藤稔葡萄不同节位芽的发育及结果能力分析

花芽分化是葡萄产量形成的生理基础。为了解葡萄不同节位芽发育的情况,本试验以6年生藤稔品种为试材,通过在枝条不同节位进行修剪并仅保留顶部2个芽的处理,研究了不同节位芽萌发新梢的开花及结果习性。结果表明,不同节位的修剪处理均不同程度地增加了结果枝的粗度和花序数,果穗和果实性状也有所提高。     

The use of molecular biology techniques to study and manipulate the grapevine: Why and how?

This paper aims to give an overview of how molecular biology relates to grapevine research and viticulture. In it we explain some basic premises and techniques of molecular biology with the aim of introducing a wider readership to this rapidly developing field. Current and potential uses of molecular biology for research and practical viticulture are presented. These include molecular cloning, analysis of gene expression, grapevine transformation, marker-assisted breeding, cultivar identification and pest and disease diagnostics. A glossary of terms and a list of web sites for further information are also provided.     

Effect of irrigation and variety on oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotope composition of grapes cultivated in a warm climate

Background and Aims: δ¹³C values from Vitis vinifera leaves, whole grape, seed, pulp, skin and/or grape must sugars have been investigated as an integrated marker of vine water status or intrinsic water-use efficiency during berry growth and across region of origin, vintage and variety. The use of ¹⁸O/¹⁶O isotopic ratio as a marker of water addition, vintage and geographical origin has also been studied. This paper examines the effect of irrigation and grapevine variety on δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of grape must from eight varieties, all cultivated in the same vineyard to reduce the effects from other variables. Methods and Results: Stable isotope compositions of grape must water and sugar were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The result of the study showed statistically significant effects of irrigation and vine variety on both δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C. The effect of vintage on δ¹⁸O was only significant for non-irrigated vines. Conclusion: This research highlights the effect of variety and irrigation on δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O of grape. Significance of the Study: This is the first report to demonstrate that the varietal effect on δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O of grape is not due only to differences in the vegetative cycle of each variety. It further suggests that water exhibits a lower isotopic discrimination in the indigenous Spanish varieties studied than in non-indigenous varieties.     

Impact of node position and bearer length on the yield components in mechanically pruned Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.)

Background and Aims: Bunch number per node or shoot varies significantly between seasons and is a major cause of yield variation. Varying total node numbers by pruning is the least expensive way to regulate yield. However, there is little information available on how varying bearer length (and thus node number) in a machine‐pruned canopy alters yield components. Methods and Results: The impact of bearer length on yield components was investigated in a mechanically pruned vineyard in Coonawarra, South Australia. Yield components were analysed according to the node position on the bearer at which the shoot arose. Both budburst and inflorescence number per node were highest at the distal node positions regardless of bearer length. When node positions two and three were located in the two most distal nodes made terminal by the pruning, they were significantly more fruitful than equivalent nodes on longer bearers. Shoots that arose from the two most distal node positions had the highest flower number per inflorescence and berry number per bunch. Conclusions: Budburst, and the number and size of the inflorescence and bunch were affected more by the node position at which the shoot occurred relative to the cut end of the bearer, than the position of the node from the base of the bearer. Significance of the Study: Our understanding of how pruning regimes impact on yield and how these pruning regimes may be modified to achieve a target yield has been improved.     

Stomatal density of grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) responds to soil temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide

Background and Aims: Leaf stomatal density, i.e. number of stomata per unit area of leaf, is a primary determinant of the carbon and water relations of plants. However, little is known about the plasticity of grapevine stomatal density during leaf formation in response to environmental factors. In this study, we determined responses in stomatal density to soil temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide during leaf development following dormancy to gain further understanding of grapevine carbon and water relations, and adaptation to climate change. Methods and Results: Using potted plants of Vitis vinifera (L.) cv. Chardonnay, we found that a period of soil warming from budbreak reduced stomatal density of concurrently formed leaves, whereas CO₂ depletion increased it. Furthermore, stomatal density of concurrently formed leaves was closely and inversely correlated with starch concentration in roots and trunks. Conclusion: We conclude that the stomatal density of grapevine leaves varies greatly in response to soil temperature and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Significance of the Study: This is the first study to show that soil temperature influences stomatal density of plants. It also confirms that stomatal density of grapevines, like many other plants, responds inversely to atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Our findings demonstrate that stomatal density must be accounted for in any attempt to predict grapevine adaptation to climate change, and attendant impacts on CO₂ assimilation and water use efficiency in viticulture. More fundamentally, they indicate that the carbohydrate reserve status of perennial, deciduous plant species may be an important endogenous determinant of stomatal density.     

利用AMDIS技术解析雷司令果实发育过呈中的降异戊二烯类香气物质

自动质谱图解卷积和鉴定系统(AMDIS)是美国标准化委员会推出的一款辅助气质数据定性分析的软件,利用该软件可有效的克服GC-MS定性分析中基质效应和共洗脱效应的干扰,增加解谱的准确性和可靠性.本研究将GC-MS检测技术和AMDIS辅助解谱相结合,从雷司令葡萄果实中鉴定出15种降异戊二烯类物质,他们多数以游离态形式存在,在果实发育早期或转色前期含量最高;此外还检测到4种结合态该类化合物.在成熟果实中,β-大马士酮和β -紫罗兰酮含量远高于其感觉阈值,呈现煤油味的TDN也略高于其阈值.该研究为AMDIS技术在果实香气成分分析中的推广应用提供了参考.     

Identification,distribution and current taxonomy of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with grapevine decline in New South Wales and South Australia

Background and Aims: Botryosphaeriaceae species are recognised as important pathogens of grapevines both in Australia and overseas. The identity, prevalence and distribution of Botryosphaeriaceae species in vineyards throughout the major winegrowing regions of New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia (SA) was determined to provide a foundation for improved disease prevention and management. Methods and Results: Field surveys from 91 vineyards across NSW and SA resulted in the collection of 2239 diseased wood samples and subsequent isolation of 1258 Botryosphaeriaceae isolates. Morphological identification along with phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (EF1-α) showed that eight Botryosphaeriaceae species from four phylogenetic lineages occur on grapevines in eastern Australia, including Diplodia seriata, Diplodia mutila, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum, Neofusicoccum australe, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Dothiorella viticola and Dothiorella iberica. Conclusions: The prevalence of individual species varied according to geography and climate. Species of Diplodia and Dothiorella, characterised by thick-walled, pigmented conidia were the most prevalent and were distributed widely throughout both NSW and SA. Species with hyaline conidia, such as Neofusicoccum and Fusicoccum, were isolated less frequently and displayed more limited geographic ranges, whilst only a single isolate of Lasiodiplodia was recovered, this being from the northern most region of NSW. Significance of the Study: The identification of eight taxa within the Botryosphaeriaceae, and their distributions throughout south-eastern Australia was established and discussed in context with climate, reported optimum growth temperatures, and more recent taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions. We established a sound base for control strategies based on the prevailing species in Australian viticultural regions.