Phase-field modelling of dynamic recrystallization process during friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

ABSTRACT

Numerical investigation on dynamic recrystallization in friction stir welds is of great significance to control the microstructure evolution and grains size in joints. The recrystallization and grain growth in the nugget centre of friction stir welded 6061 aluminium alloy are numerically simulated by combining the multiphase-field model with Kocks–Mecking dislocation model and employing the calculated temperature and strain rate variations with time in FSW process. The reliability of the model is verified by electron backscattered diffraction measurement results of grains size distribution at the same position. The specific reasons for different grain sizes under different levels of welding speed are quantitatively analysed. The ratios of recrystallization duration to deformation period and incubation period to deformation time are determined.     

7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊动态再结晶组织影响因素

进行了不同旋转频率和焊接速度下的7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊试验,研究了搅拌头旋转频率和焊接速度对焊核区晶粒尺寸的影响．为进一步分析焊接参数影响焊核区晶粒尺寸的机理,进行了不同应变速率和变形温度下的等温压缩试验．分析了变形参数对动态再结晶的影响规律．结果表明,焊核区晶粒尺寸随搅拌头旋转频率的变化不大,随焊接速度的增加而减小．在发生完全动态再结晶的范围之内,再结晶晶粒尺寸随着lnZ值的增大而减小．焊接参数对z参数具有不同的影响规律,进而影响焊核区晶粒尺寸．     

CDRX modelling in friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

In the paper a numerical model aimed to the determination of the average grain size due to continuous dynamic recrystallization phenomena (CDRX) in friction stir welding processes of AA6082 T6 aluminum alloys is presented. In particular, the utilized model takes into account the local effects of strain, strain rate and temperature; an inverse identification approach, based on a linear regression procedure, is utilized in order to develop the proper material characterization.     

2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程组织演化分析

采用"急停快冷"的方法对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)的组织演化过程进行了研究,对搅拌头前、后方不同区域进行了EBSD测试,分析了FSW过程中组织演化的规律和机理.结果表明,在FSW前期发生了不连续动态再结晶,在FSW过程中与亚晶界吸收位错而取向差增加相关的连续动态再结晶是其动态形核的主导机制,在随后的冷却过程中晶粒长大成为终态组织,期间发生了部分的静态再结晶.     

回填式搅拌摩擦点焊过程的材料流动规律模拟

利用流体力学软件ANSYS FLUENT模拟了回填式搅拌摩擦点焊过程的材料流动行为,着重分析了搅拌头旋转速度与回填速度对材料流动的影响规律并加以试验验证.模拟结果表明,材料的流动速度随着到套筒内外壁距离的增加而减小,流动速度最大值出现在套筒端面的外壁处.在套筒内部,流动速度最小的材料位于焊点的中心处,此处的材料流动状态可通过增加旋转速度进行改善;从扩大焊点有效面积的角度来讲,增加搅拌头的旋转速度优于增加回填速度.上述规律得到了试验验证.     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊接头搅拌区微观组织

采用搅拌摩擦焊接(Friction stir welding, FSW)技术对20 mm厚Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金板材进行了焊接,随后采用热电偶、电子背散射衍射技术和透射电镜等手段研究了接头的温度分布和搅拌区沿厚度方向微观组织的不均匀性。结果表明,焊接峰值温度沿板材厚度方向逐渐降低。距焊缝中心10 mm处,板材表面焊接峰值温度最高为430 ℃,板材底面峰值温度最低为302 ℃。温度梯度是导致晶粒尺寸沿厚度方向逐渐减小的主要原因,晶粒细化是连续动态再结晶、不连续动态再结晶和几何动态再结晶综合作用的结果。搅拌区晶粒没有明显的择优取向,且该区域的析出相发生溶解再析出,析出相主要为η′相。     

Modeling friction stir welding process of aluminum alloys

The friction stir welding (FSW) process of aluminum alloys has been modeled using a two-dimensional Eulerian formulation. Velocity field and temperature distribution are strongly coupled and solved together using a standard finite element scheme. A scalar state variable for hardening is also integrated using a streamline integration method along streamlines. A viscoplastic constitutive equation to consider plastic flow and strength variations was implemented for the process modeling. Precipitates inside AA6061 alloys are sensitive to elevated temperatures and affect strength evolution with temperature. The overall effects of the precipitate variations with temperature on strength were reflected using temperature-dependent material parameters. The material parameters of constitutive equations were obtained from isothermal compression tests of various temperatures and strain rates. The effects of FSW process conditions on heating and hardening were investigated mainly near the tool pin. The microhardness distribution of the weld zone was compared with the prediction of strength. In addition, crystallographic texture evolutions were also predicted and compared with the experimental results.     

镁铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊综述

铝镁合金搅拌摩擦焊中峰值温度超过Al12Mg17和Al3Mg2形成的共晶温度,两种金属间化合物的形成不可避免。通过将镁合金置于前进侧、搅拌针偏向镁合金,采用液氮或水下搅拌摩擦焊,加入中间层过渡金属等方法可降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中的热输入,有效减少焊核区金属间化合物的数量。采用锥形螺纹搅拌针对接、配合直径约为3.5倍板厚的内凹型轴肩可提供适当的热输入,促进材料塑性流动,增加两种材料相互交融的程度,提高接头抗拉强度;超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术可破坏脆性界面层进而提高接头强度。     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程的有限元模拟

对摩擦搅拌焊接工艺进行数值仿真，建立了搅拌摩擦焊接的二维数值计算模型，通过数值手段进行焊接参数研究。并研究了焊接工艺过程中焊件材料的流动情况以及在焊接过程中材料的应力和应变情况，且与已有结果进行比较。证实了所建立模型的正确性与可靠性。     

搅拌摩擦焊接头形成过程分析

基于搅拌摩擦焊三维模型的切面分析方法,建立了焊接过程中接头切面的演变行为,将搅拌摩擦焊接头形成过程分为挤出阶段、迁移阶段、回填阶段和轴肩作用阶段四个阶段,对搅拌针作用下材料迁移过程进行了分析,指出挤出阶段将原始对接面及其表面氧化物迁移到后退侧,迁移阶段实现洋葱环层状组织的形成,并实现氧化物的碎化、弥散,回填阶段完成洋葱环形貌的最终成形.结果表明,采用切面分析法建立的接头形成过程四阶段能够较好地解释搅拌摩擦焊接头形成机制以及"S线"等缺陷的产生原因.     

Friction stir welding of copper alloys

Copper plates ,brass plates and copper/brass plates were friction stir welded with various parameters. Experimental results show that the microstructure of the weld is characterized by its much finer grains as contrasted with the coarse grains of parent materials and the heat-affected zones are very narrow. The microhardness of the copper weld is a little higher than that of parent plate. The microhardness of brass weld is about 25% higher than that of parent material. The tensile strength of copper joints increases with increasing welding speed in the test range. The range of parameters to obtain good welds for copper is much wider than that for brass. When different materials were welded, the position of copper plate before welding affected the quality of FSW joints. If the copperplate was put on the advancing side of weld, the good quality of weld could be got under proper parameters.     

黄铜H62搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织及性能

针对H62黄铜进行搅拌摩擦焊实验研究,初步分析工艺参数对接头的组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:当焊接速度与搅拌头旋转速度的比值保持在0.09~0.15之间,压入深度在0.1~0.2 mm之间时,可得到组织致密、无孔洞的搅拌摩擦焊接头;用搅拌摩擦焊得到的黄铜接头的力学性能比母材低,但比熔化焊得到的接头性能要高,其平均抗拉强度可达到母材的88%。     

三维搅拌摩擦焊接过程数值模拟

将搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动看作是层流、粘性、非牛顿流体绕过旋转的圆柱体,并基于流体力学理论,建立了三维搅拌摩擦焊缝金属塑性流动的数值分析模型.计算结果表明,在焊缝上部表面附近,由于搅拌头轴肩的影响,材料流动比较混乱,发生多次绕流现象;焊缝下部材料流动规律性较明显:只有很少一部分靠近搅拌头探针的材料在焊接过程中受到探针的作用而发生变形和流动,在大多数的模拟条件下,探针直径范围内的材料仅仅在回撤边一侧沿旋转方向绕过探针.焊缝中部具有底部和上部材料的流动特点,是探针和轴肩共同影响的结果.采用"标记嵌入技术"对焊缝金属流动进行可视化研究,试验结果与模拟结果进行了验证,模拟结果能很好地预测塑性金属流动趋势.     

Repair welding process of friction stir welding groove defect

The groove defect formed in the friction stir welding dramatically deteriorates weld appearances and mechanical properties of the joints owing to its larger size and penetration. Therefore, the friction stir repair welding was utilized to remove such a groove defect, and the focus was placed on the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of the repair joints so as to obtain an optimum repair welding process. The experimental results indicate that the groove defect can be removed by friction stir repair welding, and the offset repair welding process is superior to the symmetrical repair welding process. In the symmetrical repair welding process, a large number of fine cavity defects and an obvious aggregation of hard-brittle phase Al2Cu occur, accordingly the mechanical properties of the repair joint are weakened, and the fracture feature of repair joint is partially brittle and partially plastic. A good-quality repair joint can be obtained by the offset repair welding process, and the repair joint is fractured near the interface between the weld nugget zone and thermal-mechanically affected zone.     

二维搅拌摩擦焊接过程的数值模拟

将搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动看作是层流、粘性、非牛顿流体绕过旋转的圆柱体,并基于流体力学理论,建立了二维搅拌摩擦焊缝金属塑性流动的数值分析模型.计算结果表明:只有很少一部分靠近搅拌头探针的材料在焊接过程中受到探针的作用而发生变形,直接影响到材料的流动;在大多数的模拟条件下,探针直径范围内的材料仅仅在回撤边一侧沿旋转方向绕过探针,而不是在探针两侧绕流;绕过探针以后,焊缝金属材料又以恒定的速度,继续向前移动;变形区域内流变材料的流动速度大于探针直径范围外流变材料的流动速度.采用"标记嵌入技术"对焊缝金属流动进行了可视化研究,并对实验结果与模拟结果进行了验证,模拟结果能很好地预测塑性金属流动趋势.     

Numerical analysis of friction stir welding process

Friction stir welding (FSW), which has several advantages over the conventional welding processes, is a solid-state welding process where no gross melting of the material being welded takes place. Despite significant advances over the last decade, the fundamental knowledge of thermomechanical processes during FSW is still not completely understood. To gain physical insight into the FSW process and the evaluation of the critical parameters, the development of models and simulation techniques is a necessity. In this article, the available literature on modeling of FSW has been reviewed followed by details of an attempt to understand the interaction between process parameters from a simulation study, performed using commercially available nonlinear finite element (FE) code DEFORM. The distributions of temperature, residual stress, strain, and strain rates were analyzed across various regions of the weld apart from material flow as a means of evaluating process efficiency and the quality of the weld. The distribution of process parameters is of importance in the prediction of the occurrence of welding defects, and to locate areas of concern for the metallurgist. The suitability of this modeling tool to simulate the FSW process has been discussed. The lack of the detailed material constitutive information and other thermal and physical properties at conditions such as very high strain rates and elevated temperatures seems to be the limiting factor while modeling the FSW process.     

镁-钢异种金属无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊过程分析

在最优焊接参数下,对AZ31B镁板和DP600镀锌钢板进行无匙孔搅拌摩擦搭接点焊试验,得到剪切力达到8.7 k N的接头.整个点焊过程分为插入(I)、搅拌与回抽(II)、回抽完毕(III)三个阶段.显微组织分析表明,焊核区,钢的晶粒细长,流向明显.热力影响区,钢和镁合金均发生动态再结晶,钢的晶粒粗长,镁合金晶粒最为粗大,但在搅拌针回抽区域,镁合金晶粒细小且分布均匀,全部为再结晶等轴晶粒.热影响区,钢的晶粒更为粗长,镁合金的晶粒也较为粗大.接头主元素分析表明,(I)阶段,镁与钢的界面没有发生扩散;(II),(III)阶段,在焊核区主元素之间发生了扩散.     

影响搅拌摩擦焊金属塑性流动的因素

针对LF6/LD10、12／T2研究了搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)的金属塑性流动。通过工艺试验，分析了影响FSW金属塑性流动的因素。研究结果表明，被焊材料反复动态再结晶是其持续塑跬流动的前提条件。影响金属塑性流动的因素主要有两个——材料的变形温度和变形速率。搅拌工具使材料保持高应变速率，并对材料快速加热，致使层错能很高的铝发生动态再结晶，促使其稳定流动。保持一定的焊接温度有利于金属动态软化，促进塑性流动，实现焊接。     

Mechanical properties of 2024-T4 aluminium alloy joints in ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding

Ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding （UVeFSW） is a recent modification of conventional friction stir welding （FSW）, which transmits ultrasonic vibration directly into the localized area of the workpiece near and ahead of the rotating tool. In this study, a high strength aluminium alloy （2024-T4） was welded by this process and conventional FSW, respectively. Then tensile tests, microhardness tests and fracture surface analysis were performed successively on the welding samples. The tests results reveal that ultrasonic vibration can improve the tensile strength and the elongation of welded joints. The microhardness of the stir zone also increases.     

电塑性摩擦焊接过程的动态再结晶数值模拟

摩擦焊过程中界面的塑性变形是摩擦焊的核心，中以宇航工程常用的构件材料LY12合金为研究对象，建立了电场条件下棒状试件摩擦焊的热力耦合塑性成形有限元分析模型，获得了焊接过程中焊接界面处材料的温度场、应变场、应力场、电场强度等物理参量场，并应用Yada模型建立了LY12合金摩擦焊接过程显微组织的演化模型，计算了摩擦焊接过程动态再结晶区的分布及再结晶区晶粒的尺寸，并分析研究了上述场变量对电场条件下连续驱动摩擦焊成形工艺及成形件质量的影响。