与定子电压的相位差角三个变量的函数,为它的应用提供了理论依据。     

Coordinated control of micro-grid based on distributed moving horizon control

This paper proposed the distributed moving horizon coordinated control scheme for the power balance and economic dispatch problems of micro-grid based on distributed generation. We design the power coordinated controller for each subsystem via moving horizon control by minimizing a suitable objective function. The objective function of distributed moving horizon coordinated controller is chosen based on the principle that wind power subsystem has the priority to generate electricity while photovoltaic power generation coordinates with wind power subsystem and the battery is only activated to meet the load demand when necessary. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed distributed moving horizon coordinated controller can allocate the output power of two generation subsystems reasonably under varying environment conditions, which not only can satisfy the load demand but also limit excessive fluctuations of output power to protect the power generation equipment.     

变速恒频双馈风力发电机矢量控制研究

针对风力发电系统中恒速恒频控制低风能利用率的问题,对双馈异步发电机构成的变速恒频风力发电系统,采用在定子磁链定向矢量控制基础上的参数自整定模糊PI控制方法,实现了发电机转子励磁电流在风机变速时的快速跟随,使发电机网侧输出频率保持恒定。仿真结果表明,系统具有良好的动态性能。     

Periodic speed ripples minimization in PM synchronous motors using repetitive learning variable structure control

In this paper, we propose a simple repetitive learning variable structure control (RLVSC) scheme to reduce periodic speed ripples in a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). These speed ripples are induced by parasitic torque pulsations that vary periodically with rotor position. The conventional PI speed controller is able to reduce speed ripples to a certain extent but not sufficient enough for many high performance applications. During steady state, the RLVSC generates a reference compensation current that together with the outer loop PI speed controller is used to minimize the speed ripples. Being a plug-in module, the proposed RLVSC controller can be easily integrated to any of the existing PMSM drive systems. Experimental evaluation of the proposed scheme is carried out on a DSP-controlled PMSM drive platform. Test results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme in reducing speed ripples by a factor of approximately 3 under various operating conditions.     

The conceptual design of grid-connected wind turbine based on speed regulating differential mechanism

In view of problems arising from the grid-connected wind turbine with the frequency converter, we propose a conceptual design of grid-connected wind turbine based on speed regulating differential mechanism (SRDM). The SRDM regulates its output speed and torque self-adaptively referring to wind rotor and makes the synchronous generator (SG) keep a constant speed to output electricity in steady frequency without the normal frequency converter and it has excellent low voltage ride through (LVRT). This paper offers the kinematics and dynamics analysis of the designed wind turbine and builds the SIMULINK model based on FAST (fatigue, aerodynamics, structures and turbulence) software. The simulation of speed, torque and power of wind rotor under average wind speed of 12 m/s and turbulence intensity of 20% can verify the feasibility of the designed wind turbine.     

基于导叶可调液力变矩器风电机组的设计

基于导叶可调式液力变矩器,综合考虑风轮转速、发电机功率、液力变矩器结构参数,设计出适应于变化的风轮转速,并能使发电机输入转速保持恒定的风电机组.     

基于PLC和直流电机的风力发电模拟平台试验研究

为解决风力发电中的风能利用问题,以直流电机为原动机,搭建了基于BECKHOFF PLC的永磁直驱风力发电模拟试验平台,并使用KingView组态软件开发了人机交互界面。风力发电模拟平台采用DC Driver来实现直流电动机模拟风机的转矩控制,采用下位机控制软件TwinCAT PLC集成的PID算法实现永磁同步发电机的转速控制,从而实现风力机的转矩特性模拟和永磁同步发电机的最佳转速追踪控制。最后,在所搭建的实验平台上对基于最佳叶尖速比的最大风能捕获控制方案进行了试验研究。研究结果表明,模拟风机可以动态地追踪最大功率点,验证了风机模拟平台的有效性。     

Optimal supplementary frequency controller design using the wind farm frequency model and controller parameters stability region

In most of the existing studies, the frequency response in the variable speed wind turbines (VSWTs) is simply realized by changing the torque set-point via appropriate inputs such as frequency deviations signal. However, effective dynamics and systematic process design have not been comprehensively discussed yet. Accordingly, this paper proposes a proportional-derivative frequency controller and investigates its performance in a wind farm consisting of several VSWTs. A band-pass filter is deployed before the proposed controller to avoid responding to either steady state frequency deviations or high rate of change of frequency. To design the controller, the frequency model of the wind farm is first characterized. The proposed controller is then designed based on the obtained open loop system. The stability region associated with the controller parameters is analytically determined by decomposing the closed-loop system's characteristic polynomial into the odd and even parts. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated through extensive simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment in a power system comprising a high penetration of VSWTs equipped with the proposed controller. Finally, based on the obtained feasible area and appropriate objective function, the optimal values associated with the controller parameters are determined using the genetic algorithm (GA).     

Real-Time Simulator based hybrid control of DFIG-WES

This paper presents the analysis and design of recurrent neural network (RNN) and proportional and integral(PI) controller based hybrid control(HC) of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The proposed HC shows the quick dynamic and good transient response during the sudden changes in wind speed as well as generator speed. Further performance of proposed hybrid controller has been analyzed independently with RNN and PI control as its components. The HC along with RNN gives effective performance compared to conventional DTC (CDTC) and PI DTC in terms of flux ripples,torque ripples and settling time. The proposed technique is implemented in real-time simulator (RTS) based OPAL-RT and MATLAB/SIMULINK environment at a rating of 5.5 KW system under steeply and randomly change in wind velocity.     

基于平均功率平衡控制的磁悬浮分子泵电力失效补偿方法

高速磁悬浮涡轮分子泵（Turbo Molecular Pump, TMP）因其高能量密度、微振动、无需润滑等优点被广泛应用于工业领域,但外部电源失效时,高速转子跌落后与保护轴承产生剧烈撞击和摩擦,将给系统带来致命损害。针对以上问题,提出一种基于平均功率平衡法的电力失效补偿控制（Power Failure Compensation Control, PFCC）方法。首先,设计电机能量回馈电路;其次,对Buck-Boost变换器进行数学建模,设计一种双环非线性控制器,其中电流内环使用滑模控制,电压外环使用平均功率平衡控制（Average Power Balance Control, APBC）,并利用Lyapunov函数推导出系统的稳定性条件;最后,通过搭建磁悬浮分子泵PFCC实验平台,对所提出的方法进行实验验证。结果表明：本文所提出的方法具有快速响应和输出鲁棒性,磁悬浮转子由额定转速21000 r/min降至3900 r/min时跌落,电机能量转化效率为96.6%,提高了磁轴承系统的安全性。     

额定风速以上永磁同步风力发电系统的自适应控制

由于受到机械负载和电气负荷限制,风力发电系统在额定风速以上时必须运行在恒功率状态,考虑到风机本身固有的非线性特性,以及大风速下外界干扰对风机系统参数的影响,设计了风力发电系统的自适应控制器.采用永磁电机转子磁场矢量控制原理,实现了发电机系统解耦控制和恒功率控制.理论分析和仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器可以保证在额定风速以上变化,系统参数不确定的情况下,仍能使永磁同步风力发电系统安全可靠运行并获取最大风能的目的.     

基于负载角控制的直接转矩控制系统研究

介绍了一种空间电压矢量调制直接转矩控制新方法.通过对转矩偏差进行PI调节,获得下一周期的负载角,结合转子磁链的位置得到期望的定子磁链矢量.利用空间电压矢量调制技术实现对逆变器电压状态的控制.仿真表明,该系统能够更好地控制定子磁链和转矩的脉动,具有良好的性能.     

基于无速度传感器异步电机的风力机模拟研究

风力机模拟系统使在实验室内开展风力发电技术的各项研究成为可能。分析了风力机特性,建立了风力机模型。通过对异步电机间接磁场定向矢量控制技术的研究,考虑到安装速度传感器具有诸多缺陷,提出基于模型参考自适应（MRAS）转速辨识理论的无速度传感器异步电机的风力机模拟控制方法,并且考虑到转子时间常数对矢量控制系统的影响,采用同时辨识电机转速和转子时间常数,使系统辨识转速同时,对电机参数变化具有较强的鲁棒性。利用MATLAB/SIMULINK搭建了基于无速度传感器异步电机的风力机模拟系统,通过对风力机特性,最大风能捕获和电机参数对矢量控制系统影响的仿真,证明了系统的可行性。