典型Cr-Ni-Mo-N高合金双相不锈钢热加工性能研究

试验钢的典型高合金双相不锈钢S32707 (022Cr27Ni7Mo5N)、S32750 (022Cr25Ni7Mo4N)、S32205(022Cr23Ni5Mo3N)、S31803(022Cr22Ni5Mo3N)在生产坯料上取样,采取了不同的热处理、热加工和热穿孔以及调整化学成分等方法,研究了组织及工艺对其热加工性能的影响。结果表明:两相比例和σ相的析出情况与热穿孔温度和冷变形的中间退火密切相关,S32707钢的二次相的析出速度和析出量远超过S32750、S32205及S31803双相不锈钢。对S32707双相不锈钢需适当降低Cr(Cr≤27%)、N(N≤0.4%)含量,提高Mo(4%～5%Mo)含量,合理控制加热速度(2～2.5℃/min)及终轧(锻)温度(≥1 060℃),并注意回炉加热和圆管坯中心钻孔的影响,可提高热加工塑性,防止开裂。     

固溶处理对S32707特超级双相不锈钢析出相、组织及性能影响

通过Thermo-Calc热力学计算、OM和FE-SEM观察、力学性能和腐蚀性能试验对不同固溶温度下的特超级双相不锈钢进行分析和研究。结果表明:σ相和非平衡氮化物是固溶水冷组织中的主要析出相,当固溶温度低于1050 ℃时,σ相优先沿双相界面析出,显著降低双相不锈钢的冲击韧性;当固溶温度高于1100 ℃,非平衡氮化物开始在铁素体晶粒内部析出,且随着固溶温度的升高,非平衡氮化物析出数量增加。这是由于固溶水冷过程中氮在铁素体中的溶解度快速降低,过饱和的氮来不及扩散到相邻奥氏体中,只能以氮化物的形式析出。随固溶温度升高,铁素体含量增加,奥氏体含量降低,实验钢的强度增加,冲击韧性降低。在1080～1120 ℃之间固溶时,双相比例接近1∶1,S32707特超级双相不锈钢具有优良的综合力学性能和耐晶间腐蚀性能。      

超级双相不锈钢S32760凝固过程Thermo-Calc热力学软件的应用

利用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件得到S32760(022Cr25Ni7Mo3WCuN)超级双相不锈钢凝固过程中的相图,确定了S32760双相钢是FA (铁素体-奥氏体)凝固模式,通过改变奥氏体和铁素体的形成元素的含量,确定在不同的化学成分下的热加工性能、Cr₂N和σ相析出温度,得到S32760双相钢热加工温度区间随着奥氏体形成元素C、N、Ni、Mn含量的增加而变大,随着铁素体形成元素Si、Cr、Mo含量的增加而减小,而W对热加工性能没有影响。根据热力学计算,确定了最优的化学成分(/%:0.022C,0.30Si,0.80Mn,25.60Cr,6.20Ni,0.54Cu,3.50Mo,0.54W,0.27N),S32760双相钢最佳热塑性温度为1 195℃,Cr₂N相的析出温度为1 050℃,σ相析出温度为1 020℃,热加工区间为145℃,并且通过了后续的现场实践验证。     

热处理工艺对22Cr双相不锈钢组织影响的研究

本文采用金相组织分析,研究了热处理工艺(固溶处理和固溶+时效处理)对22Cr双相不锈钢组织的影响.结果表明,固溶处理温度对22Cr双相不锈钢的两相比例及相的形态起关键作用,在950℃～1150℃固溶处理温度范围,两相含量变化与固溶温度呈线性关系;固溶处理温度为约1000℃时,组织中α相和γ相比例约为1:1,且可通过1000℃以上的固溶处理消除脆性析出相;时效温度和时间对22Cr双相不锈钢的析出相含量及形态有重大影响,850℃时效,随着时效时间的延长,析出相含量增加,但析出相含量存在上限;475℃时效的22Cr双相不锈钢用光学显微镜没有观察到明显析出相.     

2205双相不锈钢中σ相的析出规律

研究了2205双相不锈钢中σ相的析出规律及原始组织对析出规律的影响.分别对铸态试样和热轧态试样进行了不同工艺条件的固溶处理实验,并对实验后试样进行了显微组织的观察和分析.结果表明,2205双相不锈钢中σ相析出的鼻尖温度为850℃;变形会使σ相的析出温度升高,孕育期缩短,析出速度增大;工业生产2205双相不锈钢热轧卷板时轧件终轧后应采用较快冷却速度冷却到卷取温度,以避免σ相的析出给热轧卷板开卷及后续工序带来困难.     

双相不锈钢475℃脆性及其形成特点对性能的影响

详细总结了双相不锈钢中475℃脆性的主要特征、影响因素以及其对性能的影响,包括:α′相的析出机制、动力学特征;合金元素、热加工工艺对α′相析出动力学的影响;475℃脆性对力学性能、腐蚀性能和居里温度的影响。     

经济型双相不锈钢2101中氮化物在基体中的平衡固溶度计算

为了解析出物对经济型双相不锈钢2101热塑性的影响机制,对比了相同工艺下2101和2205双相不锈钢在热变形过程中相界析出物产生的规律.结果表明:2101钢比2205钢的相界处更倾向于产生析出物,促使后续热变形过程中相界产生裂纹,进而影响材料的热塑性.根据热力学相关数据,通过Thermo-Calc和实验测试数据,推导出2101和2205双相不锈钢析出物Cr₂N的平衡固溶度公式,计算实验钢中析出物Cr₂N的全固溶温度,同时引入Wagner相互作用系数,考虑了Ni、Mn、Mo和Si对固溶度积公式的影响.发现2101双相不锈钢中Cr₂N的全固溶温度比2205钢高100℃左右,计算结果和实验结果吻合较好.实际生产过程中必须控制双相不锈钢热轧的终轧温度到全固溶温度以上,否则相界容易产生氮化物析出,影响材料热塑性.     

固溶处理对双相不锈钢S32003组织的影响

通过金相、扫描电镜、透射电镜观察和X射线能谱仪分析,研究了900～1 250℃固溶处理对S32003双相不锈钢组织的影响。结果表明,900℃固溶处理时,钢中有氮化物析出,固溶温度≥950℃时,氮化物全部溶解;随着固溶温度升高,α相含量增加,γ相含量下降。最佳固溶处理温度在1040℃;随着固溶温度的提高,α相和γ相的晶粒尺寸在逐渐增大,1100℃以上晶粒明显长大。     

双相不锈钢中σ相的形成特点及其对性能的影响

详细总结了双相不锈钢中σ相析出的研究结果,内容包括:①σ相的析出机制、动力学特征;②化学成分、热加工工艺对σ相析出动力学的影响;③σ相的析出对力学性能和工艺性能的影响.司时指出了目前存在的问题和进一步的研究方向.     

Cr、Mo对超低碳双相不锈钢的σ-相析出行为和耐点蚀性能的影响

通过Thermo-Calc热力学计算、金相和电化学方法分析和研究了1 050~1120℃固溶的00Cr21Ni2Mn5N、00Cr22Ni5Mo3N、00Cr25Ni7Mo3N、00Cr27Ni7Mo5N四种典型超低碳双相不锈钢在5001~100℃时效后σ相的析出规律和σ相含量对四种双相不锈钢点蚀电位的影响。结果表明,σ相析出量随着时效温度的升高呈现先增加后减小的趋势,并且随着双相不锈钢中铬-钼含量（/%）依次20.98-0.03,22.41-3.16,25.30-3.46,26.69-4.74递增时,σ相析出量峰值递增,依次为4.9%,22.5%,27.0%,40.5%,同时σ相完全溶解温度提高,依次为660,950,1 060,1100℃;σ相析出量越大超低碳双相不锈钢耐点蚀性能越低,4种钢的σ相析出峰值对应的E_b100值依次为-94.0,100.1,260.2,117.7 mV。     

Voices of fear and anxiety and sadness and depression: The effects of speech rate and loudness on fear and anxiety and sadness and depression.

Two studies investigated the role of expressive vocal behavior (specifically, speech rate and loudness) in fear and anxiety and in sadness and depression. In the 1st study, participants spoke about personally experienced fear and anxiety-arousing and neutral events using 3 different voice styles: fast and loud, normal, and slow and soft. In the 2nd study, participants spoke about personally experienced sad or depressing and neutral events using the same 3 voice styles. In both studies, the participants' highest levels of subjective affective and cardiovascular (CV) arousal occurred when they spoke about the emotional events in a mood-congruent voice style: fast and loud in the case of fear and anxiety, and slow and soft in the case of sadness or depression. Mood-incongruent voice styles canceled the heightened levels of CV arousal normally associated with these negative emotions. The voice-style manipulation had no significant effect on the participants' levels of CV arousal during the neutral discussions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Synthesis and analysis of mixed chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and assessment of formation and occurrence of the fluorinated and chlorinated-fluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

Despite the use of multimodal therapy, higher-grade glioma is still uniformly fatal in the adult population. There is a considerable difference between the length of survival in each given patient, even within the same tumor type and malignancy grade group, suggesting that there are factors that might differentially influence outcome. To identify such factors, 107 patients with anaplastic or malignant glioma were retrospectively investigated. Clinical parameters and paraclinical data on the p53, mdm2, and EGFR genes at the DNA or protein level were evaluated by univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. Kaplan-Meier survival estimation demonstrated that immunohistochemical positivity for mdm2 protein in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or with glioblastoma multiforme was associated with a shorter survival time (p = 0.02). P53 gene mutations and immunopositivity for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein were not significantly related to poor prognosis. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed immunohistochemical positivity for p53, mdm2, or for both of them, the presence of postoperative irradiation, and the extent of surgical resection of tumor to be variables significantly associated with prolonged survival. EGFR overexpression, age over 60 years, and Karnofsky performance score below 40 points did not significantly shorten survival time. In conclusion, the present study identified immunohistochemically detected mdm2-protein overexpression as a statistically significant negative prognostic parameter in patients bearing anaplastic or malignant glioma. Association analysis of variables revealed a possible correlation between mdm2 and p53, which is also consistent with the biological interaction mode of both proteins in vivo.     

Sexuality and aging--usual and successful

BACKGROUND: As aging research increasingly reflects an effort to dissociate true time-driven changes from those that can be improved, sexuality in later life remains largely unexplored. Several problems are evident. There is a lack of normative data, a lack of a conceptual framework relating to the biology, psychology, and sociology of sex, and an attitudinal resistance that obscures the entire topic. METHODS: We conducted a three-part instructional series on major topics involved with sexuality and aging. We surveyed our group of attendees (n 158, average age 68 for males, 65 for females) before and after the series. RESULTS: A remarkably robust sex life was evidenced by both the men and the women, even until advanced old age. Yet, a substantially decreased involvement was reported from 10 years earlier. Despite current activities, people of both sexes wished they were participating even more than they currently were. Impotency was identified as the major negative feature for the men; relationship problems were for the women. A questionnaire 6 months after the series reported improved sexual attitudes, but no change in sexual activities from the earlier survey. CONCLUSION: Sexuality is a major quality-of-life issue which persists into old age. Our study showed that the usual sexual practices reported by our group were not considered by them to be ideal. The intervention of this instructional series provided improved sexual attitudes but not performance. Additional studies are encouraged.     

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis and sports

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis occur predominantly in the lower lumbar spine. Besides congenital defects such as predisposition of spondylolysis the correlation between competitive sports activities and an increased incidence of spondylolysis is proved. In early stages, complete healing can be achieved by conservative treatment (abstinence from sports activities for 3 months, orthesis). Persistence of pain, neurologic symptoms and progression of vertebral slipping are indications for operative treatment (reconstruction of the isthmus, dorso-ventral spondylodesis). The exercise tolerance depends on the extent of instability, progression of vertebral slipping and clinical symptoms. The limits of exercise tolerance vary among the individual athletes and require the decision of the physician. Backstroke swimming, abdominal and back muscle strengthening exercises, and types of sport involving smooth movements are advisable. Sports education in school is possible without restriction in patients with stable spondylolysis and in those with spondylolisthesis without unfavourable concomitant factors.     

Larks and owls and health, wealth, and wisdom

OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of Benjamin Franklin's maxim "early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." DESIGN: Cross sectional analysis of sleeping patterns in a nationally representative group of elderly people, and longitudinal investigation of mortality. SETTING: Eight areas in Britain (five in England, two in Scotland, and one in Wales). SUBJECTS: 1229 men and women aged 65 and over who in 1973-4 had taken part in a survey funded by the Department of Health and Social Security and for whom data on sleeping patterns, health, socioeconomic circumstances, and cognitive function had been recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self reported income, access to a car, standard of accommodation, performance on a test of cognitive function, state of health and mortality during 23 years of follow up. RESULTS: 356 people (29%) were defined as larks (to bed before 11 pm and up before 8 am) and 318 (26%) were defined as owls (to bed at or after 11 pm and up at or after 8 am). There was no indication that larks were richer than those with other sleeping patterns. On the contrary, owls had the largest mean income and were more likely to have access to a car. There was also no evidence that larks were superior to those with other sleeping patterns with regard to their cognitive performance or their state of health. Both larks and owls had a slightly reduced risk of death compared with the rest of the study sample, but this was accounted for by the fact that they spent less time in bed at night. In the study sample as a whole, longer periods of time in bed were associated with increased mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, the presence of illness, and other risk factors, people who spent 12 or more hours in bed had a relative risk of death of 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) compared with those who were in bed for 9 hours. The lowest risk occurred in people who spent 8 hours in bed (adjusted relative risk 0.8; 0.7 to 1.0). CONCLUSION: These findings do not support Franklin's claim. A "late to bed and late to rise" lifestyle does not seem to lead to socioeconomic, cognitive, or health disadvantage, but a longer time spent in bed may be associated with increased mortality.     

深云立交桥梁检测及加固改造

根据深云立交桥梁的检测结果，对该桥目前的整体状况、工作状态，及其使用情况做出综合评价，对桥的病害原因进行了分析，并提出合理的加固方案。     

关于摩尔浓度及其与硬度转换关系问题的讨论

众所周知，国际单位制物质的量采用摩尔(mol)表示，近几年出版的给排水专业书籍，为了与国际单位制接轨，逐渐将摩尔的使用频率不断提高，被给排水技术人员广泛应用的新版给排水设计手册，将表示物质浓度的单位“当量／升”或“毫克当量／升”．改为mol／l或mmol／l，虽然编者对其基本单元定义作了说明，但在实际运用上仍会出现误解，     

《儿子与情人》的语码转换与男女二元对立

劳伦斯小说《儿子与情人》一个鲜明的语言特色就是标准英语和当地方言频繁的语码转换。莫瑞尔用方言来对抗妻子,而妻子坚持用标准英语,偶尔也用方言来讽刺、挖苦丈夫。语码转换反映了劳伦斯男女二元对立的哲学思想。     

抗腐蚀高强耐磨涂料研发与应用

介绍了抗腐蚀高强度耐磨涂料的研制和开发，以及用作柳钢球团回转烘干机刮板保护涂层的应用效果。