静电传感器在油液在线监测系统中的应用

将静电传感器技术运用到油液在线监测系统中去,对机械设备的磨损情况进行分析;研究了油液磨粒荷电机制,以及磨粒荷电量的影响因素;提出了一种改进的静电传感器测量模型,利用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS,对影响静电传感器性能的主要因素进行了仿真分析,并对传感器的结构进行了优化设计;研究了磨粒浓度与传感器测量电压之间的关系,运用静电传感器在线监测机械设备润滑油中磨损颗粒的荷电情况,得到设备磨损的监测结果,验证了静电监测方法的有效性。     

液压系统油液在线监测技术研究

对液压系统的常见故障及常用监测方法进行了分析,提出将静电传感器技术运用到液压系统在线监测中;研究了液压系统油液在线监测机理、磨粒荷电量的影响因素;设计了一套适用于液压系统的油液在线监测系统;研究了磨粒浓度、大小及材质与传感器测量电压之间的关系.运用静电传感器在线监测液压系统工作介质中磨损颗粒的荷电情况,得到液压系统磨损的监测结果,验证了静电监测方法在液压系统在线监测中的有效性与可行性.     

二氧化碳气氛下钢铜摩擦副摩擦磨损特性研究

应用MMS-1G销盘式高温高速摩擦磨损试验机,研究了二氧化碳气氛条件下CrNiMo钢/H96黄铜配副的干滑动摩擦磨损特性。结果表明:摩擦因数随着载荷和速度的增加而减小;磨损率随着载荷和速度的增加而增加,在逐步增加速度与载荷的过程中,存在着摩擦磨损机制的转变,CrNiMo钢的磨损机制主要表现为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

电流对黄铜/Al2O3弥散强化铜合金摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响

根据列车受电弓系统的实际工况条件,在自制的销-盘式载流摩擦磨损试验机上研究了Al2O3弥散强化铜合金销试样和黄铜（H62）盘试样摩擦副在载流条件下的滑动摩擦磨损性能,试验条件为速度20m/s、载荷0.63MPa、电流25-75A。试验结果表明,电流对黄铜/Al2O3弥散强化铜合金摩擦副的滑动干摩擦行为具有显著影响。随电流的增加,销试样的磨损率增加,摩擦因数增大,试样表层发生了磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。     

滚动轴承性能退化静电监测方法及试验

采用静电方法对滚动轴承进行在线监测以及退化评估的研究。在滚动轴承寿命强化试验机平台上,使用自研磨损区域静电传感器对滚动轴承进行在线监测,通过多组试验采集得到滚动轴承磨损静电信号,在对滚动轴承磨损过程静电产生机理分析的基础上,进行静电信号的特征提取,通过加速疲劳全寿命周期试验进行滚动轴承性能退化评估,并与振动信号与温度信号进行对比验证。研究结果表明,磨损区域静电监测技术可以实现滚动轴承性能退化的在线监测,该研究是机械系统在线监测以及故障诊断和预测的重要组成部分,并为仪器实现产品化奠定了基础。     

食物粒度和硬度对人牙釉质三体磨粒磨损特性的影响

在往复滑动摩擦磨损试验台上对比考察了三体磨粒磨损过程中,食物颗粒的粒度和硬度对人牙釉质摩擦学特性的影响。结果表明:当食物颗粒硬度较高时,随着粒度减小,稳态摩擦因数略有降低,牙釉质磨损表面形貌逐渐由剥落为主转变为犁削效应;对于低硬度食物颗粒,随着粒度增加,稳态摩擦因数显著降低,牙釉质磨损表面形貌则由犁削效应转变为轻微擦伤。当食物颗粒粒度相同时,食物硬度对牙釉质的摩擦与磨损行为均有明显影响,食物颗粒硬度越高,稳态摩擦因数越高,磨损越严重。     

载流条件下银基复合材料-黄铜滑环摩擦副的摩擦学性能

采用粉末冶金方法制备一种银-铜-石墨-碳纤维复合材料,利用环块式摩擦磨损试验机对该复合材料和黄铜滑环组成的摩擦副在大气条件下进行载流摩擦磨损试验,分析不同速度下载流大小对摩擦因数、接触表面电阻、接触表面电噪声、磨损量的影响。研究结果表明,摩擦因数、接触电阻、磨损量随载流的增大而增大,接触表面电噪声与电流呈非线性关系;该银基复合材料与黄铜滑环摩擦副的磨损机制在纯机械摩擦磨损条件下主要为黏着磨损,在载流条件下为磨粒磨损,电弧产生的电蚀促进了磨粒磨损的发生。该银基复合材料与黄铜滑环摩擦副的电噪声符合相关标准,具有较高的可靠性。     

氧气气氛条件下钢铜摩擦副摩擦磨损特性研究

利用MMS-1G销盘式高温高速摩擦磨损试验机,研究了氧气气氛条件下CrN iMo钢/H96黄铜配副的干滑动摩擦磨损特性,并分析了磨损机制,结果表明:纯氧气气氛条件下,摩擦因数随着载荷和速度的增加而减小;磨损率随着载荷和速度的增加而增加。在逐步增加速度与载荷的过程中,存在着摩擦磨损机制的改变。CrN iMo钢磨损失效机制主要表现为氧化磨损、剥落磨损、粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

金属塑料复合自润滑材料的制备及其摩擦学性能研究

用静电喷涂和模压成型法制备了金属塑料复合自润滑材料,通过摩擦磨损实验对其在室温干摩擦条件下的摩擦学性能进行了研究,用扫描电镜对磨损表面进行了观察和分析,并探讨了复合材料的磨损机制.结果表明:用静电喷涂-模压法能制得摩擦学性能优良的复合材料;在干摩擦实验的载荷范围内,复合材料的摩擦因数和磨损率随负荷的增加不断减小;复合材料的磨损机制发生了由犁削和磨粒磨损为主向黏着、磨粒磨损的混合磨损形式为主的转变.     

氮/氧混合气氛环境下钢/铜摩擦副摩擦学性能研究

应用QG-700型高温气氛摩擦磨损试验机,研究了常温下CrNiMo钢/黄铜配副在不同氮/氧混合气氛比例条件下的干滑动摩擦磨损性能,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、EDAX能谱仪(EDS)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析其磨损机制。试验结果表明:随着氮/氧混合气氛中氧气气氛比例的增加,销试样磨损率和配副的摩擦因数整体均呈现降低趋势;磨损机制逐渐由黏着磨损和磨粒磨损向氧化磨损、磨粒磨损和黏着磨损共同作用机制转变;摩擦表面生成铁和铜的氧化物,且氧化物的成分随着氧气含量不同而有所不同。     

Effect of counterparts on the friction and wear behavior of polyelectrolyte multilayers

Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) were prepared on Si substrates by alternative deposition of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) as polyanion and poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) as polycation. The PEM film was characterized by means of ultraviolet-visible light absorption spectrometry and atomic force microscopy. The friction and wear behavior of the polymer film sliding against brass, 440C stainless steel, Si₃N₄ and WC balls was evaluated on a microtribometer. It was found that the multilayer film was uniform and compact, and it registered a lowered friction coefficient and extended antiwear life while sliding against soft counterparts, in particular, a brass ball. This could be because the polymeric transfer film had an enhanced adhesion on the soft metallic counterpart in the presence of inter-transferred metallic debris. Contrary to the above, the PEM film had a higher friction coefficient and shorter antiwear life while sliding against Si₃N₄ and WC balls, possibly owing to a higher shearing stress in the presence of stiff and hardly deformable hard counterparts. In other words, the polymeric transfer film on the hard couterparts, if any, would be easily scaled off, leading to decreased antiwear life. Moreover, the differences in the friction and wear behavior of the PEM film sliding against different counterparts were closely related to the differences in the chemical and crystallographic structure of the counterparts (ceramics Si₃N₄ and WC, and metals brass and stainless steel).     

Wear and Friction Characteristics of Magnetorheological Fluid under Magnetic Field Activation

In this article, wear and friction characteristics of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid were studied under different magnetic fields. Using a pin-on-disc tribometer, the wear loss and friction coefficient were obtained with and without a magnetic field. The friction and wear of three typical materials under magnetic field were investigated at various normal loads and rotating speeds. After the wear tests, the worn surfaces of specimens were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to investigate the wear mechanisms, and the contacting surfaces were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate the variation of elemental composition on the worn surface. Test results showed that the MR fluid exhibits better tribological characteristics under a magnetic field compared to the case without a magnetic field. The general morphology of the MR particles and wear debris was observed to assist with the analysis of friction and wear. The SEM micrographs and EDS spectra of the worn surfaces showed that the predominant wear mechanism in the case of the steel and brass specimens was abrasive wear by asperities and MR particles on the worn surfaces, whereas a mixed wear mechanism that included adhesive wear and abrasive wear was observed in the case of the aluminum specimen.     

Effect of loading system inertia on tribological behaviour of ceramic–ceramic,ceramic–metal and metal–metal dry sliding contacts

Machine dynamics can contribute to a difference between results in coefficient of friction, vibration level and wear rate of the same tribo-couple concerning the compliance of the support provided to a sliding counterbody. The aim of the present work is revealing the effect of loading system inertia on laboratory tests results. A developed pendulum-type tribo-tester was used for testing ceramic–ceramic, ceramic–metal and metal–metal sliding contact combinations. Diamond-like, AlTiN, TiCN and AlCrN/Si₃N₄ PVD coatings and bare EN X30WCrV9-3 steel disks were tested against yttria-stabilized zirconia and EN 100Cr6 steel balls. Discussion on the mechanisms of materials degradation is based on SEM and EDS observations. It was found that inertia of loading system influences compaction of wear debris.     

玻璃陶瓷材料与轴承钢表面摩擦磨损的试验研究

在盘销式摩擦磨损试验机上考察了氟金云母玻璃陶瓷与轴承钢的摩擦磨损性能,在不同载荷条件下,测试了摩擦因数和玻璃陶瓷的磨损率,用金相显微镜观察和分析磨损表面形貌,并探讨了玻璃陶瓷材料的磨损机制。结果表明：在低载荷条件下,摩擦因数较低;随着载荷的增加,摩擦副的摩擦因数比较稳定,氟金云母玻璃陶瓷与轴承钢的平均摩擦因数为0.095。玻璃陶瓷和轴承钢的磨损率存在波动,其对磨过程以磨料磨损为主。     

Scanning electron microscopy observations of worn surfaces of metals in tribological contact with loose solid particles

Surfaces of a 40–60 brass worn by three-body abrasion with SiC grits were observed under the scanning electron microscope. Similar observations were carried out on targets of steel and commercially pure aluminium which had been impacted with hardened steel balls. The brass develops alternating bands of hills and valleys when undergoing three-body abrasion. The hills wear by direct rubbing against the steel counterface. The valleys, however, are embedded with grits which are later removed and probably carry an amount of brass during their departure. The impact process creates craters which show severe deformation. Radial plastic flow of metal also occurs in the target around a crater. It appears that under repeated attack these deformed areas produce wear debris by microspalling. Metal may also be removed by nucleation and propagation of cracks.     

The Use of D-optimal Design for Modeling and Analyzing the Tribological Characteristics of Journal Bearing Materials Lubricated by Nano-Based Biolubricants

Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a D-optimal design was employed to investigate the tribological characteristics of journal bearing materials such as brass, bronze, and copper lubricated by a biolubricant, chemically modified rapeseed oil (CMRO). The wear and friction performance were observed for the bearing materials tested with TiO₂, WS₂, and CuO nanoadditives dispersed in the CMRO. The tests were performed by selecting sliding speed and load as numerical factors and nano-based biolubricant/bearing materials as the categorical factor to evaluate the tribological characteristics such as the coefficient of friction (COF) and specific wear rate. The results showed that RSM based on a D-optimal design was instrumental in the selection of suitable journal bearing materials for a typical system, especially one lubricated by nano-based biolubricant. At a sliding speed of 2.0 m/s and load of 100 N, the bronze bearing material with CMRO containing CuO nanoparticles had the lowest COF and wear rate. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the worn bearing surfaces showed that the bronze bearing material lubricated with CMRO containing CuO nanoadditive is smoother than copper/brass bearing material.     

一种基于微流体制备的电阻-电感式磨粒传感器

为了实现油液金属磨粒的高精度测量,基于微流体制备了一种可检测电阻-电感参数的磨粒传感器。通过仿真获得了金属颗粒在时谐磁场中的磁化和涡流效应特征,并通过实验研究了电阻-电感检测的电压特性和频率特性。高频激励可以增强金属颗粒内部的涡流效应,而激励电压对传感器检测结果的影响不大。研究表明电感参数对铁磁性金属的检测能力强,电阻参数对非铁磁性金属的检测能力强。采用2.0 V、2.0 MHz的激励,通过比较分析电阻和电感检测结果,该传感器可有效识别直径60μm的铜颗粒和直径16μm的铁颗粒。这种基于线圈电阻参数检测非铁磁性金属磨粒的方法为增强磨粒传感器的综合测量性能提供了新思路。     

Influence of Surface Roughness on the Transfer Film Formation and Frictional Behavior of TiC/a-C Nanocomposite Coatings

Influence of surface roughness on the friction of TiC/a-C nanocomposite coatings while sliding against bearing steel balls in humid air was examined by detailed analyses of the wear surfaces and the wear scar on the ball counterparts by atomic force microscopy, optical, and confocal microscopy. It was observed that the surface roughness of the coatings essentially determines the wear behavior of the ball counterpart, which consequently influences the transfer film formation. A rough coating causes abrasive wear of the steel ball during the running-in period, which impedes the formation of a stable transfer film and leads to higher values of coefficient of friction (CoF). Moreover, the CoF does not show a decreasing trend after the running-in period, although the roughness of the coating was greatly reduced. Replacing the worn ball with a new one after the running-in period yields lower CoF values similar to that observed for a smooth coating. In both of the cases, no wear of the steel ball occurs and a stable transfer film forms and effectively covers the contact area. The influence of the wear debris on the formation of the transfer film is also discussed.     

转叶式舵机密封件在不同磨粒尺寸下的摩擦学特征研究

船舶转叶式舵机因体积小、功率密度高而逐渐替代传统的柱塞式舵机.然而,磨损过程中产生的磨粒常使叶片密封件产生异常磨损,引起密封失效,导致油压下降,造成转叶式舵机功能丧失.明晰叶片密封件与缸体内壁之间的摩擦磨损机理以及提取关键磨损特征是提高叶片密封件的磨损寿命和实现转叶式舵机智能故障诊断的关键.以常用于制作密封件的聚氨酯高...     

用于铁谱分析技术磁化液的研制及其应用

在利用旋转式铁谱仪生成谱片时，非铁磁性磨屑不能沉积于谱片上，但对于滑动轴承等部件的状态监测，必须利用非铁磁性磨屑来判断其状态。本文利用一种能使非铁磁性磨屑可以磁化的磁流体-磁化液，成功地将非铁磁性磨屑按铁磁性磨屑在谱片上的沉积规律沉积于谱片上，据此，对滑动轴承的磨损成功地进行了预报。同时，本文还提供了适合于不同材料的非铁磁性磨屑的磁化液及其使用规范。