Microstructure and wear characteristics of hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C cladding with various carbon contents

The current study used flux core arc welding to produce a series of hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C claddings with various carbon content. Depending on the carbon content, this research produced hypereutectic microstructures of γ-Fe + (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides. As the carbon content of a cladding increased from 3.73 to 4.85 wt.%, the surface fractions of carbides increased from 33.8% to 86.1%. The morphology of primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides also transited from a blade-like to a rod-like shape. With regard to wear performance, the relationship between wear resistance and hardness (H) is non-linear. However, the mean free path (λ) of primary (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides must be considered. Wear resistance is proportional to H/λ. The primary carbides can prevent the eutectic colonies from selective abrasion. The rod-like (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbides also provide much better wear resistance because rod-like carbides have a greater hardness. After an abrasive wear process, abrasive particles cause plastic plows when the cladding has lower surface fractions of carbides. The fracture of primary carbides leads into the craters where it occurs in the worn cladding surface with higher surface fractions of carbides.     

Microstructure and wear mechanism change by Nb added in slag free self-shielded flux cored wire

Abstract

The iron based hardfacing alloys were produced using slag free self-shielded flux cored wires with varying niobium contents. The results show that NbC acted as the nucleus of primary M₇(C, B)₃ (M?=?Cr, Fe mainly) carbides and decreased the amount of M₇(C,B)₃ carbides when niobium was added into the alloys. When 18?wt-%Fe–Nb (60?wt-%Nb) was added, the microstructure of hardfacing alloy transformed from hypereutectic structure to a eutectic one due to the formation of NbC, which consumed a mass of carbon. The microstructure changed into a hypoeutectic structure when the Fe–Nb content was up to 24?wt-%. With the increase in Fe–Nb content, the main abrasive wear mechanism changed from microcracking to microcutting and microploughing due to the formation of NbC and the reduction of primary M₇(C, B)₃ carbides. The wear loss of the alloy with 18?wt-%Fe–Nb addition was the smallest among all the alloys.     

Microstructural evolution with various Ti contents in Fe-based hardfacing alloys using a GTAW technique

The aim of this study is to discuss the effect of microstructural development with different Ti contents in Fe-based hardfacing alloys. A series of Fe-Cr-C-Si-Mn-xTi alloy fillers was deposited on SS400 low carbon steel substrate using oscillating gas tungsten arc welding. The microstructure in the Fe-based hardfacing alloy without Ti content addition included: the primary γ, eutectic γ+(Fe,Cr)₃C, eutectic γ+(Fe,Cr)₂C and martensite. With increasing Ti contents, the microstructures showed the primary TiC carbide, γ phase and eutectic γ+(Fe,Cr,Ti)₃C. The amount and size of TiC carbide in the hardfacing layers increased as the Ti content increased. However, the eutectic γ+(Fe,Cr,Ti)₃C content decreased as the Ti content increased. According to the results of the hardness test, the lowest hardness value (HRC 54.93) was found with 0% wt% Ti and the highest hardness (HRC 60.29) was observed with 4.87 wt% Ti.     

Microstructure and properties of Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys reinforced with TiC–TiB2

Abstract

Different amounts of TiB₂ powder were added to flux cores of wear resistant hardfacing flux cored wires for the preparation of new flux cored wires. Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys reinforced with TiB₂ were produced by arc hardfacing. The microstructure, hardness and wear resistance behaviour of the hardfacing alloys were investigated using an optical micrograph, scanning electron micrograph (SEM), X-ray diffractometer, macrohardness tester, microhardness tester and abrasive wear tester. The results showed that, among the hardfacing alloys, a new hard phase, i.e. TiC–TiB₂ composite compound particles, was formed and dispersed in the primary carbides and matrix structures. The TiC–TiB₂ reinforced Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys imparted greater hardness and better wear resistance. The presence of TiC–TiB₂ hard phase particles is the main reason for the improvement in hardness and wear resistance of Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys.     

多元陶瓷复合相显微组织对耐磨性能的影响

采用等离子熔覆技术制备了四种不同铬含量的Fe-Cr-B-C堆焊合金.借助OM,SEM和XRD等分析手段对合金组织和陶瓷相形貌进行分析.结果表明,熔覆层的微观组织由初生奥氏体＋共晶组织组成,合金陶瓷相由BC4＋Cr2B＋M7C3＋M23C6＋M23（C,B）6组成,硼化物呈层片状、菊花状等形态分布,陶瓷相数量随Cr元素含量的增大而增多.研究了Cr元素含量对熔覆层耐磨粒磨损性能的影响规律,熔覆层的耐磨性随着Cr元素含量的增加而提高,当Cr元素含量达到15.9%时,大量硼化物等陶瓷相弥散分布在基体中,构成良好的耐磨骨架;初生奥氏体组织均匀分布提高硬质相与基体界面的结合强度,因此其熔覆层具有最佳的耐磨性.     

B元素对Fe-Cr-C系耐磨堆焊合金组织和耐磨性的影响

采用直径为1.6 mm的细径药芯焊丝,利用CO₂气体保护焊堆焊的方法制备了含有1.0%~3.0%C(质量分数),15%~20%Cr,0%~2.0%B的高铬堆焊合金.研究了B₄C含量对堆焊合金的硬度及耐磨性的影响.结果表明,堆焊合金的硬度从57.1 HRC增加到65.2 HRC,硬度提高14.2%;堆焊层合金的相对耐磨性从3.5倍提高到18.0倍.借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等微观分析方法,研究了堆焊合金的显微组织及碳化物分布形貌.结果表明,堆焊合金的显微组织主要由铁素体+奥氏体+(Fe,Cr)₇C₃组成,加入B₄C可显著改善堆焊合金层基体组织,使碳化物(Fe,Cr)₇C₃数量增加且呈弥散分布.     

Microstructure and Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Fe-Based (Cr, Fe)7C3 Composite Coating Fabricated by PTA Welding Process

Using Cr₃C₂ and Fe-CrNiBSi powder blends as raw materials, an α-Fe matrix composite coating reinforced by in situ (Cr, Fe)₇C₃ rods, with a thickness of about 3.6 mm, was fabricated on the surface of AISI A36 low carbon steel by means of plasma-transferred arc welding. The results of microstructural analysis show that in the coating, a large number of carbides, (Cr, Fe)₇C₃, in rod shape grow, and radiate around some half-dissolved Cr₃C₂ particles. The results of dry sliding wear tests at loads 100, 200, and 300 N show that the wear resistances of (Cr, Fe)₇C₃-reinforced coating, respectively, are about 6.9, 14.9, and 17 times higher than that of nonreinforced pure Fe-CrNiBSi alloy coating; the average value and fluctuation range of friction coefficient (FC) of (Cr, Fe)₇C₃-reinforced coating are less than those of pure Fe-CrNiBSi alloy coating; the main wear mechanisms of pure Fe-CrNiBSi alloy coating are ploughing, deformation, and adhesive wear, whereas those of (Cr, Fe)₇C₃-reinforced coating are microcutting, abrasive, and oxidation wear; the cracks on surfaces of (Cr, Fe)₇C₃ rods increased with the increasing loads; and the matrix α-Fe can prevent them from extending further in the composite coating.     

纳米 Y2 O3 对过共晶 Fe-Cr-C 堆焊合金表面微观组织与耐磨性的影响

目的研制一种新型添加纳米Y2O3的过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金,改善堆焊合金粗大的初生M7C3碳化物,提高堆焊合金的耐磨性。方法采用明弧堆焊的方法制作堆焊合金,用金相电子显微镜对其表面微观组织进行观察,用洛氏硬度计对其表面硬度进行测量,用砂带摩擦磨损试验机对其表面耐磨性进行评价,用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损形貌进行观察。最后,利用错配度理论对M7C3的细化机理进行分析。结果过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金由初生M7C3和共晶组织(共晶M7C3、奥氏体及部分马氏体)组成。未添加Y2O3的堆焊合金初生M7C3比较粗大,其平均尺寸在22μm,硬度为55HRC,磨损量为0.85mg/mm2。经纳米Y2O3改性之后,堆焊合金的初生M7C3尺寸变小,其平均尺寸为16μm,硬度为57HRC,磨损量减少为0.59 mg/mm2,Y2O3的(001)面与正交M7C3的(100)面之间的二维错配度为8.59%。结论 Y2O3可以成为M7C3的非均质形核核心,从而细化了过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金的初生M7C3碳化物,提高了过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金表面耐磨性。     

填粉率对复合粉粒和实心焊丝堆焊合金组织及耐磨性的影响

粉末组分经干混、掺粘结剂湿混、旋转造粒、烧结和筛分等工序制备成10目 ~ 30目的复合粉粒，将之预置于焊道，以H08A实心焊丝为电弧载体，自保护明弧堆焊高铬合金. 借助光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等方法，研究了填粉率对复合粉粒和实心焊丝堆焊合金组织及耐磨性的影响. 结果表明，随着填粉率由30%提高至45%，该堆焊合金的显微组织由亚共晶转变为过共晶结构，主要基体由γ-Fe转变为α-Fe，M₇C₃相形态由沿晶断续网状或树枝状转变为颗粒状或块状. 磨损试验结果表明，该方法堆焊的高铬合金耐磨性优良，与药芯焊丝堆焊高铬合金相当，制备工艺更为简便且经济，合金磨损机制包括磨粒的微切削和显微剥落两种形式.     

Fe-Cr-V耐磨堆焊合金

制备了用于埋弧焊药芯焊丝的Fe-Cr-V堆焊合金,其成份(质量分数,%)为c0.9～1.5,Cr 13～15,V 1.0-2.0.借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等手段,研究了其显微组织,并考察V和B4C含量对该堆焊合金性能的影响.Fe-Cr-V堆焊合金的显微组织由铁素体 马氏体 (Cr,Fe)23C6等碳化物组成.电子能谱微区分析显示Cr,V元素晶界含量显著高于晶内,随WC加入量提高,晶界与晶内含量差距增大.由于沿晶界析出碳化钒,这使(Cr,Fe)23C6等晶界碳化物呈条状或断续网状分布,起到耐磨骨架作用,避免了网状形态的强烈脆性.结果表明,其磨粒磨损性能显著优于实心焊丝H25Cr3Mo2MnV堆焊合金.     

Microstructures and properties of non-preheated hardfacing welding

A new type of non-preheated hardfacing electrode was developed using H08A as the core and the coat contents including ferrotitaninm, ferrovanadium, graphite, rutile etc. The microstrnctures and properties of hardfacing metal were systematically researched. The results show the hardness of hardfacing metal increases with increasing of ferrotitanium, ferrovanadium, graphite in the coat, but the crack resistance and processing weldability become worse. The carbides formed by arc metallurgic reaction are uniformly dispersed in the matrix structure. The phases of hardfacing metal consist of α-Fe, γ-Fe, VC, TiC and Fe3 C.The carbides are compression aggregation of TiC and VC, and their appearances present irregular block. The matrix microstrncture of hardfacing metal is lath martensite. The hardfacing layers with better crack resistance and wearability are achieved and no visible cracks occur when using non-preheated electrode in continuous welding process. Hardness of hardfacing metal is more than 60HRC, and its relative wearability is five times of wearability of D667 electrode in abrasive wear test.     

含钛铁基耐磨复合材料的研制

为了研制一种铁基耐磨复合材料,采用等离子熔覆技术,通过调节铬含量制备多组Fe-Cr-Ti-C合金系统.借助SEM和XRD等分析手段对熔覆层组织和碳化物形貌进行分析.结果表明,熔覆层中随着铬含量的提高,基体组织由A+F向F及M转变;碳化物M7C3及TiC等硬质相的数量逐渐增多.此外研究了铬含量对熔覆层耐磨粒磨损性能的影响规律,熔覆层的耐磨性随着铬含量的增加而提高,当铬含量达到20.1%时,大量高硬度六边形M7C3复合物结合一定量的呈开花状、球状或团聚状TiC颗粒均匀弥散分布在具有较高强韧性的板条马氏体基体中,使得熔覆层具有最佳的耐磨性.     

Characteristics of the functionally graded coating fabricated by plasma transferred arc centrifugal cladding

Iron-based powders were deposited on the internal wall of a cylinder by means of plasma transferred arc centrifugal cladding. The as-fabricated coating was a functionally graded triple layer coating with microstructures varying from hypereutectic firstly to near eutectic, and then to hypoeutectic structures along the radial direction. Significant enrichment of carbides [M₇C₃ and M₂₃(C, B)₆] was observed in the inner layer. The centrifugal force was responsible for the chemical composition gradient which resulted in the microstructures gradient. Theoretical analysis revealed that Cr, C and B atoms moved toward the inner layer whereas Fe, W and Mo atoms moved toward the outer layer under the effect of centrifugal force, which was confirmed by the quantitative analysis and line-scan profile. Wear resistance of the inner layer of the coating was fairly higher than that of the substrate.     

Tribological characteristics of WC-based claddings using a ball-cratering method

Tungsten carbide-based thick coatings are used as wear resistant claddings or surface overlays in industrial applications to counter erosive and/or abrasive wear problems. Three-body abrasive wear behaviour of infiltration brazed tungsten carbide (WC) claddings was investigated using a ball-cratering method, a version with a free ball, with slurry containing 150–300 μm silica sand particles. Three WC claddings tested had different volume fractions and size distribution of carbides that resulted in their different bulk hardness and the matrix was a Ni–Cr based alloy. It was found that the wear rates of all WC claddings were almost constant with testing time or distance travelled by a rotating ball. The wear rates were independent of the slurry delivery rate and did not increase with increasing rotating ball roughness. The wear rates were affected by the material characteristics of WC claddings such as the volume fraction of carbides, directly related to bulk hardness, and carbide size distribution. SEM examination found that three-body rolling wear was a dominating wear mechanism. The softer matrix was worn out preferentially, leaving behind protruding and weakly-supported carbides. Small solid carbides were then dislodged and larger cemented WC/Co carbides were gradually worn out by a combination of microcracking and attrition.The abrasive characteristics of WC claddings in the ball-cratering tests were then compared to the characteristics of nominally identical materials in the standard ASTM G65 and G76 tests, as reported in the literature, and similarities and differences found are reported. Also, the in-field wear mechanisms found in the WC cladding were compared to the mechanisms observed in the ball-cratering tests.     

元素添加量对水等离子弧堆焊铁基合金层的影响

采用正交试验方法设计了几种铁基合金系堆焊粉末,利用水等离子火焰机在Q345钢板上进行堆焊,分析了Cr,Mo,Si,C添加量对堆焊层硬度、显微组织及磨损性能的影响。结果表明:堆焊层中含有大量的M7C3初生碳化物及共晶组织,最高硬度可达到56.8HRC,耐磨性较好,Cr和C对堆焊金属的耐磨性影响最大。试验表明,采用水等离子火焰机可以较好地进行粉末堆焊。     

Influence of cooling rate and composition on orientation of primary carbides of Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys

Abstract

Four Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys with carbon contents of 3˙34–6˙5% were studied. The orientation of primary carbides in the microstructures of hardfacing layers produced by arc surfacing was investigated under controlled cooling conditions. Carbon content and cooling conditions were found to play an important role in determining overlayer microstructures. Increasing carbon content or decreasing Cr/C ratio increased the tendency for primary carbides to be oriented perpendicular to the surface of the overlayers, and the carbides in the microstructure became more compact. Under water cooling conditions, the primary carbides were preferentially oriented perpendicular to the surface, which would be expected to improve wear resistance. At lower cooling rates, primary carbides were oriented randomly.     

Microstructure and properties of Cr3C2-modified nickel-based alloy coating deposited by plasma transferred arc process

The nickel-based alloy with 30 wt.% chromic carbide (Cr₃C₂) particles has been deposited on Q235-carbon steel (including 0.12 wt.% C) using plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding machine. The microstructure and properties of the deposited coatings were investigated using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) equiped with X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microhardness testes, and sliding wear test. It was found that the γ(Ni, Fe), M₇(C,B)₃, Ni₄B₃, and (Cr,Fe)₂B phases existed in the Cr₃C₂-free nickel-based alloy coating obtained by PTA process. The typical hypoeutectic structure and composition segregation in the solid solution could be found clearly. The addition of 30 wt.% Cr₃C₂ particles led to the existing of Cr₃C₂ phase and the microstructure changing from hypoeutectic structure into hypereutectic structure. The composition segregation in the solid solution could not be found clearly. The average microhardness of the Cr₃C₂-free nickel-based alloy coating increased by 450-500 HV after the addition of 30 wt.% Cr₃C₂ particles. The partial dissolution of Cr₃C₂ particles led to the enrichment of carbon and chromium in the melten pool, and hence caused the formation of more chromium-rich carbides after the solidification process. The undissolved Cr₃C₂ particles and the increasing of chromium-rich carbides was beneficial to enhance the hardness and wear resistance of the Cr₃C₂-modified nickel-based alloy coating deposited by PTA process.     

Formation and morphology of M<Subscript>7</Subscript>C<Subscript>3</Subscript> in low Cr white iron alloyed with Mn and Cu

The presence of M₇C₃ carbide in white iron enhances its wear resistance because of high hardness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed its morphology as a pencil-like hexagonal structure. On the basis of the SEM observations, elemental distribution studies, and differential thermal analysis (DTA) of some heat-treated hypoeutectic white irons alloyed with Cr, Mn, and Cu, it is concluded that M₇C₃ carbides form as a result of attainment of a favorable condition in the liquid phase present at the austenite grain boundaries. Segregation of phosphorus in the intercellular regions and formation of a copper-rich intermetallic is responsible for the formation of this liquid phase. Austenite was found to nucleate first, followed by the nucleation and growth of M₇C₃ carbide in its vicinity, because of rejection of C and Cr during formation of austenite. The rosette structure generally observed is formed from the joining of M₇C₃ carbides by precipitation of secondary carbides.     

B4C对高碳铬铁自保护药芯焊丝力学性能的影响

通过改变高碳铬铁中熔覆金属B4C的含量,分别考察了B4C对堆焊熔敷金属金相组织、硬度和不同载荷下耐磨性的影响,并对堆焊熔敷金属磨损形貌进行了分析.结果表明,随B4C含量的增加,初生碳化物的生长方向性越来越明显,成定向生长趋势,并且熔敷金属的宏观硬度逐渐增大,但B元素含量超过0.5%时,硬度变化趋缓;不同载荷磨损条件下,B4C强化的熔敷金属表现出耐磨性不同,堆焊熔敷金属耐磨面碳化物断裂或剥落少时,表现出良好的耐磨性,当碳化物大量断裂或剥落时,耐磨性变差.     

Microstructure and dry sliding wear behavior of Fe2TiSi /γ-Fe/Ti5Si3 composite coating fabricated by plasma transferred arc cladding process

Wear resistant Fe₂TiSi reinforced composite coating with a microstructure consisting of fine Fe₂TiSi primary dendrites uniformly distributed in the super fine γ-Fe/Ti₅Si₃ eutectic matrix was in situ fabricated on a substrate of 0.20%C plain low carbon steel substrate by the plasma transferred arc (PTA) cladding process using Fe-Ti-Si-Cr powders blend as the precursor material. Microstructure of the coating was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Microhardness along the depth direction of the PTA clad Fe₂TiSi/γ-Fe/Ti₅Si₃ multi-phase composite coating was measured. Room temperature dry sliding wear resistance of the coating was tested. Results showed that the PTA clad Fe₂TiSi/γ-Fe/Ti₅Si₃ composite coating had high and almost uniform hardness distribution along the depth direction of the coating. Under dry sliding wear conditions at an ambient temperature, the PTA clad Fe₂TiSi/γ-Fe/Ti₅Si₃ composite coating exhibited excellent abrasive and adhesive wear resistance.