高拱坝坝肩岩体变形稳定性的三维数值模拟

以金沙江上游拟建某水电站高拱坝坝肩为研究对象,应用有限差分程序FLAC-3D对坝肩岩体在天然和荷载后的应力、变形和破坏的发展特征模拟分析,重点分析了坝肩岩体在正常工程荷载下的变形稳定性及坝肩超载特性,得到了坝肩岩体的变形破坏特征及超载安全系数。     

大岗山双曲拱坝整体稳定三维地质力学模型试验研究

针对大岗山双曲拱坝的工程地质问题,采用三维地质力学模型试验技术,研究坝体和坝肩从加荷到破坏的整个过程和机制.试验过程模拟大坝基础的不连续岩体条件、岩体力学特性和整体双曲拱坝.试验考虑拱坝上游超载情况,同时还模拟两坝肩岩体中软弱结构面强度弱化的影响,为此研制适合该工程的变温相似材料及试验模拟新技术,并在一个模型上进行强度储备与超载相结合的综合法试验.试验结果给出拱坝在正常蓄水位和降强之后超载作用下的位移场,获得坝体和坝肩的变形及分布特征、内部断层典型测点的相对位移,揭示拱坝坝体和坝基失稳前后裂缝发展的全过程及其破坏机制.得到强度储备系数为1.25,超载系数为4.0～4.5,确定拱坝坝肩坝基整体稳定安全度为5.0～5.6.对试验数据的综合分析,可以评价边坡的稳定性,并针对坝肩的薄弱环节提出加固处理措施建议.     

复杂地质条件下拱坝坝肩稳定分析及密集节理影响研究

针对小湾拱坝左、右岸坝肩抗力体内存在的地质缺陷,采用超载方法,对小湾拱坝1 210 m高程进行坝肩稳定平面地质力学模型试验.试验重点模拟主要断层、蚀变带、软岩带以及坝肩SN,EW向2组主要节理;得出坝体位移、应变,坝肩位移、破坏过程、破坏形态和超载安全系数,对坝肩稳定性进行评价.由于地质力学模型缩尺后无法模拟坝肩岩体中的密集节理,为了探讨密集节理对坝肩稳定的影响,采用非线性有限元对考虑和不考虑密集节理2种情况进行计算分析,通过对比计算结果得出,密集节理对坝体、坝肩位移的影响为-8%～10%、对超载安全系数的影响约为-9%,说明密集节理对小湾拱坝1 210 m高程坝肩稳定的影响程度不大,试验成果是可靠的.     

木里河立洲拱坝整体稳定地质力学模型试验研究

采用三维地质力学模型超载法试验,对立洲拱坝的整体稳定性进行研究,在模型中充分反映断层、层间剪切带、裂隙密集带及长大裂隙等复杂地质构造对拱坝与地基整体稳定性的影响。通过超载法破坏试验获得坝体、坝肩、坝基岩体及结构面的变形特征、破坏失稳过程、破坏形态和破坏机制,揭示影响稳定的控制性因素和工程薄弱部位,确定拱坝与地基在各阶段的超载安全系数为：起裂超载安全系数K1 = 1.4～2.2,非线性变形超载安全系数K2 = 3.4～4.3,极限超载安全系数K3 = 6.3～6.6。通过对比分析类似拱坝工程的超载法试验结果可知,立洲拱坝的超载安全系数在统计分布范围之内,但两坝肩中上部的岩体和结构面局部破坏较严重,需对这些薄弱部位进行重点加固处理,以进一步提高坝与地基的整体稳定安全性。     

高拱坝坝肩坝基整体稳定地质力学模型试验研究

锦屏一级水电站是雅砻江干流上的重要梯级电站。工程主要开发任务是发电，同时还兼有拦沙、防洪、蓄能作用。该工程大坝为混凝土双曲拱坝，最大坝高305m，为目前世界上最高拱坝。坝址区地质构造复杂，两岸谷坡为近千米的高陡边坡，两坝肩岩体内存在断层、煌斑岩脉、层间挤压带、深部裂隙等各类软弱结构面，对拱坝坝肩坝基稳定带来不利影响。采用三维整体地质力学模型试验研究方法，研究了锦屏一级高拱坝坝肩坝基的整体稳定性。试验中充分考虑了影响坝肩坝基稳定的各种因素，既考虑拱坝上游超载情况，同时还重点模拟两坝肩岩体中软弱结构面强度弱化的影响，为此研制了适合该工程的变温相似材料及试验模拟新技术，并在一个模型上进行了强度储备与超载相结合的综合法试验。通过试验获得了坝肩坝基的变形及分布特征、失稳的破坏形态和破坏机理，确定了拱坝坝肩坝基整体稳定安全度为4．7～5．0，评价了工程的安全性，并针对坝肩的薄弱环节提出了加固处理措施建议。     

高拱坝坝肩裂隙岩体的三维非线性抗震稳定性分析

在高拱坝坝肩裂隙岩体的抗震稳定性分析中 ,采用传统刚体极限平衡法分析坝肩裂隙岩体潜在滑体的安全性态 ,坝肩稳定性评价未考虑裂隙岩体变形对坝体应力的影响 ,由此计算的抗滑安全系数并不能保证坝体的安全性 ;而采用基于连续介质理论的有限元法和基于碎散介质的离散单元法分析时 ,其物理数学模型和坝肩岩体的实际情况相距甚远。为此 ,本文在安全系数强度储备概念基础上提出了动抗滑变形安全系数法 ,该方法以坝体拉应力作为坝肩岩体抗滑稳定性评价标准 ,综合考虑非线性坝体和坝基节理、裂隙岩体的动静态耦合作用 ,坝肩岩体的抗滑安全系数保证了坝体的安全 ,较传统的分析方法更为科学、合理。采用该方法 ,本文将坝肩裂隙岩体作为可以考虑局部开裂、各向异性和大变形的非线性连续体用动态接触单元模型模拟 ,对在建的小湾高拱坝坝肩裂隙岩体的抗震稳定性进行了三维动力分析。数值分析结果表明 ,在综合考虑坝体应力影响后 ,坝肩裂隙岩体的变形安全系数小于强度安全系数。因此 ,在高拱坝坝肩岩体的抗震稳定性评价中必须计及坝体应力的影响因素。     

受断层切割影响的拱坝坝肩岩体三维稳定性数值分析及加固措施模拟

某水电站右岸坝肩岩体受断层切割，稳定性较差，成为工程安全的一大控制性因素。为研究其稳定性，对受断层切割的拱坝坝肩岩体进行了拱坝和坝肩岩体联合作用的三维非线性数值模拟。模型用点安全系数法和超水荷载法，研究坝肩岩体的稳定性，并对起控制性作用的断层进行了加固模拟，分析了加固措施对坝肩岩体安全的影响。研究结果表明：对断层采取工程加固措施后，稳定性有了明显提高，为工程建设提供了有意义的参考。     

拱坝坝肩岩体稳定地质力学模型试验

保证坝肩岩体稳定是拱坝设计和建设中的重要问题。由于岩体通常是非均匀、非弹性的不连续体,故其三维稳定性分析十分复杂。利用能反映地质构造特点的地质力学模型试验研究拱坝坝肩岩体稳定是一种较新的有效方法。本文论述了拱坝坝肩稳定的类型及性质、地质力学模型试验的原理和方法以及试验技术问题。文中并介绍了为国内一座大型重力拱坝进行的坝肩稳定三维小块体地质力学模型试验研究成果,分析了该坝左坝肩在水压超载条件下的破坏机理,指出它与通常采用的刚体极限平衡理论分析结果差异较大。     

小湾高拱坝整体稳定三维地质力学模型试验研究

 结合小湾高拱坝坝肩坝基的地形、地质特征、软弱结构面分布状况、浅层松弛卸荷现象以及加固处理方案,建立三维地质力学模型,研制主要断层的变温相似材料,运用超载与降强相结合的综合法对整体模型进行破坏试验。通过试验获得小湾拱坝坝肩坝基的变形特征、失稳的破坏过程、破坏形态及破坏机制,得到强度储备系数为1.2,超载系数为3.3～3.5,确定拱坝坝肩坝基整体稳定综合法试验安全系数为3.96～4.20。对试验数据的综合分析得出,两坝肩中上部高程部位由于对断层和蚀变带采用了混凝土洞塞置换,其变位相对较小,破坏形态和破坏范围相对较轻,说明混凝土加固洞塞置换起到较好的加固效果。根据试验显示的破坏形态和破坏区域,建议对右坝肩下游1 245 m高程以上的断层F11和F10做一定范围的处理,对左坝肩推力墩以上部分岩体进行适当的加固处理。     

用非连续介质模型分析拱坝坝肩的动力稳定性

 拱坝坝肩岩体内包含断层、裂隙等结构面，分析坝肩岩体的稳定性宜采用非连续介质力学模型。界面元可以较好地模拟相邻两单元界面上位移的不连续性，适用于描述单元之间的分离和滑移现象，用于坝肩稳定可靠度分析可以得到更加符合实际的计算结果。坝肩稳定分析中涉及到的水压荷载、地震作用、岩石的力学参数等均为随机变量，适合用结构可靠度理论分析坝肩的稳定性。坝肩岩体是变形体，其受力后产生的应力和变形是判断坝肩稳定性的主要指标，以断层、界面上的抗拉、抗剪能力作为可靠度计算的强度准则，建立极限状态方程，采用响应面法计算坝肩稳定的动力可靠度。坝肩稳定可靠性是结构体系可靠度分析问题，在研究破坏模式的基础上，通过修改劲度矩阵模拟结构状态的变化，跟踪计算各单元的可靠度，最后得到坝肩稳定的可靠度或坝肩发生失稳的概率。针对某一拱坝进行坝肩动力稳定可靠度分析的结果表明，采用非连续介质力学模型和响应面法计算坝肩稳定的可靠度是可行的，得到的结果是合理的。     

基于Sketch Up的三维虚拟小区制作

本文以某小区规划设计为例,介绍了Sketch Up在三维景观制作的流程特点和功能。并详细阐述了建模技术和方法,达到了小区三维设计和表达的目的。     

电位滴定法测定原油中硫醇硫含量

三维数字城市的快速发展催生了大量的延伸业务,常规的依赖于三维建模软件的手工建模方式越来越难以适应快速、规范化、可调整等专业业务对三维模型的更高要求。对此,基于参数和规则的建模技术应运而生。本文以参数化建模技术为基础,结合规则建模技术的特性,实现了一种基于断面的建构筑物快速建模技术,通过设计简单对象的断面和延伸线以及复杂对象各组成部件的断面和空间关系设计,实现建构筑物的快速建模。最后,展示研究成果在辅助城市规划和片区设计成果展示分析等工程项目中进行应用。     

浅谈火灾烟气流动规律的模化研究方法

论文简单介绍了火灾烟气流动中现有的主要研究方法的优缺点,对数学模化方法及水力模化方法的技术要点,国内现存问题作了初步探讨。     

基于空间信息的三维地学模拟理论及研究

介绍了3DGM理论以及构模方法,即块段构模法、线框构模法、实体构模法、断面构模法、表面构模法等,并从6个方面提出了若干个技术前沿问题,并对三维地学模拟的发展趋势和研究思路进行了分析,从而为其进一步的研究与软件开发提供了基础。     

Numerical modeling for rockbursts: A state-of-the-art review

As the depth of excavation increases,rockburst becomes one of the most serious geological hazards damaging equipment and facilities and even causing fatalities in mining and civil engineering.This has forced researchers worldwide to identify different methods to investigate rockburst-related problems.However,some problems,such as the mechanisms and the prediction of rockbursts,continue to be studied because rockburst is a very complicated phenomenon influenced by the uncertainty and complexity in geological conditions,in situ stresses,induced stresses,etc.Numerical modeling is a widely used method for investigating rockbursts.To date,great achievements have been made owing to the rapid development of information technology(IT)and computer equipment.Hence,it is necessary and meaningful to conduct a review of the current state of the studies for rockburst numerical modeling.In this paper,the categories and the origin of different numerical approaches employed in modeling rockbursts are reviewed and the current usage of various numerical modeling approaches is investigated by a literature research.Later,a state-of-the-art review is implemented to investigate the application of numerical modeling in the mechanism study,and prediction and prevention of rockbursts.The main achievements and problems are highlighted.Finally,this paper discusses the limitations and the future research of numerical modeling for rockbursts.An approach is proposed to provide researchers with a systematic and reasonable numerical modeling framework.     

Ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing resting on clay soil mixed with tire-derived aggregates

This study investigated the use of recycled tire-derived aggregate (TDA) mixed with kaolin as a method of increasing the ultimate bearing capacity ( UBC) of a strip footing. Thirteen 1g physical modeling tests were prepared in a rigid box of 0.6 m × 0.9 m in plan and 0.6 m in height. During sample preparation, 0%, 20%, 40%, or 60% (by weight) of powdery, shredded, small-sized granular (G 1–4 mm) or large-sized granular (G 5–8 mm) TDA was mixed with the kaolin. A strip footing was then placed on the stabilized kaolin and was caused to fail under stress-controlled conditions to determine the UBC. A rigorous 3D finite element analysis was developed in Optum G-3 to determine the UBC values based on the experimental test results. The experimental results showed that, except for the 20% powdery TDA, the TDA showed an increase in the UBC of the strip footing. When kaolin mixed with 20% G (5–8 mm), the UBC showed a threefold increase over that for the unreinforced case. The test with 20% G (1–4 mm) recorded the highest subgrade modulus. It was observed that the UBC calculated using finite element modeling overestimated the experimental UBC by an average of 9%.     

Tunnel stability and arching effects during tunneling in soft clayey soil

A series of centrifuge model tests and numerical simulations of these tests were carried out to investigate the surface settlement troughs, excess pore water pressure generation, tunnel stability and arching effects that develop during tunneling in soft clayey soil. The two methods were found to provide consistent results of the surface settlement troughs, excess pore water generation, and the overload factors at collapse for both single and parallel tunneling. The arching ratio describes the evolution of the arching effects on the soil mass surrounding tunnels and can be derived from the numerical analysis. The boundaries of the arching zones for both single tunneling and parallel tunneling were determined. In addition, the boundaries of the positive and negative arching zones were also proposed.     

Numerical simulation of fire in a tunnel: Comparative study of CFAST and CFX predictions

The mathematical modeling of fire growth and smoke movement in any enclosure is a formidable task. Two types of deterministic models are in vogue, zone models and field models (popularly known as CFD technique). CFAST is a popular zone model used for modeling of fires in enclosures. Likewise, CFX is a general purpose CFD code used for various purposes including modeling of fires. In the present paper, a tunnel of length 150 m having a rectangular cross-section of 80 m² has been considered for analyzing the temperature and velocity profiles generated by fire, placed at a distance of 20 m from one end of portal, by both CFAST and CFX. The simulation by CFAST has been carried out by dividing the tunnel into 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12 and 15 compartments of equal size, where these compartments are joined by openings or vents having same cross-section as that of the tunnel. In case of tunnel divided into 15 compartments the fire source position lies at the position of vent; CFAST predicted very high temperatures. The simulations have also been carried out by dividing tunnel into unequal sized compartments such that position of fire was at the center of the compartment. It was found that for accuracy of results, location of fire source inside compartment is an important factor. Computational difficulty was experienced when tunnel was divided into more than 15 compartments. In this paper, a comparative study of temperatures predicted by CFAST and CFX has been done. The CFX and CFAST predictions show that smoke temperature changes with a pattern roughly similar to that of heat release rate. The temperature profiles at selected positions cannot be predicted by CFAST unlike CFX. The detailed features like flame tilt, flow field can only be observed from CFX predictions.     

基于网状含拓扑剖面的三维地质多体建模

针对传统的基于剖面建模方法使用平行的共面剖面的不足,提出基于网状含拓扑剖面的三维地质多体建模方法,利用一系列含有"结点–弧段–多边形"拓扑关系的、相互连接成网状的剖面,来进行多个地质体的三维模型构建,并且模型之间没有空隙和交叠。该方法将建模区域划分为若干网格分区,每个分区独立进行模型构建,最后将各分区模型拼合成为全区整体模型。建模过程中提供对模型的整体光滑。运用北京地区的实际数据,成功建立了北京市城市地质调查中的8个地质模型,证明该方法具有快速构建大区域高精度复杂地质模型的能力。     

城市道路参数化建模规则初探

随着参数化技术的发展,参数化建模的应用领域已逐渐拓展到建筑设计和城市规划设计领域,相关的研究也日益受到重视。但是,城市道路的参数化建模却较少受到学者们的关注。论文基于参数化设计平台CityEngine,研究并改进了城市道路的参数化建模规则,旨在拓展参数化建模的应用领域。