山区中小河流治理问题的探讨

从铁岭市多年的防污工作总结出，对中小流流的防治及治理已成为该市的重点。根据山区中小河流的特点及洪灾成因，应采用多种形式和措施进行治理。     

山区丘陵区堤防超高的探讨

结合呼盟山丘区堤防修建实际，提出我区现行山丘区堤防设计中超高过大的看法。     

黑龙江省大中型河流堤防造林建设调查报告

一、基本情况黑龙江省大中河流22条,流域面积5.0万平方公里以上的大江大河有4条,分别为黑龙江、松花江、乌苏里江、嫩江;流域面积1.0-5.0万平方公里的中型河流有18条,分别为蚂蚁河、拉林河、讷谟尔河、雅鲁河、乌裕尔河、绰尔河、诺敏河、牡丹江、绥芬河、倭肯河、汤旺河、呼兰河、通肯河、逊别拉河、穆棱河、额木尔河、呼玛河、挠力河。边境河有黑龙江、乌苏     

浅谈山区河流堤防工程基础问题及处理方法

山区河流比降大,洪水呈现泥石流特性,破坏力极强。山区河流堤防工程多为浆砌石挡墙或护坡,因冲刷和淤积现象频发,极易出现堤脚冲刷悬空或堤身淤埋问题,合理确定堤脚填筑材料、填筑方法及堤基埋设深度有利于降低工程总体造价,保证长期安全运行。本文根据佛坪县中小河流治理项目设计、建设、运行情况,列举了存在的问题,分析了造成这些问题的具体原因,并提出了相应的解决办法。     

浅谈水利工程与滨水景观建设

通过工程实践,将伊川独有的深厚历史文化融入了伊川伊河滨河新区水系工程中,运用生态理念在满足防洪、堤防安全的同时,营造了宜人的伊河两岸滨水公园,实现了水利工程与滨水景观建设的完美结合。     

山区河流治理条件受限段护岸方案设计

近年来,随着国家对水利建设投资的加大,一大批水利工程项目陆续上马,其中也包涵小河流治理项目。相对于传统水利枢纽或大型水工建筑物而言中小河流治理技术难度相对较低,但受到政策限制、资金来源等影响,该类项目存在着诸多实施难点。尤其对于山区河流,耕地宝贵、民居临河而建、跨河机耕桥未经系统规划建设等现象不可避免,要做到确保沿线居民防洪安全的同时尽可能减少房屋拆迁和耕地占用、确保项目顺利实施,着实需要工程规划设计人员对河道护岸结构型式不断优化。本文以笔者参与设计的绩溪县西津河金沙段河道治理工程为例,尝试探讨条件受限段山区河流治理解决方案。     

中小河流堤防堵口抢险要点

中小河流堤防堵口抢险要做好裹头、技术、材料等准备工作,确定科学合理的堵口坝线、合龙口、堵口方法;搞好现场组织,合理调配人员,做到紧张有序,取得堵口抢险的成功。     

省水船闸在山区河流渠化中的应用

省水船闸具有降低工作水头、降低船闸耗水量的特点,很适合我国内河河流渠化中高水头、枯水季节缺水的实际情况。省水船闸应用在高落差的河流中优点突出,可成倍降低阀门工作水头并且能有效解决在水源贫乏河段农业、发电、航运三者之间的矛盾。     

延安城市河流景观研究与设计(II)——规划设计

以延安城市河流的景观规划设计为研究对象,在充分考虑城市河流自身特点和承担城市功能的基础上,与延安城市的总体规划紧密融合,提出了一些河流景观规划设计的新思路,通过景观轴规划、景观功能区规划和景观节点规划,以“水”为中心体现了延安特有的历史文化和风土人情,实现延安城市河流景观规划的目标。这些新的思路一方面可望促进延安城市的人居环境改善和城市形象的提高,有助于当地经济社会的可持续发展和人与自然的和谐,另一方面通过这些新思路的探索和应用,也可为其它类似河流的景观规划设计提供借鉴作用。     

城市河流水利风景资源开发研究

城市河流水利风景资源开发具有积极的现实意义,是当地城市旅游的重要组成部分之一。在对水利风景资源进行分类的基础上,构建了城市河流水利风景资源开发评价体系。以广东省肇庆市西江三峡为案例,进行了城市河流水利风景资源开发实证研究。     

延安城市河流景观研究与设计(I)——现状和需求

以延安的城市河流景观为研究对象，在掌握该城市河流（延河、西川河和南川河）自然特征的基础上，分析了河流景观的现状和存在的问题，包括水体污染、河道的侵占、景观廊道的阻断和亲水空间的缺乏，以及现有景观的混杂等，挖掘了构成延安城市特色和底蕴的景观资源和历史文化，主要关注的景观元素包括山、水、建筑、文物和流动的人文景观等，最后从延安的城市发展、旅游资源的开发、人居环境的改善以及水资源的优化利用等方面对延安进行城市河流景观建设的需求进行了分析，为下一步城市河流的景观规划设计提供了相关的依据和目标，以确保整个景观规划设计工作的针对性和有效性。     

Hydrological characterization of hydropeaks in mountain rivers (examples from Southern Pyrenees)

Streamflow in the Ésera and Upper Cinca Rivers (South Central Pyrenees) experiences alterations in the form of rapid pulses, commonly referred to as hydropeaks, associated with highly variable on-demand hydropower production from flowing or stored water. A hydrological characterization of the hydropeaks in these two rivers was carried out to examine their distinct hydropeaking pattern during hydrologically contrasted years. The Ésera demonstrated a hydropeaking regime characterized by a high frequency and magnitude, while the Upper Cinca presented a regime with higher frequency but of lesser magnitude. Additionally, this study classified hydropeaks following the shapes proposed in previous studies and assessed their temporal distribution (frequency), timing, and magnitude. Results indicated that hydropeaks were different in shape and magnitude in both rivers; a Front Step pulse shape dominated in the Ésera whereas a Rectangle pulse shape was the most frequent in the Cinca. The Front Step shape had the highest ramping rates during the rising limb of the hydrograph and the shortest time to the maximum flow; whereas the Rectangle shape had higher duration and a larger volume of water released. Hydropeaks in the Ésera were less frequent (one per day) than in the Cinca (two per day). The river Ésera presented, in general, high-magnitude hydropeaks, with double volume and duration, and three times larger up-ramping rates and time between flow pulses. Overall, hydropeak shapes in the Ésera varied depending on the hydrological year and the season, while in the Cinca, shape distribution followed the same temporal pattern regardless of year and season; thus, hydropeaking in the Ésera appeared to be much more dependent on the annual hydrology (whether the year is wet or dry) than in the Cinca. Hydropeaking regimes were characterized based on three categories of variables: magnitude (flow-based or hydrological variables), timing (duration), and frequency (occurrence). According to the variability of these variables, a total of three statistically significant groups were obtained in the Ésera, while two groups were identified in the Cinca. Hydropeaks can be statistically classified by their hydrological characteristics that in turn may have a direct effect on sediment entrainment and transport with implications to the ecological functioning of rivers. The different shape of the hydropeaks, however, will control the attenuation of the flows downstream and, consequently, the maintenance of the river's competence and capacity. This methodology provides a useful quantification of hydropeaking regimes to assess the potential impacts on physical and biological aspects of river systems.     

Constraints on benthic algal response to nutrient addition in oligotrophic mountain rivers

Nutrient availability has long been considered one of the most important factors regulating production of benthic algae in oligotrophic rivers; yet, empirical relationships do not have as wide an application as similar models derived for lentic systems. The aim of this research was to derive empirical relationships between nutrient concentrations and benthic algal abundance and to identify commonalities with other studies to improve our understanding of constraints on algae in oligotrophic rivers. Surveys of physical, chemical and biological attributes of oligotrophic mountain rivers in spring, summer and autumn for 2 years confirmed that small amounts of anthropogenic phosphorus (0.1–5.6 µg/L total phosphorus (TP)) resulted in 4‐ to 30‐fold increases in abundance of benthic algae and benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs). Algal accrual along a gradient in nutrient availability was not masked by grazing pressure but was positively correlated with abundance of scrapers. Epilithic abundance was highest downstream of anthropogenic nutrient sources in autumn. We concluded that benthic algal abundance in these mountain rivers was weakly correlated with phosphorus availability if light was not limiting but ultimately controlled by temperature and river discharge. Therefore, we recommend more direct measures of nutrient limitation be used to predict changes in ecological integrity at the lower end of the resource gradient. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原山区河流广义河相关系与多频率沿程河相关系

山区河流地貌由流域来水来沙和地质地貌等下垫面背景因素决定,基岩限制性河段与冲积河段相间分布,这些河流是否存在稳定的河相关系,是山区河流地貌演变研究亟待回答的重要问题.本研究以发源于青藏高原的六大水系共129个水文测验断面的实测流量和实测大断面数据为主要数据源,以青藏高原六大水系的沿程河相关系为研究对象,探讨了同一河段与...     

多波地震勘探技术在堤防质量探测中的应用

地球物理探测是堤防质量无损探测的重要手段之一。在江西丰城赣江大堤填筑质量探测试验中,采用地震横波反射及纵波折射层析成像勘探方法,取得了良好的效果,探明了大堤缺陷的位置,并对缺陷产生的原因进行了分析。介绍了地震数据的采集方法、资料处理及分析。试验结果表明采用多波地震勘探技术对土石堤坝碾压质量进行探测是可行的。     

基于逆向扩散和分层赋权的黄河堤防工程安全评价

针对黄河堤防工程安全的评价问题,首先基于后果逆向扩散法,构建了多层次半结构性的评价指标体系;基于分层赋权思路,对多层次的黄河堤防评价体系进行赋权。第1层(输入层)通过计算熵值权向量来确定指标的数学权向量,第2层(准则层)采用熵值权向量、等权重和经验赋权法3种权向量,利用模糊评价模型进行计算对比。选择黄河下游6个典型堤段进行实例计算,第2层的计算中采用了3种权重:熵值权向量(0.394,0.606),等权重(0.500,0.500)和主观权重(0.600,0.400)。根据评价结果可知,各堤段综合评价值基本一致。工程因素子系统最优的是堤防1、3、4,非工程因素子系统最优的是堤防5、6,熵值权向量和等权重评价结果均为堤防5黄河北岸陶城铺段堤防最优;主观权重评价为堤防3黄河南岸东平湖段堤防最优。后果逆向扩散法可以快速全面地确定安全影响因子,分层赋权可以有效地克服人为权重的影响,从而保证获得客观合理的安全评价值,并能根据评价结果找到堤防工程安全相对薄弱的因素,为黄河堤防的安全运用提供数据支撑。     

对长江干堤加固工程中一些问题的思考

对长江干堤加固工程中有关大堤土方填筑、坡面防护、填塘和压戗、防洪墙结构和崩岸治理中的一些技术问题展开讨论并提出相应的建议.指出国家应加大水利科学研究方面的投入,结合实践开展科学试验,逐步掌握沉水固堤的自然规律.     

典型山区小流域河床结构分布研究

本文选取了长江上游支流吊噶河作为典型小流域,通过详尽的实地现场考察,对吊噶河流域中河床结构的发育分布规律及其影响进行了统计分析。结果表明,河床演变过程中水流与河床结构相互适应与调整,不断趋向于平衡状态。河床结构越强的河段,消耗水流能量越大,从而接近平衡时能维持的坡降也往往越大。如果河段中坡降过大而河床结构没有充分发育,则河段因此处于不平衡状态,床面将受到冲刷。历史上经历剧烈下切作用的河段如V型深沟段,常常因发育较强的河床结构,维持住了高坡降,从而形成山区河流纵剖面上常见的台阶状突起。