Doctoral and master's-level clinical psychologists and MSWs in public mental health settings: A nationwide follow-up.

278 directors of public mental health facilities, who participated in a 1979 nationwide survey comparing the employment opportunities, salaries, duties, and skills of doctoral and subdoctoral clinical psychologists (SDCPs) and individuals with masters degrees in social work (MSWs), were asked to complete a similar survey in 1983. Results indicate that, in the interim, salaries for all groups increased significantly and members of each group were staying on the job longer. Ratings of competency, contributions to the agency, and adequacy of academic background did not change significantly, and SDCPs continued to be rated lower than MSWs and doctoral-level clinicians on all dimensions. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Subdoctoral Psychologists.

Comments on P. J. Woods' article on APA's concern with the Master's degree in psychology (American Psychologist, 1971, 26, 696-707). The present author suggests that before many more hours are expended in deciding whether subdoctoral psychologists should be called psychologists, the assumption that clinical practitioners holding a doctorate in psychology are better equipped than those trained at the master's level should be demonstrated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Salaries of clinical psychologists employed in APA-approved internship settings: 1979.

Updates data and provides information on present salaries of clinical psychologists working in internship-training centers. Salary schedules from 80 training centers approved for predoctoral internship training in clinical or counseling psychology indicate that federally-funded training centers provide the highest salaries for psychologists, and charity-supported agencies and those located in the Northeast provide the lowest salaries. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

All but the dissertation.

Refers to W. G. Crary's (1970) discussion of subdoctoral psychologists, noting that school psychologists at the MA level have the same privileges as their counterparts with PhDs in California. However, if they continue to be regarded as less than equal, they are likely to develop their own state and national organizations and work toward legislation allowing them to practice professionally. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical services and demographic characteristics of police psychologists.

Surveyed 56 police psychologists to ascertain their demographic characteristics and the nature of the services that they provide for law enforcement organizations. Ss identified themselves as either staff (n?=?33) or consulting (n?=?23) psychologists. Selected results show that the modal respondent had a doctoral degree in clinical or counseling psychology and provided a wide variety of clinical services. Daily consulting fees varied widely, but the full-time salaries of staff psychologists were comparable with those reported by psychologists in other clinical settings. The staff psychologist's most common service was providing therapy, whereas the consultant's greatest allotment of time was devoted to assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex and salary.

Presents salary medians for doctorate psychologists in 11 employment settings. Results reveal females are found in greater numbers where their salaries approach parity with male salaries, and that females achieve 90% parity with males only in the public sector, where salary administration is standardized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mixed reactions to Barclay.

Comments on the useful, as well as limited, observations made in J. R. Barclay's (see record 1971-31604-001) article on the characteristics of subdoctoral school psychologists. School psychologists (1) need a broader view of themselves and their responsibilities and (2) should offer schools a technology of information acquisition and dissemination about education, including information on learning, instructional and administrative processes, and school–community relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The specialist–doctorial controversy: Some realities of training, practice, and advocacy.

Examined the feasibility of the American Psychological Association's (APA) doctoral-level-only policy for the specialty of school psychology. The extent of subdoctoral training is reviewed, and the necessity of resolving the specialist/doctoral controversy is stressed. The job market for specialist-level psychologists and the professional advocacy of organizations other than APA are also discussed as important elements of the controversy. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The necessity of postdoctoral education.

Agrees with S. R. Graham and R. E. Fox's (see record 1992-06970-001) idea for a network of centers of excellence to provide postdoctoral training. It is asserted that the trend of clients using subdoctoral providers in mental health facilities will continue unless psychologists can demonstrate their ability to provide sophisticated, outcome-oriented, and cost-efficient services. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Section 2: Salaries: Editor's Commentary.

Provides a preview of articles in a special section dedicated to the salaries of psychologists. The articles in this section discuss an economic model for forecasting the demand for psychology's manpower as well as salaries for psychologists in academic and non-academic settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The psychologist in the department of psychiatry.

Results of a US survey show that psychologists are well represented on psychiatry faculties but tend to hold lower academic rank and receive lesser salaries than psychiatrists in equivalent ranks. Results also indicate rigorous criteria for promotion in these departments. Positive aspects, including patient contact and clinical research opportunities, are noted. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preliminary report of the 1970 National Register.

Examined the salary information in the National Register. The American Psychological Association (APA) compared a 10% sample of the employed respondents to the 1970 Register with population information from the Register. Sample median salaries were also compared with salaries from the 1968 Register. Salaries of psychologists have generally kept pace with inflation. However, many psychologists expected to supplement their salaries with other sources of professional income. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Patterns of mental health services provided by HMOs.

Surveyed 145 US health maintenance organizations (HMOs) to determine outpatient mental health services offered, psychologists and other providers used, and practices followed in offering such services. Results show that basic assessment and intervention modalities were available to almost all HMO members. Health education programs (weight control, smoking control, and stress adaptation) were not as broadly available as were the more traditional mental health efforts. Almost all HMOs utilized psychologists as providers, either as employees or consultants; subdoctoral qualifications for employment were accepted by one-fifth of the plans. In most plans, physicians referred patients for psychological services. HMOs based on individual practice association models offered fewer services than either group or staff models. The level of mental health service required for federal qualification is exceeded by plans enrolling 82% of all members. Data did not support the argument that requiring mental health services results in forcing both services and costs upward. It is concluded that the current rate of HMO growth will not provide large numbers of additional jobs for psychologists. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the manpower problem and graduate training in clinical psychology.

Discusses the problems of manpower shortage and the nature of clinical graduate education and proposes strategies for dealing with them. It is suggested that there be (1) movement away from the scientist-professional or V. C. Raimy's Boulder model still often considered the most appropriate for clinical psychology to more emphasis on a professional psychologist model, and (2) development of specialist-oriented subdoctoral programs in clinical psychology. The 1st priority in the development of professionally oriented masters programs would be extensive analyses of the needs of various agencies utilizing psychologists, and the resources of present masters programs, i.e., requiring the high standards of performance for the MA and subjecting MA programs to accreditation by the American Psychological Association. Such an MA program is exemplified. The recommended approach "offers no nirvana" for the PhD clinical psychologist. 5 major benefits from the approach are presented. The greatest problem involved in the approach would be "convincing the agencies concerned of the competency of the MA-level people. It is concluded that the problems and pressures have resulted in tolerance of the ideas that the MA programs should be professionally oriented." (17 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reaction to Arnhoff and Jenkins.

Comments on an article by F. N. Arnhoff and J. W. Jenkins (see record 1969-16562-001). As a counseling psychologist whose main research interests are in the area of vocational development and vocational counseling and whose principal job is directing a program for the training of rehabilitation counselors, I feel compelled to react to the article on subdoctoral education in psychology. My criticism is not directed at the methodology employed in the study nor at the handling of the data, but rather at the issue of the naivete of the subjects; one would expect that a sample of psychologists asked to respond to a questionnaire having direct implications for the development of the field of psychology would not be naive. My only conclusion is that the sample used in this study was, by chance, underrepresentative of the middle and upper cohorts of the normal distribution of sophistication among psychologists. As such, I must view the findings as questionable. Should this not be the case, I, as a psychologist, would hate to entertain the alternatives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Salaries and satisfactions of medical school psychologists.

Used data from a 1977 survey to investigate the relationship of salary to professional activities and to vocational satisfactions of 642 medical school psychologists. Results show the following: (1) current and potential salaries correlated with items involving seniority and rank, and with beliefs of appropriate skill utilization and advantages accruing in the setting. (2) Salaries are negatively related to time spent in diagnostic and therapeutic work. (3) Only salary expectations are significantly related to personal satisfactions and comparative occupational freedoms. (4) Vocational interests and career commitments are not closely tied to salaries. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Labor market adjustments in psychology.

Presents a relatively simple economic model of the market for psychologists as an attempt to answer questions relating to (a) changes in the labor market for psychologists and other scientists, (b) variance over time in the number of college students choosing psychology, and (c) rate of salary increase. The model is based on supply, demand, and their interaction. The economic analysis of professional markets is based on response to salaries by students and experienced specialists, adjustment of salaries to changes in market conditions, and response of employers to salaries. Depending on time patterns of response, analysis generated cobweb, incomplete, and simultaneous adjustment mechanisms. The increasing role of the federal government in professional markets is seen as an important determinant of supply and demand. The economic model is discussed in relation to issues relating to (a) long-term changes in the supply of psychologists, (b) post-World War II changes in supply and salary, (c) the reallocation of specialists among industrial sectors and subfields, and (d) the future state of the market. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Income of industrial and organizational psychologists.

Presents results from a continuing, systematic survey of 543 industrial and organizational psychologists of the American Psychological Association to provide a broad overview of remuneration patterns and income trends. Income distributions of industrial and organizational psychologists vary over a wide range and are influenced by certain factors, e.g., type of employment, age, sex, experience, and work activity. Percentile distributions are provided to serve as income norms relevant for various groups of industrial and organizational psychologists. Trends for 1960-1970 are illustrated and adjusted for inflationary effects. Industrial and organizational psychologists experienced substantial growth in real income, especially in their starting salaries. Also investigated were effects of supplementary income and job changes on income. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

When not to comment.

Suggests that errors, such as the one S. D. McLaughlin (1980) made in his critique of M. H. Birnbaum's (1979) article on sex bias in salaries of psychologists, could be avoided if authors would read material cited as containing theory before rushing into print with claims that procedures are atheoretical. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A survey of master's-level staffing patterns and clinical roles.

1,157 mental health agencies were surveyed concerning the employment of master's-level clinical psychologists, and usable data were provided by 637. Numbers and proportions of staff positions, salaries, job functions performed, and training models preferred for master's-level clinicians are reported for 9 types of mental health agencies. Community mental health centers and state hospitals provided the best sources of employment. The optimal training program should prepare the student to perform group and individual therapy, psychological testing, and community mental health functions. Research skills were more important in state hospitals than in community mental health centers. (1 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)