Modeling friction stir welding process of aluminum alloys

The friction stir welding (FSW) process of aluminum alloys has been modeled using a two-dimensional Eulerian formulation. Velocity field and temperature distribution are strongly coupled and solved together using a standard finite element scheme. A scalar state variable for hardening is also integrated using a streamline integration method along streamlines. A viscoplastic constitutive equation to consider plastic flow and strength variations was implemented for the process modeling. Precipitates inside AA6061 alloys are sensitive to elevated temperatures and affect strength evolution with temperature. The overall effects of the precipitate variations with temperature on strength were reflected using temperature-dependent material parameters. The material parameters of constitutive equations were obtained from isothermal compression tests of various temperatures and strain rates. The effects of FSW process conditions on heating and hardening were investigated mainly near the tool pin. The microhardness distribution of the weld zone was compared with the prediction of strength. In addition, crystallographic texture evolutions were also predicted and compared with the experimental results.     

铝合金浮动式双轴肩FSW接头组织性能分析

对12 mm厚6082-T6铝合金浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织及力学性能进行了分析研究.结果表明,焊核区发生了动态再结晶和沉淀相溶解,热影响区晶粒和沉淀相粗化;沿焊缝横截面硬度的分布呈高-低-高-低-高的W形分布趋势,且接头沿厚度方向上、中、下层硬度分布趋势较为一致,硬度最低值出现在热影响区;断口形貌分析表明,接头断裂模式为韧-脆混合型断裂;主轴旋转频率600 r/min,焊接速度为300 mm/min,搅拌头倾角为0°时,接头抗拉强度达到了231 MPa,可达母材的79%.     

轨道交通用铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能

通过金相组织观察、断口扫描分析、拉伸试验和显微硬度测试等分别研究了6082-T6和5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头的微观组织和力学性能.结果表明,接头断面组织可分为焊核区(WN)、热机影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)、母材区(BM)四个区域.焊核区为动态再结晶的细小等轴晶组织;热机影响区为回复晶粒组织,晶粒产生了较大的弯曲变形;在热影响区发生了晶粒粗化现象,晶粒形态与母材相似.两种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的拉伸断口均呈韧性断裂特征,接头断裂位置为热影响区的前进侧,表明热影响区为接头最薄弱的区域.力学性能测试表明,6082和5083铝合金接头的抗拉强度分别为242 MPa和301.6 MPa,分别达到母材本身抗拉强度的76.8％和88.7％;两种接头的显微硬度分布曲线均存在一个最低值,该最低值位于前进侧的热影响区.     

钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接最新研究进展

钛合金具有密度低、比强度高,耐蚀性好,加工性能优异等优点,主要应用于航空航天、交通运输和石油化工等领域。当钛合金作为结构材料应用在不同领域时,传统的熔融焊接方法会产生较大残余应力,组织粗化,变形大,裂纹和孔隙等缺陷;而采用搅拌摩擦焊接技术可以避免传统熔融焊接方法产生的缺陷,从而大幅度提高钛合金焊接接头质量。目前,钛合金的搅拌摩擦焊接技术已成为国内外研究热点。主要介绍搅拌摩擦焊接的原理、工艺特点,国内外关于钛合金FSW焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织(晶粒大小、织构)和力学性能等方面的最新研究进展,最后展望了钛合金FSW未来的研究方向。     

Multi-objective optimization of friction stir welding parameters using desirability approach to join Al/SiCp metal matrix composites

Silicon carbide particulate (SiC_p) reinforced cast aluminium (Al) based metal matrix composites (MMCs) have gained wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring high specific strength, high temperature capability and good wear resistance. Friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters play major role in deciding the performance of welded joints. The ultimate tensile strength, notch tensile strength and weld nugget hardness of friction stir butt welded joints of cast Al/SiC_p MMCs (AA6061 with 20% (volume fraction) of SiC_p) were investigated. The relationships between the FSW process parameters (rotational speed, welding speed and axial force) and the responses (ultimate tensile strength, notch tensile strength and weld nugget hardness) were established. The optimal welding parameters to maximize the mechanical properties were identified by using desirability approach. From this investigation, it is found that the joints fabricated with the tool rotational speed of 1370 r/min, welding speed of 88.9 mm/min, and axial force of 9.6 kN yield the maximum ultimate tensile strength, notch tensile strength and hardness of 265 MPa, 201 MPa and HV114, respectively.     

5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊与MIG焊缝腐蚀性能对比

对5083铝合金FSW（搅拌摩擦焊）和MIG（熔化极氩弧焊）焊缝的微观显微组织和腐蚀性能进行了分析.结果表明,FSW焊缝由细小的等轴再结晶组织构成,而MIG焊缝晶粒粗大,组织不均匀.电化学腐蚀试验表明,主轴旋转频率为300 r/min,焊接速度为160 mm/min,搅拌头倾角为3°的FSW焊缝与MIG焊缝相比,腐蚀电...     

玄武岩颗粒增强7A04铝基复合材料的界面结构及力学行为

采用喷射成形技术制备7A04铝合金及玄武岩颗粒增强7A04铝合金复合材料,利用金相显微镜(OM)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)分析复合材料微观组织和界面结构,对比研究复合材料的力学性能。结果表明:玄武岩颗粒在铝基体中弥散分布,并与铝基体形成强力结合界面,玄武岩颗粒边缘的SiO₂不断被反应生成的Al₂O₃取代,形成一层几十纳米厚度的高温反应层,反应生成的Al₂O₃强化玄武岩颗粒与铝基体的结合界面;弥散分布的玄武岩颗粒促进基体中位错增殖、空位形成和析出相的析出,析出相主要以板状的η(MgZn₂)相和亮白色条状或椭球状的T(Al₂Mg₃Zn₃)相为主,结合界面、高位错密度及弥散分布的第二相显著提高复合材料的力学性能,添加玄武岩颗粒的7A04铝合金复合材料的屈服强度和极限拉伸强度分别达667 MPa和696 MPa,与未添加玄武岩颗粒的7A04铝合金相比分别提高10.4%和...     

6061-T6铝合金微搅拌摩擦焊工艺

以0.8 mm厚6061铝合金微搅拌摩擦焊对接过程为研究对象,采用专用搅拌工具,通过温度场模拟进行工艺参数预选,研究了无倾角微搅拌摩擦焊的工艺参数对接头力学性能的影响,确定了与所设计微搅拌工具相匹配的工艺参数窗口;并采用光学显微镜、SEM扫描电镜对接头的微观组织、断口的形貌进行观察. 结果表明,在焊接速度为300 mm/min、转速14 000 ~ 24 000 r/min时,可以获得力学性能优越的焊接接头,抗拉强度均可达母材的70%以上;微搅拌摩擦焊缝微观组织的热影响区与传统搅拌摩擦焊相比,仅部分晶粒发生长大,仍有部分晶粒与基体保持一致无明显变化.     

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法制备的非晶增强铝基复合材料的微观组织分析

利用金相、EDS、XRD及TEM试验等对采用源于搅拌摩擦焊方法的搅拌摩擦加工技术制备的非晶增强铝基复合材料的微观组织结构进行试验分析.结果表明,非晶增强体与基体5A06铝合金经过搅拌摩擦加工过程充分的搅拌作用,获得了层状混和组织结构.复合材料中存在大量的90~400 nm纳米级组织,主要由-αA l与-αA l非晶组织构成.纳米级组织的存在有助于复合材料性能的提高,而非晶结构的存在表明非晶增强体在搅拌摩擦加工过程中并未完全晶化.     

Review on underwater friction stir welding: A variant of friction stir welding with great potential of improving joint properties

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding process which is capable of joining materials which are relatively difficult to be welded by fusion welding process. Further, this process is highly energy-efficient and environmental-friendly as compared to the fusion welding. Despite several advantages of FSW over fusion welding, the thermal cycles involved in FSW cause softening in joints generally in heat-treatable aluminum alloys (AAs) due to the dissolution or coarsening of the strengthening precipitates leading to decrease in mechanical properties. Underwater friction stir welding (UFSW) can be a process of choice to overcome these limitations. This process is suitable for alloys that are sensitive to heating during the welding and is widely used for heat-treatable AAs. The purpose of this article is to provide comprehensive literature review on current status and development of UFSW and its importance in comparison to FSW with an aim to discuss and summarize different aspects of UFSW. Specific attention is given to basic principle including material flow, temperature generation, process parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties. From the review, it is concluded that UFSW is an improved method compared with FSW for improving joint strength. Academicians, researchers and practitioners would be benefitted from this article as it compiles significantly important knowledge pertaining to UFSW.     

异种铝合金回填式搅拌摩擦点焊缺陷及力学性能

采用回填式搅拌摩擦点焊技术对2 mm厚5052-H112与2024-T4铝合金进行了成功的连接.试验结果表明,当焊接工艺参数选择恰当时,可得到无缺陷接头;然而,焊接工艺窗口较窄,在高热输入条件下易产生多种缺陷,如粘连韧带、孔洞、裂纹、弱连接等,且这些缺陷主要分布在两板的结合面及焊具退出工件的退出线上;力学性能测试结果表明在低热输入条件下,接头的力学性能（一字拉伸与十字拉伸）最高,这与焊点在低热输入情况下组织缺陷较少有关;在一字和十字拉伸载荷作用下,接头的失效位置位于两板结合面及退出线上,在结合面处形成了有效的冶金连接.     

Progress in friction stir welding of Ni alloys

In recent years, interest has been increasing in application of Nickel alloys in the oil industry. For subsea engineering, the possibility to weld high-strength materials in an effective manner is essential. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is alternative to join several materials retaining their properties or even improving them. This fact is relevant for Corrosion-Resistant Alloys (CRA) used in deep-water exploitation of hydrocarbons. Publications up to now have focused on FSW of Inconel® series as alloy 600, 625, and 718. To provide a solid basis for development, this review discusses the crucial points for FSW. The tool materials are described, as well as the joint microstructure and properties achieved. Furthermore, the basics of the corrosion resistance and the early corrosion studies of FSW joints are presented. It is concluded that FSW is a promising process for Ni alloys, but depends on upcoming research regarding tool technology and corrosion investigations.     

工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊变形铝合金接头性能的影响

文中采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对4 mm厚的1060,2024,6061三种变形铝合金板材进行对接试验,焊后利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析、对比了焊接接头各区的微观组织和试样断口形貌,并测试了其拉伸性能和显微硬度.结果表明,三种材料接头焊核区的组织细小且焊核区的硬度最高,而热影响区组织粗大且硬度最低.接头的强度都随焊接速度和搅拌头旋转速度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,且接头最优抗拉强度与母材强度呈线性关系.拉伸试验中试样在热影响区断裂、断口呈韧窝状,为典型的韧性断裂.热影响区组织粗大和二次相偏聚是造成接头薄弱点的主要原因.     

热源同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊工艺特性分析

研究了激光同轴辅助搅拌摩擦焊中激光/搅拌摩擦焊的热量分配对不同系列铝合金焊缝成形、接头力学性能及显微组织的影响,并得到了相应的优化能量分配条件.结果表明,加入激光辅助热源可有效扩大工艺参数窗口,特别是流动性差的5A06和2219铝合金,焊接速度可提升30%以上.激光辅助热源对6061及5A06铝合金焊接接头性能影响较小,对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的性能影响明显,焊接热输入增大后,接头性能下降,但总得来说,加入激光辅助热源能够在更小的焊接热输入下获得更高的接头性能.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊异种焊接头的显微组织和力学性能

对8mm厚6082/5083铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊焊接,焊后通过金相分析、拉伸试验和断口形貌观察等方法研究了搅拌摩擦焊异种焊接头的显微组织和力学性能.研究结果表明:在旋转速度800 r/min、焊接速度120 mm/min工艺条件下,接头表面成形良好,内部无明显缺陷.焊核区是由细小的等轴晶组织构成;前进边和回转边的界面形态差异较为明显,前进边的组织形貌呈花纹状,由两种铝合金组织交互融合而成,但回转边组织形貌则呈曲线状,明显将两种组织分开.断口形貌分析显示,接头断裂模式为脆性断裂.     

7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能

研究了在不同焊接参数的条件下,7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能.结果表明,在特定的旋转频率和前进速度匹配条件下,下压量在0.3～1.0 mm范围波动,7N01铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的抗拉强度均能够稳定在340 MPa以上,达到母材的80%左右.通过扫描电镜观察断口发现,搅拌摩擦焊接头断口以韧窝型为主,在低倍下部分断口呈现出明显的分层现象,两层间分界部分呈现出阶梯状形貌.接头硬度测试表明,后退侧的平均硬度略高于前进侧,这也与拉伸测试中接头普遍断于前进侧的现象吻合.     

Themo-mechanical and microstructural modeling of friction stir welding of 6111-T4 aluminum alloys

Plastic deformation and thermal history as well as microstructure evolution of friction stir welded 6111-T4 aluminum alloys were numerically simulated. Material and heat flow during friction stir welding were calculated considering the momentum balance equation and energy balance equation under the steady state condition. Based on the calculated temperature history, the coupled nucleation, growth, and coarsening of precipitates were simulated using microstructural modeling, as proposed by Myhr et al. [7,8]. Finally, the distribution of precipitates was used to calculate the mechanical properties of the weld zone, particularly the yield stress, based on the dislocation theory. The results compared well with the measurements, suggesting that the method can be applicable to predict yield stress.     

铝钢异种材料搅拌摩擦搭接焊接工艺

以3 mm厚的5A02与1 mm厚的DP600搅拌摩擦搭接接头为研究对象,研究搭接次序与微观组织、金属间化合物、力学性能以及断裂形式的关系。结果表明,在摩擦热循环作用下,焊缝金属先达到塑性状态,随后塑性金属发生再结晶形成四个不同的区域;XRD物相分析表明,焊缝处有Al Fe和Al13Fe4金属间化合物生成;接头的显微硬度分布近似成M型;接头的拉伸强度达到了铝母材拉伸强度的38.3%,拉伸断裂位置都发生在铝钢搭接界面处,钢在上侧断裂方式主要为脆性断裂,而铝在上侧时的断裂方式以韧性断裂为主。     

2519铝合金角接结构的搅拌摩擦焊

利用自行研制的搅拌摩擦焊机采用一种搅拌摩擦焊外侧角接的新方法对厚度为22 mm的2519铝合金进行了角接焊接试验,并对焊缝的微观组织、硬度等进行了分析.分析了搅拌针断裂原因及得出其断裂方式为剪切断裂.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊外侧角接焊接的方法能够有效地进行角接焊接;合理的焊接工艺和搅拌针形状是焊接的关键;旋转频率在30～4...