Wind power analysis and site matching of wind turbine generators in Kingdom of Bahrain

In this paper, the hourly measured wind speed data for years 2003–2005 at 10 m, 30 m and 60 m height for Kingdom of Bahrain have been statically analyzed to determine the potential of wind power generation. Extrapolation of the 10 m data, using the Power Law, has been used to determine the wind data at heights of 30 m and 60 m. Weibull distribution parameters have been estimated and compared annually and on monthly bases using two methods; the graphical method and the another method, designated in this paper as approximated method, which depends on the standard deviation and average wind speed. The maximum power density for 10 m, 30 m and 60 m heights were found to be 164.33 W/m², 624.17 W/m² and 1171.18 W/m² in February, respectively while the minimum power density were 65.33 W/m², 244.33 W/m² and 454.53 W/m² in October, respectively. The average annual wind power density was found to be 114.54 W/m² for 10 m height, 433.29 W/m² for 30 m height and 816.70 W/m² for 60 m height. Weibull probability function, using Weibull parameters estimated from the approximated method, has shown to provide more accurate prediction of average wind speed and average power density than the graphical method. In addition, the site matching of wind turbine generators at 30 m and 60 m heights has been investigated by estimating the capacity factors of various commercially available wind turbines generators. The monthly and annual variation of capacity factors have been studied to ensure optimum selection of wind turbine generators.     

Performance of a scaled-up Microbial Fuel Cell with iron reduction as the cathode reaction

Scale-up studies of Microbial Fuel Cells are required before practical application comes into sight. We studied an MFC with a surface area of 0.5 m² and a volume of 5 L. Ferric iron (Fe³⁺) was used as the electron acceptor to improve cathode performance. MFC performance increased in time as a combined result of microbial growth at the bio-anode, increase in iron concentration from 1 g L⁻¹ to 6 g L⁻¹, and increased activity of the iron oxidizers to regenerate ferric iron. Finally, a power density of 2.0 W m⁻² (200 W m⁻³) was obtained. Analysis of internal resistances showed that anode resistance decreased from 109 to 7 mΩ m², while cathode resistance decreased from 939 to 85 mΩ m². The cathode was the main limiting factor, contributing to 58% of the total internal resistance. Maximum energy efficiency of the MFC was 41%.     

The effect of sorbitol on the morphological characteristics of lead–tin films electrodeposited from an alkaline bath

An alkaline Pb–Sn plating bath containing sorbitol as additive has been developed, which has the advantage of low toxicity and ease of handling relative to fluoborate baths, etc. The Pb–Sn deposition voltammetric curve from this bath revealed two deposition processes, at −0.87 and −1.17 V. The voltammetric studies at various sweep rates indicate that the Pb–Sn deposition process is controlled by mass transport. The joint diffusion coefficient of the Pb(II) and Sn(II) sorbitate complex species is 1.15 × 10⁻⁶ cm² s⁻¹. SEM analysis showed that the films produced at −0.87 and −1.17 V are, respectively, composed of dendritic or hexagonal crystals, showing that co-deposition of tin hindered dendritic growth. EDS of the Pb–Sn films showed that the deposit obtained at −0.87 V is pure lead, while that at −1.17 V, with 5.0 or 10.0 C cm⁻², has 19.10 wt% Sn or 26.35 wt% Sn, respectively. It was observed that the Pb–Sn electrodeposited films were grey at both deposition potentials (−0.87 and −1.17 V) and deposition charges (5.0 and 10.0 C cm⁻²). X-ray spectra showed that at the potential −0.87 V a mixture of Pb, PbPt₄ and Pb₂PtO₄ were deposited, while at −1.17 V, Pb, β-Sn, and PbSnO₃ were deposited.     

Three-dimensional anode engineering for the direct methanol fuel cell

Catalyzed graphite felt three-dimensional anodes were investigated in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) operated with sulfuric acid supporting electrolyte. With a conventional serpentine channel flow field the preferred anode thickness was 100 μm, while a novel flow-by anode showed the best performance with a thickness of 200-300 μm. The effects of altering the methanol concentration, anolyte flow rate and operating temperature on the fuel cell superficial power density were studied by full (2³ + 1) factorial experiments on a cell with anode area of 5 cm² and excess oxidant O₂ at 200 kPa(abs). For operation in the flow-by mode with 2 M methanol at 2 cm³ min⁻¹ and 353 K the peak power density was 2380 W m⁻² with a PtRuMo anode catalyst, while a PtRu catalyst yielded 2240 W m⁻² under the same conditions.     

Reynolds stress and turbulence estimates in bottom boundary layer of Fall of Warness

A broadband acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) moored on the seabed at 42 m depth has been used to observe the mean and turbulent flow components in the tidally energetic Fall of Warness channel over two tidal cycles. The Reynolds stress has been estimated from the difference in variance between the along-beam velocities of opposing acoustic beams. Near bed stress at 2.63 m above seabed (mab) exceeds 7.5 Pa at the time of mean flow (speed of ~ 1.3 m s^− 1) while the ebb stresses are limited to ~ 3.31 Pa during the peak ebb, mean, flow of ~ 1.3 m s^− 1. The production of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), P was found to be negative below 2 × 10^− 9 W m^− 3 and up to 6 × 10^− 4 W m^− 3 was estimated during flood flows and decreasing to 3 × 10^− 4 W m^− 3. The TKE dissipation rate ε was estimated by inertial dissipation method (IDM) with the greatest value of 2.43 × 10^− 2 W m^− 3 observed near the seabed around maximum ebb, falling to 5.75 × 10^− 5 W m^− 3 around slack water. The comparison between P and ε was performed by calculating individual ratios of P corresponding to ε using a bootstrap resampling technique. The study shows that the ratio ε/P averaged over whole flood and ebb were found to be ~ 0.4138 and ~ 0.4177, respectively, indicating that production exceeded dissipation. The uncertainties in Reynolds stress estimates due to instrument noise were found to be 3 × 10^− 4 Pa while 4.52 × 10^− 2 Pa can be attributed to the uncertainties due to the increase in the flow-related component.     

Harnessing of biohydrogen by acidogenic fermentation of Citrus limetta peelings: Effect of extraction procedure and pretreatment of biocatalyst

The extracts of Citrus limetta (sweet lime) peelings were evaluated as a fermentable substrate for hydrogen (H₂) production by dark-fermentation (acidogenic) using both anaerobic mixed consortia and selectively enriched acidogenic mixed consortia. Extraction was carried by pretreating sweet lime peelings at 121 °C (1 bar pressure) at variable pH (6 and 7) and digestion time (20 and 40 min). Maximum organic matter extraction was observed at pH 7.0 (40 min). Fermentation was performed at different organic loading conditions [OL1, 1.17 kg COD/m³; OL2, 2.35 kg COD/m³; OL3, 4.69 kg COD/m³] under acidophilic microenvironment. H₂ production was found to depend on the concentration of the substrate and composition. Increase in organic load showed consistent improvement in H₂ production. Operation at OL3 employing selectively enriched inoculum documented higher cumulative H₂ production (10.07 mmol) and H₂ production rate (0.345 mmol/h) (pH 7; 40 min). Substrate degradation was also found to increase with increase in organic loading. Maximum substrate degradation (SD) was registered at pH 6 (40 min) with anaerobic culture (2.80 kg COD_R/m³; ξ_COD 31.82%) and at pH 7 (40 min) with selectively enriched acidogenic culture (3.20 kg COD_R/m³; ξ_COD 36.36%). Concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) also improved with increase in organic load. Maximum VFA concentration (1098 mg/l) was observed with OL3 (pH 7; 40 min) by using selectively enriched culture.     

Wind resource evaluation in São João do Cariri (SJC) - Paraiba, Brazil

In this study wind resources evaluation and wind energy assessment of the São João do Cariri (SJC) in Paraiba (PB) state situated in Brazilian northeast were analyzed during the period 2006/2009. Wind speed (V, m/s), wind direction and air temperature (T, °C) at 25 m and 50 m were collected from SONDA (Sistema de Organização Nacional de Dados Ambientais) meteorological station (38°N 7°E). The average wind speed and temperature for 25 m and 50 m were found 4.74 m/s, 24.46 °C and 5.31 m/s 24.25 °C respectively. The wind speed predominate direction found were SSE (165°) from both 25 m and 50 m heights. The wind speed distribution curve was obtained using the Weibull probability density function through the WAsP program, the values of Weibull shape (K), scale (A, m/s) and Weibull fit wind speed and power wind density (P, W/m²) were found 2.54, 5.4 m/s, 4.76 m/s and 103 W/m² for 25 m wind height measurements and 2.59, 6.0 m/s, 5.36 m/s and 145 W/m² for 50 m wind height measurements. The cost (€/kWh) from electrical wind energy obtained by wind turbine generation, at 25 m height, was found 0.046 by using 300 kW power rated wind turbine, in the best scenario, with an associate C_f of 14.5%.     

Cooling strategies,summer comfort and energy performance of a rehabilitated passive standard office building

One of the first rehabilitated passive energy standard office buildings in Europe was extensively monitored over two years to analyse the cooling performance of a ground heat exchanger and mechanical night ventilation together with the summer comfort in the building. To increase the storage mass in the light weight top floor, phase change materials (PCM) were used in the ceiling and wall construction. The earth heat exchanger installed at a low depth of 1.2 m has an excellent electrical cooling coefficient of performance of 18, but with an average cooling power of about 1.5 kW does not contribute significantly to cooling load removal. Mechanical night ventilation with 2 air changes also delivered cold at a good coefficient of performance of 6 with 14 kW maximum power. However, the night air exchange was too low to completely discharge the ceilings, so that the PCM material was not effective in a warm period of several days. In the ground floor offices the heat removal through the floor to ground of 2–3 W m⁻² K⁻¹ was in the same order of magnitude than the charging heat flux of the ceilings. The number of hours above 26 °C was about 10% of all office hours. The energy performance of the building is excellent with a total primary energy consumption for heating and electricity of 107–115 kW h m⁻² a⁻¹, without computing equipment only 40–45 kW h m⁻² a⁻¹.     

Improved performance of porous bio-anodes in microbial electrolysis cells by enhancing mass and charge transport

To create an efficient MEC high current densities and high coulombic efficiencies are required. The aim of this study was to increase current densities and coulombic efficiencies by influencing mass and charge transport in porous electrodes by: (i) introduction of a forced flow through the anode to see the effect of enhanced mass transport of substrate, buffer and protons inside the porous anode and (ii) the use of different concentrations of buffer solution to study the effect of enhanced proton transport near the biofilm. A combination of both strategies led to a high current density of 16.4 A m⁻² and a hydrogen production rate of 5.6 m³ m⁻³ d⁻¹ at an applied voltage of 1 V. This current density is 228% higher than the current density without forced flow and high buffer concentration. Furthermore the combination of the anode and transport resistance was reduced from 36 mΩm² to 20 mΩm². Because of this reduced resistance the coulombic efficiency reached values of over 60% in this continuous system.     

Novel fabrication technique of hollow fibre support for micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells

In this work, a cerium-gadolinium oxide (CGO)/nickel (Ni)-CGO hollow fibre (HF) for micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which consists of a fully gas-tight outer electrolyte layer supported on a porous inner composite anode layer, has been developed via a novel single-step co-extrusion/co-sintering technique, followed by an easy reduction process. After depositing a multi-layers cathode layer and applying current collectors on both anode and cathode, a micro-tubular SOFC is developed with the maximum power densities of 440-1000 W m⁻² at 450-580 °C. Efforts have been made in enhancing the performance of the cell by reducing the co-sintering temperature and improving the cathode layer and current collection from inner (anode) wall. The improved cell produces maximum power densities of 3400-6800 W m⁻² at 550-600 °C, almost fivefold higher than the previous cell. Further improvement has been carried out by reducing thickness of the electrolyte layer. Uniform and defect-free outer electrolyte layer as thin as 10 μm can be achieved when the extrusion rate of the outer layer is controlled. The highest power output of 11,100 W m⁻² is obtained for the cell of 10 μm electrolyte layer at 600 °C. This result further highlights the potential of co-extrusion technique in producing high quality dual-layer HF support for micro-tubular SOFC.     

Effluents with soluble metabolites generated from acidogenic and methanogenic processes as substrate for additional hydrogen production through photo-biological process

The feasibility of utilizing effluents generated from acidogenic [producing biohydrogen (H₂)] and methanogenic [producing methane] processes was studied for additional H₂ production by terminally integrating with photo-biological process employing enriched mixed culture. Experimental data has depicted enhanced process efficiency with respect to additional H₂ production and substrate degradation through photo-biological process. However, the efficiency was found to depend on the process used in the first stage along with nature and composition of the substrate. Acidogenic process in the first stage had more positive influence on photo-biological H₂ production [synthetic wastewater – 14.40 mol/Kg COD_R and 15.16 mol/Kg COD_R (with vitamins); dairy wastewater – 13.29 mol/Kg COD_R and 13.70 mol/Kg COD_R (with vitamins)] over the corresponding methanogenic process. Effluent generated from acidogenic treatment of dairy wastewater yielded high substrate degradation rate (SDR) [1.20 Kg COD/m³ day and 1.34 Kg COD/m³ day (vitamins)] followed by synthetic wastewater [0.92 Kg COD/m³ day and 1.05 Kg COD/m³ day (vitamins)]. Among the studied experimental variations chemical wastewater evidenced poor H₂ production and SDR. Vitamin solution showed positive influence on both H₂ production and wastewater treatment irrespective of the experimental variations studied.     

Active nucleation site density in boiling systems

Realizing the significance of the active nucleation site density as an important parameter for predicting the interfacial area concentration in a two-fluid model formulation, the active nucleation site density has been modeled mechanistically by knowledge of the size and cone angle distributions of cavities that are actually present on the surface. The newly developed model has been validated by various active nucleation site density data taken in pool boiling and convective flow boiling systems. The newly developed model clearly shows that the active nucleation site density is a function of the critical cavity size and the contact angle, and the model can explain the dependence of the active nucleation site density on the wall superheat reported by various investigators. The newly developed model can give fairly good predictions over rather wide range of the flow conditions (0 kg/m² s ? mass velocity ? 886 kg/m² s; 0.101 MPa ? pressure ? 19.8 MPa; 5° ? contact angle ? 90°; 1.00×10⁴ sites/m² ? active nucleation site density ? 1.51×10¹⁰ sites/m²).     

Photovoltaic-thermal collectors for night radiative cooling of buildings

A new photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system has been developed to produce electricity and cooling energy. Experimental studies of uncovered PVT collectors were carried out in Stuttgart to validate a simulation model, which calculates the night radiative heat exchange with the sky. Larger PVT frameless modules with 2.8 m² surface area were then implemented in a residential zero energy building and tested under climatic conditions of Madrid. Measured cooling power levels were between 60 and 65 W m⁻², when the PVT collector was used to cool a warm storage tank and 40-45 W m⁻², when the energy was directly used to cool a ceiling. The ratio of cooling energy to electrical energy required for pumping water through the PVT collector at night was excellent with values between 17 and 30. The simulated summer cooling energy production per square meter of PVT collector in the Madrid/Spain climatic conditions is 51 kWh m⁻² a⁻¹. In addition to the thermal cooling gain, 205 kWh m⁻² a⁻¹ of AC electricity is produced under Spanish conditions. A comparative analysis for the hot humid climate of Shanghai gave comparable results with 55 kWh m⁻² a⁻¹ total cooling energy production, mainly usable for heat rejection of a compression chiller and a lower electricity production of 142 kWh m⁻² a⁻¹.     

Hydrogen production with nickel powder cathode catalysts in microbial electrolysis cells

Although platinum is commonly used as catalyst on the cathode in microbial electrolysis cells (MEC), non-precious metal alternatives are needed to reduce costs. Cathodes were constructed using a nickel powder (0.5–1 μm) and their performance was compared to conventional electrodes containing Pt (0.002 μm) in MECs and electrochemical tests. The MEC performance in terms of coulombic efficiency, cathodic, hydrogen and energy recoveries were similar using Ni or Pt cathodes, although the maximum hydrogen production rate (Q) was slightly lower for Ni (Q = 1.2–1.3 m³ H₂/m³/d; 0.6 V applied) than Pt (1.6 m³ H₂/m³/d). Nickel dissolution was minimized by replacing medium in the reactor under anoxic conditions. The stability of the Ni particles was confirmed by examining the cathodes after 12 MEC cycles using scanning electron microscopy and linear sweep voltammetry. Analysis of the anodic communities in these reactors revealed dominant populations of Geobacter sulfurreduces and Pelobacter propionicus. These results demonstrate that nickel powder can be used as a viable alternative to Pt in MECs, allowing large scale production of cathodes with similar performance to systems that use precious metal catalysts.     

Microstructural analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell anode using focused ion beam techniques coupled with electrochemical simulation

Porous composite electrodes play a critical role in determining the performance and durability of solid oxide fuel cells, which are now emerging as a high efficiency, low emission energy conversion technology for a wide range of applications.In this paper we present work to combine experimental electrochemical and microstructural characterisation with electrochemical simulation to characterise a porous solid oxide fuel cell anode. Using a standard, electrolyte supported, screen printed Ni-YSZ anode, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been conducted in a symmetrical cell configuration. The electrode microstructure has been characterised using FIB tomography and the resulting microstructure has been used as the basis for electrochemical simulation. The outputs from this simulation have in turn been compared to the results of the electrochemical experiments.A sample of an SOFC anode of 6.68 μm × 5.04 μm × 1.50 μm in size was imaged in three dimensions using FIB tomography and the total triple phase boundary density was found to be 13 μm⁻². The extracted length-specific exchange current for hydrogen oxidation (97% H₂, 3% H₂O) at a Ni-YSZ anode was found to be 0.94 × 10⁻¹⁰, 2.14 × 10⁻¹⁰, and 12.2 × 10⁻¹⁰ A μm⁻¹ at 800, 900 and 1000 °C, respectively, consistent with equivalent literature data for length-specific exchange currents for hydrogen at geometrically defined nickel electrodes on YSZ electrolytes.     

A pilot-scale high-rate biohydrogen production system with mixed microflora

A pilot-scale high-rate dark fermentative hydrogen production plant has been established in the campus of Feng Chia University to develop biohydrogen production pilot-plant technology. This pilot-plant system is composed of two feedstock storage tanks (0.75 m³ each), a nutrient storage tank (0.75 m³), a mixing tank (0.6 m³), an agitated granular sludge bed fermentor (working volume 0.4 m³), a gas-liquid-solid separator (0.4 m³) and a control panel. The seed mixed microflora was obtained from a lab-scale agitated granular sludge bed bioreactor. This pilot-scale fermentor was operated for 67 days at 35 °C, an organic loading rate (OLR) of 40-240 kg COD/m³/d, and the influent sucrose concentration of 20 and 40 kg COD/m³. Both biogas and hydrogen production rates increased with increasing OLR. However, the biomass concentration (volatile suspended solids, VSS) only increased with an increasing OLR at an OLR range of 40-120 kg COD/m³/d, whereas it decreased when OLR was too high (i.e., 240 kg COD/m³/d). The biogas consisted mainly of H₂ and CO₂ with a H₂ content range of 23.2-37.8%. At an OLR of 240 kg COD/m³/d, the hydrogen content in biogas reached its maximum value of 37% with a hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 15.59 m³/m³/d and a hydrogen yield of 1.04 mol H₂/mol sucrose. This HPR value is much higher than 5.26 m³/m³/d (fermented molasses substrate) and 1.56 m³/m³/d (glucose substrate) reported by other pilot-scale systems. Moreover, HPR was also greatly affected by pH. At an optimal pH of 5.5, the bacterial community became simple, while the efficient hydrogen producer Clostridium pasteurianum was dominant. The factors of energy output compared with the energy input (E_f) ranged from 13.65 to 28.68 on biohydrogen, which is higher than the E_f value on corn ethanol, biodiesel and sugarcane ethanol but in the similar range of cellulosic ethanol.     

Effect of design parameters on enhancement of hydrogen charging in metal hydride reactors

The effects of heat transfer mechanisms on the charging process in metal hydride reactors are studied under various charging pressures. Three different cylindrical reactors with the same base dimensions are designed and manufactured. The first one is a closed cylinder cooled with natural convection, the fins are manufactured around the second reactor and the third reactor is cooled with water circulating around the reactor. The temperatures of the reactor at several locations are measured during charging with a range of pressure of 1–10 bar. The third reactor shows the lowest temperature increase with the fastest charging time under all charging pressures investigated. The effective heat transfer coefficients of the reactors are also calculated according to the experimental results and they are found to be 5.5 ± 1 W m⁻² K⁻¹, 35 ± 2 W m⁻² K⁻¹ and 113 ± 1 W m⁻² K⁻¹, respectively. The experimental results showed that the charging of hydride reactors is mainly heat transfer dependent and the reactor with better cooling exhibits the fastest charging characteristics.     

Synthesis conditions, light intensity and temperature effect on the performance of ZnO nanorods-based dye sensitized solar cells

We present in this work a careful study of the different parameters affecting vertically-aligned ZnO-nanorods (NRs) based dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs). We analyze the effect of synthesis conditions, light intensity, UV light and working temperature, and correlated them to the final photovoltaic properties of the DSC. Although similar studies can be found in the literature for DSCs based on TiO₂, this work is, to our knowledge, the first detailed study carried out for DSC based on vertically-aligned ZnO nanorods. The ZnO NRs were grown between 1.6 and 5.2 μm long. Electrodes made with 1.6 ± 0.2 μm thickness were used to analyze parameters such as synthesis conditions, light intensity (800-1500 W m⁻²), UV light irradiation and temperature (25-75 °C). We have also carried out initial analysis of the solar cell lifetime under continuous light irradiation at 45 °C, and analyzed the ZnO electrode before and after testing. The best photovoltaic response was characterized by a power conversion efficiency of 1.02%, with J_sc of 3.72 mA cm⁻², V_oc of 0.603 V and 45% FF (at 72 °C), for a ZnO NR electrode of 5.2 μm thickness. Comparison of our power conversion efficiency values with published data is also presented, as well as a brief discussion on the possible reasons behind the low power conversion efficiency observed for these type of solar cells.     

Hydrogen diffusion and hydrogen influenced critical stress intensity in an API X70 pipeline steel welded joint – Experiments and FE simulations

An API X70 pipeline steel has been investigated with respect to hydrogen diffusion and fracture mechanics properties. A finite element cohesive element approach has been applied to simulate the onset of hydrogen-induced fracture. Base metal, weld simulated heat affected zone and weld metal have been investigated. The electrochemical permeation technique was used to study hydrogen diffusion properties, while in situ fracture mechanics testing was performed in order to establish the hydrogen influenced threshold stress intensity. The average effective diffusion coefficient at room temperature was 7.60 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s for the base metal, 4.01 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s for weld metal and 1.26 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s for the weld simulated heat affected zone. Hydrogen susceptibility was proved to be pronounced for the heat affected zone samples. Fracture toughness samples failed at a net section stress level of 0.65 times the yield strength; whereas the base metal samples did not fail at net section stresses lower than the ultimate tensile strength. The initial cohesive parameters which best fitted the experimental results were σ_c = 1500 MPa (3.1·σ_y) for the base metal, σ_c = 1800 MPa (3.0·σ_y) for weld metal and σ_c = 1840 MPa (2.3·σ_y) for heat affected zone. Threshold stress intensities K_Ic,HE were in the range 143–149 MPa√m.     

Quality control and estimation of global solar radiation in China

Measurements of surface radiation in China are too sparse to meet demand for scientific research and engineering applications. Moreover, the radiation data often include erroneous and questionable values though preliminary quality-check has been done before the data release. Therefore, quality control of radiation data is often a prerequisite for using these data. In this study, a set of quality-check procedures were implemented to control the quality of the solar radiation measurements at 97 stations in China. A hybrid model for estimating global solar radiation was then evaluated against the controlled data. The results show that the model can estimate the global radiation with accuracy of MBE less than 1.5 MJ m⁻² and RMSE less than 2.8 MJ m⁻² for daily radiation and RMSE less than 2.0 MJ m⁻² for monthly-mean daily radiation at individual stations over most of China except at a few stations where unsatisfactory estimates were possibly caused by severe air pollution or too dense clouds. The MBE averaged over all stations are about 0.7 MJ m⁻² and RMSE about 2.0 MJ m⁻² for daily radiation and RMSE about 1.3 MJ m⁻² for monthly-mean daily radiation. Finally, this model was used to fill data gaps and to expand solar radiation data set using routine meteorological station data in China. This data set would substantially contribute to some radiation-related scientific studies and engineering applications in China.