Novel Bi-substituted Yttrium Iron Garnet Film／Crystal Composite for Magneto-optical Applications

The novel Bi-substituted rare-earth iron garnet films were grown by the modified liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique for use as a 45° Faraday rotator in optical isolators. First, single crystals of Y3 Fe5 O12(YIG), with a lattice constant of 1. 237 8 nm, were grown by means of the Czochralski method. Using the seed crystal of YIG instead of the conventional non-magnetic garnet of Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) as a substrate,a film of BiYbIG was grown by means of the LPE method from Bi2O3 - B2O3 fluxes. The structural, magnetic and magneto-optical properties of BiYbIG LPE film/YIG crystal composite have been investigated using directional X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VMS) and near-infrared transmission spectrometry. The saturation magnetization 4πMs has been estimated to be about 1.2×10 6 A/m. The Faraday rotation spectrum was measured by the method of rotating analyzer ellipsometry (RAE) with the wavelength varied from 800 nm to 1 700 nm. The resultant Bi0.37 Yb2.63 Fe5 O12LPE film/YIG crystal composite showed an increased Faraday rotation coefficient due to doping Bi3 ions into the dodecahedral sites of the magnetic garnet without increasing absorption loss, therefore a good magnetooptic figure of merit,defined by the ratio of Faraday rotation and optical absorption loss, has been achieved of 21.5 and 30.2 (°)/dB at 1 300 and 1 550 nm wavelengths respectively and room temperature. Since Yb3 and Y3 ions provide the opposite contribution to the wideband and temperature characteristics of Faraday rotation,the values of Faraday rotation wavelength and temperature coefficients were reduced to 0.06 %/nm and 0.007(°)/℃ at 1 550 nm wavelength, respectively.     

A compact optical isolator with a plano-convex YIG lens forlaser-to-fiber coupling

An optical isolator for laser-to-single-mode fiber coupling is discussed. The coupling unit consists of a confocal two-lens system with a spherical glass lens and a planoconvex lens which is made of yttrium iron garnet (YIG). To minimize the number of elements, the YIG lens is used as a Faraday rotator as well as a coupling lens. Nevertheless, the planoconvex YIG lens satisfies the requirements of high coupling efficiency, high isolation, and low optical feedback from the Faraday rotator. The arrangement is theoretically and experimentally investigated. At a coupling efficiency of 34%, the total optical feedback into the laser diode was measured to be about -60 dB     

非互易波导光栅的滤波特性与应用

根据磁光材料的非互易特性和波导光栅的滤波特性,介绍了一种磁光波导光栅的非互易滤波特性及其应用.该磁光波导光栅采用法拉第旋转系数为4800°/cm的掺铈钇铁石榴石(Ce:YIG)材料、单模的脊型补偿墙截面结构和cosine型变迹光栅结构的设计.利用有限差分法和等效折射率法模拟该磁光波导光栅非互易效应的大小,同时结合耦合模理论和转移矩阵法对该磁光波导光栅的非互易滤波特性进行分析.结果表明,对于TE模和1550 nm波段,该磁光波导光栅正反向传输的中心波长偏移0.8 nm,带宽0.4 nm(-20 dB).这种非互易滤波特性可以用来实现波长选择光隔离器和光分插复用器(OADM)等集成光学器件.     

在二氧化硅衬底上制备磁光Ce：YIG薄膜用于磁光波导型器件

对Ce1YIG磁光薄膜的制备过程及磁光性能进行了详细的研究．用RF磁控溅射法在二氧化硅的基片．上淀积Ce1YIG薄膜,再对此薄膜进行晶化处理,以得到具有磁光性能的Ce1YIG薄膜．本文讨论了晶化过程中,Ce1YIG薄膜微观结构的变化对其磁光性能的影响．结果表明：采用波长为630nm的可见光测量,薄膜的饱和法拉第旋转系数θF为0．8deg／μm．同时,晶化薄膜易磁化方向为平行于膜面方向,其居里温度点为220℃．所得Ge1YIG薄膜的参数表明：所制备的薄膜适宜于制备波导型磁光隔离器．     

Compact quartzless optical quasi-circulator

A compact quartzless structure is proposed for polarisation-insensitive optical quasi-circulators. Quartz is eliminated by using two different materials, YIG and GBIG in a Faraday rotator. The signs of their Faraday rotation coefficients are reversed. The length of the prototype is only half that of the conventional design for equally high isolation values     

Flat-top response in one-dimensional magnetic photonic bandgapstructures with Faraday rotation enhancement

The transmission and Faraday rotation characteristics of one-dimensional photonic crystals in cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Ce:YIG) with multiple defects in the optical bandgap are studied theoretically at λ = 1.55 μm. It is found that the interdefect spacing can be adjusted to yield a flat top response, with close to 100% transmission and 45° Faraday rotation, for film structures as thin as 30 to 35 μm. This is better than a three-fold reduction in thickness compared to the best Ce:YIG films for comparable rotations, and may allow a considerable reduction in size in manufactured optical isolators. Transmission bands as wide as 7 nm are predicted, which constitutes a considerable improvement over previously reported bandwidths for magnetic photonic crystals. Diffraction across the structure corresponds to a longer optical path length than the thickness of the film, calling for the use of guided optics to minimize insertion losses in integrated devices. The basis for the flat-top transmission in ferrite photonic crystals is presented and discussed     

Nonreciprocal circuit for laser-diode-to-single-mode-fibre coupling employing a YIG sphere

A compact nonreciprocal optical circuit for laser-diode-to single-mode-fibre coupling using a YIG sphere is proposed in the 1.3 ?m wavelength region. It is clarified that the YIG sphere can function as an effective Faraday rotator as well as a coupling lens. A high isolation value of more than 30 dB has been realised with coupling efficiency of ?5.2 dB for a single-mode fibre.     

Ce:YIG薄膜中氧空位对光吸收性能的影响

讨论了Ce替代石榴石薄膜制备条件对其光吸收性能的影响.通过引入氧空位概念,提出了溅射气氛中的氧含量对薄膜中Ce元素价态影响的理论模型.基于该模型,讨论了Ce：YIG晶体中氧空位的产生机理.研究表明,当晶格中存在过量氧空位时,会导致部分Fe^3＋被还原成Fe^2＋,使得薄膜的光吸收显著增大.实验结果证实,在Ce：YIG薄膜的晶化过程中,采用富氧气氛可以使得薄膜中Ce元素的价态以Ce^3＋离子为主而Ce^4＋离子含量较少,从而有效降低薄膜的光吸收.溅射气氛中的氧含量及后续热处理过程中氧含量的大小均会直接影响Ce：YIG薄膜的光吸收特性.     

A new Faraday rotator using a thick Gd:YIG film grown by liquid-phase epitaxy and its applications to an optical isolator and optical switch

A new Faraday rotator using a thick garnet film grown by liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) has been proposed and film growth technology for the rotator has been investigated. The new Faraday rotator had good features of very low cost and small size, due to high productivity of the LPE-grown film and low magnetic saturation field, respectively. By using the new Faraday rotator, an optical isolator and magnetooptic switch for single-mode fiber systems have been developed. The optical isolator featured 0.8-dB insertion loss and 25-dB isolation at 1.3-μm wavelength. The magneto-optic 1 × 2 switch was independent of light polarization and featured 1.3-1.7-dB insertion loss, -25-dB crosstalk, and 30-μs switching time at 1.3-μm wavelength. Minimum switching voltage was ±5 V. Magneto-optic devices using the new Faraday rotator is practical for use in1.2-1.7-mum wavelength fiber-optic systems, because of good optical properties, compactness, and low cost.     

一种新型偏振相关磁光隔离器的设计

该文介绍了一种新型的光纤型法拉第磁光隔离器设计方法,利用液相外延制备的单晶石榴石(BiTm)3(GaFe)5O12膜作为法拉第转子,通过对光路结构的改进设计,有效降低了光隔离器体积和所需饱和外场。当外磁场H=47×103 A/m时,法拉第旋角可达到45°@1 550 nm,光吸收系数为15 cm-1 @1 550 nm,光透射率为85%@1 550 nm,整体满足设计要求。     

Ce:KTP晶体的生长及其相干和频蓝光的产生

采用熔盐法生长了光学质量的 Ce:KTP晶体。透过曲线表明 ,Ce:KTP在紫外截止波段附近的吸收比普通 KTP低约 10 %。采用 KTP晶体的倍频以及 Ce:KTP和频的组合 ,利用 Nd:YAG激光器的 1.32μm单一输出线束作抽运 ,实现了 0 .4 4μm相干蓝光的有效发生 ,其总效率约为2 .5%。     

端面抽运高功率连续单频1064 nm Nd:YVO4环行腔激光器

采用808 nm光纤耦合输出激光二极管(FCLD)单端端面抽运Nd∶YVO4晶体,采用四镜折叠环行腔,在腔内插入法拉第旋光器和半波片实现激光的单向运转以抑制空间烧孔效应,并在腔内加入标准具,最终实现连续单频1064 nm激光输出.在24.6 W抽运功率时,最高输出功率达到9 W,光-光转换效率为36.6%,M2因子约为1.14,频率漂移约200 MHz.     

Magnetooptic mode splitting in an anisotropic laser cavity

The normal modes of an anisotropic laser resonator containing an intracavity Faraday rotator have been investigated. Below a threshold value of rotation, the Faraday cell rotates the electric field vector of the linearly polarized modes. Above this value, each axial mode splits into two elliptically polarized waves. The frequency difference of these modes is then dependent on the Faraday rotation angle. Experimental results obtained using a 3.39-μ He-Ne laser with two Brewster windows and a YIG intracavity Faraday cell are in agreement with the results calculated from a normal mode analysis.     

一种可用于可调谐环行Ti：Al_2O_3激光器的宽带单向器

本文介绍一种宽带单向器的原理及设计。选用ＴＧＧ作磁旋光介质，旋光石英晶片作补偿片，所设计的色散补偿型宽带单向器预计可在７００～１０００ｎｍ波长范围内实现环行激光腔中的单向行波运行；将其应用在可调谐环行Ｔｉ：Ａｌ２Ｏ３激光器中，获得了良好的实验结果。     

An effective nonreciprocal circuit for semiconductor laser-to-optical-fiber coupling using a YIG sphere

A practical nonreciprocal optical circuit for laser-diode (LD)-to-optical-fiber coupling in the 1.3-μm wavelength region is described. It consists of a yttrium iron garnet- (YIG) sphere graded-index (GRIN) rod lens and a polarizer. The YIG sphere can function not only as a Faraday rotator but also as an effective coupling lens. High coupling efficiency of more than -5 dB for a single-mode fiber, and more than -2 dB for a multimode fiber, is easily achievable. Alignment sensitivities and coupling characteristics of the proposed circuit are also discussed theoretically and experimentally. The increase in LD relative intensity noise (RIN), caused by light injected into the LD, is estimated using the reciprocal characteristics of LD-to-single-mode-fiber coupling. By comparing the LD-RIN increase in the proposed non-reciprocal circuit with that of the reciprocal, high isolation of about 32 dB is confirmed. The fact that reflected light from the proposed circuit has little influence on LD characteristics is also clarified.     

光纤传输用的磁光隔离器

本文报导了光纤通信用光隔离器的研究工作.隔离器由稀土铁石榴石法拉第旋转器及两只方解石棱镜组成.在波长为1.15微米时,器件插入损耗为2.4分贝,隔离比为34.8分贝.讨论了使用不同的复合稀土铁石榴石材料及采用不依赖偏振光技术对器件性能的改进.     

基于磁光波导的液体折射率传感特性研究

为了对溶液折射率进行精确测量和传感,采用转移矩阵法对Ce:YIG/Ag/liquid 3层基于磁光表面等离子共振的结构与棱镜组成耦合系统进行了数值计算,并用有限元法进行了模拟仿真。由低损耗的Ag和强磁光性的Ce:YIG组成的结构在入射光波长为980nm时,灵敏度达到4.082/RIU（溶液折射率n=1.330~1.340）。结果表明,与其它传统的表面等离子共振传感结构相比,本文中提出的折射率传感器的灵敏度大大提高。该结构在实际应用中可以更加简便地探测溶液的折射率。     

一种新的直线型Sagnac光纤干涉仪管道泄漏检测系统及其定位技术

研制了一种基于Sagnac干涉仪的直线型分布式光纤传感器,可实时进行管道泄漏检测与定位。利用法拉第旋转镜将传统Sagnac干涉仪的环形结构改为直线型结构,使其适用于各种复杂管道的布放。推导了泄漏信号引起的光信号相位变化表达式;分析了该干涉仪应用于泄漏检测的原理及其泄漏源定位方法,并在泄漏点距法拉第旋转镜为4.020 km处进行了泄漏有无及定位的研究。实验结果表明,该系统很好地检测到泄漏源的有无,又较准确地确定了泄漏源位置且最大定位误差小于118 m。     

Low-noise LD module with an optical isolator using a highly bi-substituted garnet film

We have developed a new type of laser diode (LD) module in the 1.3 ?m wavelength range coupled to a single-mode fibre with an optical isolator. The isolator comprises a highly Bi-substituted garnet film grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) as a Faraday rotator. Since the garnet film is used also as a window of the hermetic seal of the LD, the reflection from the focusing lens used for fibre coupling is not allowed to return to the LD by the optical isolator. As a result, the reflection noise of the LD is prefectly suppressed. We have achieved a low-noise and compact LD module by using this construction.     

Single-Polarization Cladding-Pumped Optical Amplifier Without Polarization-Maintaining Gain Fiber

We demonstrate a single-polarization cladding-pumped Er : Yb optical amplifier using a dual-pass design with a Faraday rotator mirror and nonpolarization-maintaining gain fiber. Over a 25-nm range centered at 1562 nm, the amplifier output exceeds 1 W and maintains a polarization extinction ratio greater than 22 dB. We investigate enhanced relative intensity noise inherent in the dual-pass configuration and discuss scaling to higher powers.