Nb对低碳微合金钢动态再结晶行为的影响

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机研究了3种含铌或不含铌低碳钢在850～1150℃,应变速率分别为0.05、1、10 s-1条件下的热变形行为。采用应变硬化速率-应力(θ-σ)曲线图较精确地获得了C-Mn钢的流变应力和峰值应力;用-dθ/dσ-σ曲线获取了含Nb试验钢的应变和应力值;用回归法确定了双曲线本构方程中的变形激活能,确定了3种试验钢发生动态再结晶的激活能分别为234.867、261.276、301.751 kJ/mol。随Nb含量的增加,试验钢的再结晶激活能逐渐升高。     

Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金热变形行为研究

乏燃料后处理强酸、强氧化性、强放射性的工作环境,对后处理溶解器选材、加工工艺提出了严苛要求。本论文研究了自主设计Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金在670 ~ 750 ℃温度范围、三种不同应变速率0.01、0.1和1 s_-1^条件下的热压缩变形行为,分析了热压缩过程中该合金的微观组织特征,并基于峰值应力构建了其热变形本构模型。结果表明,应变速率和变形温度对Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金热变形过程具有显著影响,流变应力随应变速率增加而增大,随变形温度的增加而减小,达到峰值应力后流变曲线呈现明显动态再结晶特征;提高变形温度有助于发生动态再结晶和晶粒长大;基于Arrhenius本构方程计算得到Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金的热变形激活能为225.8 kJ/mol,硬化指数为5.62,说明合金元素Ti使锆合金的热变形激活能升高;实验值与预测值之间的相关系数为0.97,平均相对误差为6.15%,证实此本构方程预测Zr-1.0Ti-0.35Nb合金流变应力的准确性,能够为新型锆合金热加工工艺优化提供理论指导。     

Effect of Nb particles on the flow behavior of TiAl alloy

High temperature compressive deformation behaviors of PM-TiAl alloy containing Nb particles (Ti–45Al–5Nb–0.4W/2Nb (at. %)) were investigated at temperatures ranging from 1050 °C to 1200 °C, and strain rates from 0.001 s⁻¹ to 1 s⁻¹. The flow curves were employed to develop constitutive equations, and the apparent activation energy of deformation Q was determined as 447.35 kJ/mol. A revised processing map was constructed on the basis of the flow stress, which can accurately describe the deformation behaviors and predict the optimum hot forging condition. The addition of 2% Nb particles reduces the peak stress and increases the activation energy of TiAl-based intermetallic, however, it increases the instable domain in the processing map.     

Effect of Nb Content on the Hot Deformation Behavior of S460ML Steel

The hot deformation behavior of S460 ML steel with different Nb contents was investigated by single-pass compression experiment on the Gleeble-1500 thermo-machine simulator at deformation temperatures ranging from 900 to 1200 ℃ and strain rates from 0.1 to 5.0 s~(-1). The critical strain of dynamic recrystallization(DRC) under different conditions was determined by using working hardening rate-strain curves. The relationship between critical strain and peak strain of DRC was discussed. By means of regression analysis method, the hot deformation activation energy of steels and the mathematical model for predicting DRC critical strain were calculated and established, respectively. The results showed that DRC occurred during hot deformation. As the deformation temperature increased and strain rate decreased, the critical strain of DRC decreased. The critical strain(εc) showed linear relationship with peak strain(εp). As Nb content increased,the needed deformation temperature for occurring DRC increased, while the needed strain rate for it decreased. The activation energy for hot deformation of S460 ML steel increased with increasing Nb content.     

Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of beta C titanium alloy in β phase field

The hot deformation behavior of beta C titanium alloy in β phase field was investigated by isothermal compression tests on a Gleeble–3800 thermomechanical simulator. The constitutive equation describing the hot deformation behavior was obtained and a processing map was established at the true strain of 0.7. The microstructure was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) technique. The results show that the flow stress increases with increasing strain rates, and decreases with increasing experimental temperatures. The calculated apparent activation energy (167 kJ/mol) is close to that of self-diffusion in β titanium. The processing map and microstructure observation exhibit a dynamic recrystallization domain in the temperature range of 900–1000 °C and strain rate range of 0.1–1 s⁻¹. An instability region exists when the strain rate is higher than 1.7 s⁻¹. The microstructure of beta C titanium alloy can be optimized by proper heat treatments after the deformation in the dynamic recrystallization domain.     

高温变形含Nb微合金钢流变应力数学模型

利用Gleeble-2000热模拟试验机对含Nb微合金钢进行了单道次压缩试验,实测了不同变形温度和变形速率下实验钢的变形抗力,分析了各变形参数对实验钢动态再结晶和变形抗力的影响.确定了实验钢的动态再结晶激活能为245.448 kJ/mol(峰态时)和166.994 kJ/mol(稳态时),并建立了实验钢高温变形抗力的数学模型.该模型具有良好的曲线拟合特性,用该模型计算的结果与实测值吻合较好,可以为计算力能参数提供理论依据.     

Processing map and hot deformation behavior of Ta-particle reinforced TiAl composite

The hot deformation behavior of a Ta-particle reinforced TiAl composite was studied. Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb– 0.2W(at.%)/20vol.%Ta metal matrix composite was fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The deformation behavior was investigated by hot compression tests at the temperature ranging from 1050 to 1200 °C and the strain rate ranging from 1×10⁻³ to 1 s⁻¹. The constitutive equation containing true strain variables was established. The values of activation energy Q under different strain degrees are between 240 and 280 kJ/mol, which are lower than that of pure TiAl. Based on dynamic material modeling, the processing maps at various strain degrees were established, and the optimized parameters for hot working are 1050–1100 °C and 0.005–0.01 s⁻¹. The microstructural evolution during deformation was characterized, which indicated that the dynamic recrystallization plays an important role in this process.     

Characterization of the hot deformation behavior of a Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy using processing maps based on the Murty criterion

Isothermal compression testing of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was carried out at deformation temperatures between 940 and 1060 °C with strain rate between 0.001 and 10 s⁻¹, and a height reduction of 50%. The hot deformation behavior of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was characterized based on an analysis of the stress-strain behavior, kinetics and the processing map, for obtaining optimum processing windows and achieving desired microstructures during hot working. The constitutive equation was established, which described the flow stress as a function of the strain rate and deformation temperature. The apparent activation energies were calculated to be 788.77 kJ/mol in the α₂ + β/B2 + O phase region and 436.23 kJ/mol in the α₂ + B2 phase region, respectively. Based on Dynamic Material Model and the Murty instability criterion, the processing map for the Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was constructed for strain of 0.6. The map exhibits a stable domain for the temperature range of 940-1060 °C and strain rate range of 0.001-0.1 s⁻¹ with two peaks in power dissipation of 51 and 56%, occurring at 940 °C/0.001 s⁻¹ and 1060 °C/0.001 s⁻¹, respectively. One is associated with lamellar globularization, and the other displays a phenomenon of recrystallization. Therefore, the desired processing condition of the Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy is 940 °C/0.001 s⁻¹ in the α₂ + β/B2 + O phase field. Moreover, the material also undergoes flow instabilities at strain rates higher than 1 s⁻¹. This instability domain exhibits flow localization and adiabatic shear bands which should be avoided during hot processing in order to obtain satisfactory properties.     

ZL270LF铝合金的热变形行为与组织演变

通过热压缩实验研究了ZL270LF铝合金在变形量为70%,温度为300~550 ℃,应变速率为 0.01~10 s^-1范围的热变形行为,建立了流变应力本构方程模型,绘制出了二维热加工图,确定了最佳热加工区域,采用电子背散射衍射（EBSD）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）技术研究了该合金的组织演变规律。结果表明：ZL270LF铝合金的流变应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低,热变形激活能为309.05 kJ/mol,最优热加工区为温度470~530 ℃、应变速率为0.01~1 s^-1。该合金在热变形过程中存在3种不同的DRX机制,即连续动态再结晶（CDRX）、不连续动态再结晶（DDRX）和几何动态再结晶（GDRX）,其中CDRX是ZL270LF铝合金动态再结晶的主要机制。     

Effects of Fe content on microstructure and properties of Cu–Fe alloy

Cu–Fe alloys with different Fe contents were prepared by vacuum hot pressing. After hot rolling and aging treatment, the effects of Fe content on microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of Cu–Fe alloys were studied. The results show that, when w(Fe)<60%, the dynamic recrystallization extent of both Cu phase and Fe phase increases. When w(Fe)≥60%, Cu phase is uniformly distributed into the Fe phase and the deformation of alloy is more uniform. With the increase of the Fe content, the tensile strength of Cu–5wt.%Fe alloy increases from 305 MPa to 736 MPa of Cu–70wt.%Fe alloy, the elongation decreases from 23% to 17% and the electrical conductivity decreases from 31%IACS to 19%IACS. These results provide a guidance for the composition and processing design of Cu–Fe alloys.     

Microstructure evolution and hot deformation behavior of Cu−3Ti−0.1Zr alloy with ultra-high strength

The hot compression deformation behavior of Cu–3Ti–0.1Zr alloy with the ultra-high strength and good electrical conductivity was investigated on a Gleeble–3500 thermal-mechanical simulator at temperatures from 700 to 850 °C with the strain rates between 0.001 and 1 s⁻¹. The results show that work hardening, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization occur in the alloy during hot deformation. The hot compression constitutive equation at a true strain of 0.8 is constructed and the apparent activation energy of hot compression deformation Q is about 319.56 kJ/mol. The theoretic flow stress calculated by the constructed constitutive equation is consistent with the experimental result, and the hot processing maps are established based on the dynamic material model. The optimal hot deformation temperature range is between 775 and 850 °C and the strain rate range is between 0.001 and 0.01 s⁻¹.     

Effects of minor yttrium addition on hot deformability of lamellar Ti-45Al-SNb alloy

The effects of 0.3%（molar fraction, the same below） yttrium addition on hot deformability of lamellar Ti-45Al-5Nb alloy were investigated by simulated isothermal forging tests. The ingots with the nominal compositions of Ti-45Al-5Nb and Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y were prepared by induction skull melting. Simulated isothermal forging tests were conducted on Gleeble 1500D thermo-simulation machine using a 6 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length compressive specimen at the deformation temperatures of 1 100, 1 150, 1 200 ℃ and strain rates of 1.0, 0.1, 0.01 s^-1. The results show that yttrium addition remarkably improves hot deformability of Ti-45Al-5Nb alloy. An appropriate hot deformation processing parameter of Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy is determined as 1 200 ℃, 0.01 s^-1. The flow stresses are decreased by yttrium addition under the same compressive conditions. The activation energies of deformation Q are calculated as 448.6 and 399.5 kJ/mol for Y-free and Y-containing alloys, respectively. The deformed microstructure observation under 1 200 ℃, 0.01 s^-1 condition indicates that Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy shows more dynamic recrystallization. The improvement of hot deformability of Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.3Y alloy induced by yttrium addition should be attributed to that the smaller the original lamellar colonies, the lower the deformation resistance and activation energy of deformation are, and the more the dynamic recrystallization is.     

Crl5Mn9Cu2NilN奥氏体不锈钢的热变形本构特性

利用热/力模拟试验机对Crl5Mn9Cu2NilN奥氏体不锈钢进行热压缩试验,在变形温度为950℃～1200℃,应变速率为0.01s-1～2.5s-1,得到其流变应力变变曲线.以经典的双曲正弦形式的模型为基础,采用线性同归分析方法建立了这种钢的热变形本构方程,其中热变形激活能为488.16kJ/mol.与Ni-Cr奥氏体不锈钢相比,由于这种钢具有较高Mn含量,热变形激活能相埘较高.通过压缩试样热变形后的显微组织观察发现,这种钢在温度为1000℃变形时,冉结晶开始发生,1100℃以上时,可获得完全再结晶组织.     

60NiTi合金的热压缩变形与显微组织演变（英文）

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对在变形温度500～650℃和应变速率0.001～1 s^-1条件下的60NiTi合金进行热压缩变形,分析其热变形行为和显微组织,建立变形本构模型,绘制热加工图。结果表明,当压缩温度升高或应变速率降低时,峰值应力减小。合金的热变形激活能为327.89 k J/mol,热加工工艺参数为变形温度600～650℃和应变速率0.005～0.05 s^-1。当变形温度升高时,合金的再结晶程度增大;当应变速率增大时,位错密度和孪晶数量增大,Ni₃Ti相易于聚集;Ni₃Ti析出相有利于诱发合金基体的动态再结晶。动态回复、动态再结晶和孪生是60NiTi合金热变形的主要机制。     

Characterization of hot deformation and microstructure evolution of a new metastable β titanium alloy

The hot deformation characteristics of as-forged Ti?3.5Al?5Mo?6V?3Cr?2Sn?0.5Fe?0.1B?0.1C alloy within a temperature range from 750 to 910 °C and a strain rate range from 0.001 to 1 s^?1 were investigated by hot compression tests. The stress?strain curves show that the flow stress decreases with the increase of temperature and the decrease of strain rate. The microstructure is sensitive to deformation parameters. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains appear while the temperature reaches 790 °C at a constant strain rate of 0.001 s^?1 and strain rate is not higher than 0.1 s^?1 at a constant temperature of 910 °C. The work-hardening rate θ is calculated and it is found that DRX prefers to happen at high temperature and low strain rate. The constitutive equation and processing map were obtained. The average activation energy of the alloy is 242.78 kJ/mol and there are few unstable regions on the processing map, which indicates excellent hot workability. At the strain rate of 0.1 s^?1, the stress?strain curves show an abnormal shape where there are two stress peaks simultaneously. This can be attributed to the alternation of hardening effect, which results from the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and the rotation of DRX grains, and dynamic softening mechanism.     

Cu-Ni-Si-P合金热变形行为及热加工图

采用高温等温压缩试验,对Cu?Ni?Si?P合金在应变速率0.01~5?1、变形温度600~800°C条件下的高温变形行为进行了研究,得出了该合金热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和本构方程。根据实验数据与热加工工艺参数构建了该合金的热加工图,利用热加工图对该合金在热变形过程中的热变形工艺参数进行了优化,并利用热加工图分析了该合金的高温组织变化。热变形过程中Cu?Ni?Si?P合金的流变应力随着变形温度的升高而降低,随着应变速率的提高而增大,该合金的动态再结晶温度为700°C。该合金热变形过程中的热变形激活能Q为485.6 kJ/mol。通过分析合金在应变为0.3和0.5时的热加工图得出该合金的安全加工区域的温度为750~800°C,应变速率为0.01~0.1 s?1。通过合金热变形过程中高温显微组织的观察,其组织规律很好地符合热加工图所预测的组织规律。     

β21s钛合金动态再结晶行为

利用Gleeblel500热模拟试验机研究了β21s钛合金在高温变形条件下的动态再结品行为及晶粒尺寸变化规律.实验结果表明.β2ls钛合金在温度较高、应变速率较低的情况下变形时,表现出典型的动态再结晶行为,动态冉结晶晶粒尺寸随变形温度的升高和变形速率的降低而增大.确定了该合金的激活能为227.07 kJ/mol.应力指数为3.42.Z因子决定着动态再结晶的晶粒尺寸,二者之间为幂指数关系,进一步得出再结晶晶粒尺寸的预测模型,为该合金热变形过程的组织控制提供理论依据.     

热轧780MPa级超高强大梁钢的热变形行为研究

针对我国载重汽车用大梁钢屈服强度低,影响汽车轻量化设计问题,利用MMS-300热力模拟试验机对780MPa级大梁钢进行了单道次压缩实验.结果表明,铌和钛的高温析出物对位错和晶界的钉扎作用和固溶铌的溶质拖曳作用是引起实验钢奥氏体难以发生动态回复和动态再结晶的主要原因,实验钢的动态再结晶激活能达到446.92kJ/mol.通过数据回归建立了实验钢的变形抗力数学模型,该模型具有良好的精度,为超高强大梁钢的稳定化工业生产提供了理论依据.     

Influence of Vanadium Content on Hot Deformation Behavior of Low-Carbon Boron Microalloyed Steel

Single-pass compression tests were performed to investigate the hot deformation behavior of low-carbon boron microalloyed steel containing three various vanadium contents at 900-1100℃ and strain rate of 0.01-10 s~(-1) using the MMS-300 thermal mechanical simulator.The flow stress curves of investigated steels were obtained under the different deformation conditions,and the effects of the deformation temperature and strain rate on the flow stress were discussed.The characteristic points of flow stress were obtained from the stress dependence of strain hardening rate;the activation energy of investigated steels was determined by the regression analysis;the flow stress constitutive equations were developed;the effect of vanadium content on the flow stress and dynamic recrystallization(DRX) was investigated.The result showed that the flow stress and activation energy(3-6.5 kJ mol~(-1)) of the steel containing 0.18 wt% V were significantly higher than those of the steels with0.042 wt% and 0.086 wt% V,which was related to the increase in solute drag and precipitation effects for higher vanadium content.DRX analysis showed that the addition of vanadium can delay the initiation and the rate of DRX.     

粗晶GH4720Li合金热变形行为与动态再结晶特点

为了模拟难变形镍基高温合金GH4720Li开坯锻造过程,采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机研究经均匀化处理的GH4720Li铸锭高温压缩变形时的力学流动行为,分析高温变形过程中微观组织演化规律。结果表明,GH4720Li合金在1100℃,0.1 s-1条件下应力水平达到250 MPa,且应力对热变形温度和应变速率敏感,动态再结晶是主要的软化机制。粗晶组织提高了合金动态再结晶临界变形温度和应变速率,如在变形量为60%,变形条件为1140℃,0.001 s-1和1180℃,0.001s-1才能发生完全动态再结晶。计算的粗晶GH4720Li合金热变形激活能Q=1171kJ/mol,较高的热变形激活能表明粗晶组织不利于热塑性变形和动态再结晶的发生。基于本研究,铸态GH4720Li合金开坯温度应高于1140℃,同时保证较低的应变速率,以确保动态再结晶的充分发生,实现枝晶组织破碎。