Stress‐Dependent Elastic Properties of Porous Microcracked Ceramics

Although ceramics are considered linear elastic materials, we have observed a non‐linear pseudo‐elastic behavior in porous cellular microcracked ceramics such as β‐eucryptite. This is attributed to the evolution of microstructure in these materials. This behavior is particularly different from that of non‐microcracked ceramics such as silicon carbide. It is shown that in microcracked materials two processes, namely stiffening and softening, always compete when a compressive external load is applied. The first regime is attributed to microcrack closure, and the second to microcracks opening, i.e. to a damage introduced by the applied stress. On the other hand rather a continuous damage is observed in the non‐microcracked case. A comparison has been done between the microscopic (as measured by neutron diffraction) and the macroscopic stress‐strain response. Also, it has been found that at constant load a significant strain relaxation occurs, which has two timescales, possibly driven by the two phenomena quoted above. Indeed, no such relaxation is observed for non‐microcracked SiC. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

Fracture Resistance of Ceramics upon Edge Chipping

Modern methods of determining fracture resistance are analyzed. The necessity of developing a crucially new method based on edge chipping of a brittle material is shown. The results of experimental studies are presented. The applicability of the method to the comparative fracture resistance evaluation of ceramics is substantiated.     

工程陶瓷磨削加工损伤的探讨

探讨了磨削过程中工程陶瓷的损伤机理及损伤过程．在讨论损伤的形成与扩展时,回顾了具有代表性的能量优先假说,对其依据的理论基础及实际意义加以分析、评论,提出了自己的观点．还提出了工程陶瓷加工的损伤预报和预测方面一些亟待研究的课题。     

陶瓷材料压痕韧性的统计性质

采用直接压痕法测定了钠钙硅酸盐玻璃和一种ＴｉＣ 颗粒增强Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３复合材料的断裂韧性．研究表明,在同一压痕压制荷载下测得的同一种材料的压痕韧性呈现出较大离散性,可以采用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布加以较好地描述．对两种材料的试验数据的对比分析指出,压痕韧性测试值的离散性反映了材料显微结构的不均匀性对材料局部裂纹扩展阻力的影响．基于这一分析,本文建议采用直接压痕法测定材料断裂韧性时,应尽可能增大试验量,从而对压痕韧性测试结果的统计性质作出完整描述．     

Fracture Resistance of Ceramics: Edge Fracture Method

Fracture resistance of macrohomogeneous linear elastic yttria, scandia, alumina, zirconia, and silicon nitride ceramics was studied upon flaking of the edges of rectangular specimens with the Rockwell indenter. The correlation between the obtained estimates and fracture toughness test results gained by the single-edge V-notched beam method was demonstrated. Loads giving rise to the flaking of a part of the edge and distances from this edge to the chip scar on the specimen surface were measured. The ratio of those values was considered as a flaking toughness characteristic. The data obtained were statististically reliable (based on more than a hundred determinations). This procedure termed the edge fracture method can be used along with other known fracture toughness test methods for ceramics, its application is especially advantageous when ceramic item sizes are comparable with those of the standard specimens or when expensive materials (e.g., nanoceramics) are tested. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 5, pp. 84 – 92, September – October, 2005.     

Inelastic Neutron Scattering of H2 in Xerogel

The properties of molecular hydrogen adsorbed in Britesorb were studied through inelastic neutron scattering. We have measured both the rotational energy levels and the momentum distribution at bilayer and nearly full pore fillings. Splitting of the J=1 rotational energy levels is observed for molecular hydrogen adsorbed on the surface, while the rotational properties of the hydrogen adsorbed after monolayer completion is consistent with behavior in the bulk. Additionally, the measurement of the momentum distribution showed that the mean kinetic energy of the molecules in the bilayer is 88 K±7 K. The kinetic energy measured in the nearly full pore was 81 K±6 K, which is consistent with a simple model in which the behavior of the monolayer is dominated by the interaction with the surface of the pore wall but H₂ adsorbed after monolayer completion is bulk like.     

Recovery of microcrack parameters in mortar using quantitative acoustic emission

A three-dimensional quantitative acoustic emission (AE) analysis of microcracking in unreinforced mortar beams was conducted. In order to facilitate the analysis of the large amounts of data generated by an AE test, a simplified method for the inversion of AE signals was developed. By applying the theoretical Green's function for an infinite space, the multichannel deconvolution normally required of AE data inversion reduces to a nonlinear curve-fitting problem. Using this procedure, microcracking in a mortar specimen was evaluated using a seismic moment tensor representation. Source-time functions for the microcracks were also recovered. The locations of the AE events were calculated, and damage localization was observed. The moment tensor analysis showed the dominant mode of microfracture to be mode II, with a limited number classified as mixed mode. A microstructural mechanism for this behavior is presented.     

Impact Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms of Plates of Brittle Materials

We have studied the deformation and fracture mechanisms of plates of brittle materials under impact loading. The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of impact interaction between a projectile and a multilayer plate with a brittle layer. Methods of compression and perforation testing of brittle materials have been elaborated. The results of numerical simulation are compared with the experimental data.     

Effect of Strain Rate and Preloading on the Fracture Toughness of ZrO2-Based Ceramics

We study the variation of the fracture toughness K_Ic ofZrO₂ - Y₂ O₃ ceramics (density 98%) as a function of the testing machine crosshead speed (0.005–50 mm/min) and preloading at K_I < K_c. The fracture toughness is shown to be practically constant in the speed range from 0.05 to 5 mm/min. At a loading rate of 50 mm/min, the quantity K_Ic substantially decreases (by a factor of more than two), whereas at a rate of 0.005 mm/min it slightly increases. Preloading leads to a 1.5-fold increase in K_Ic. Variation of the fracture toughness is associated with structural transformations.     

陶瓷及陶瓷基复合材料微缺陷的超声检测

为研究陶瓷及陶瓷基复合材料微缺陷的超声检测能力，针对一些人工缺陷试样进行了超声检测试验。试验主要采用了纵波垂直入射法和泄漏瑞利波法。通过试验结果，比较了两种方法的检测能力。     

A Method for the Strength Prediction of Porous Ceramics

We present a fracture model for ceramic materials, according to which ceramics is regarded as a porous inhomogeneous material with a composite structure. The role of pores as stress raisers is taken into account, and their size, geometric shape, and orientation with respect to the direction of the maximum tensile stresses are shown to be important factors. The stress on the pore surface at the places of highest stress concentration, which is equal to the ultimate strength of the ceramics bonding phase, was taken as limiting (failure) stress. Probable pore sizes and shapes have been considered in terms of filler crystal size and volume content. A fracture model and a method for the mathematical determination of the strength of ceramics have been proposed, the method taking into account the strength of the constituents, their volume content, and the shape and size of possible internal defects.     

透明陶瓷材料现状与发展

透明陶瓷的诞生使得高压钠灯得到实际应用.近年来通过透明陶瓷技术可以解决单晶工艺中的某些难题,并发展多晶代替单晶开发出了激光陶瓷、陶瓷闪烁体等新一代光学材料.本文就透明陶瓷的现状和发展作一简要综述.     

氧化锆层状复合陶瓷表面压应力与相变增韧的关系

利用维氏硬度仪和X射线应力分析仪、X射线衍射仪等手段分别对单层和层状氧化锆陶瓷进行了力学性能测试和分析,研究结果表明,在ZrO2层状复合陶瓷中,压痕裂纹的形成除了因塑性区体积变化产生的残余应力外,还与相变应力和表面压应力有关,表面压应力对表面裂纹具有较大的抑制作用.层状陶瓷断裂韧性提高,主要是通过表面压应力对压痕裂纹区应力强度因子的贡献、提高断裂相变量,强化相变增韧效果、细化晶粒等几个方面来实现的.     

基于多孔陶瓷的体吸收太阳能集热器性能分析

体吸收型太阳能集热器是3种主要的太阳能集热器之一,具有结构简单,效率高等优点,并且出口空气温度可达800℃以上,应用前景广阔。在体吸收太阳能集热器中,采用多孔材料而不是管路来加热工质,入射辐射可以从外到内逐步进行吸收。该文基于多孔泡沫陶瓷材料构建了一个一维体吸收太阳能集热器计算模型,在此基础上,计算分析了不同参数下的温度分布情况及热辐射吸收效率。研究结果表明,随着多孔陶瓷孔隙率的降低,出口空气温度及陶瓷内部气体与固体达到稳定的深度均逐渐降低,而接收器前表面温度逐渐提高;随着孔径的下降接收器尾部气体出口温度逐渐下降,内部气体和固体达到稳定的深度逐渐减小,但由于孔径的减小使得对流换热系数显著上升,因此其前表面的温度变化并不明显。太阳能吸收效率随着空气流速的降低和入口空气温度的增大而明显提高,但随着入射辐射强度的提高而降低。     

先进陶瓷材料超声振动铣磨加工表面粗糙度仿真及实验(英文)

为了对超声振动铣磨加工先进陶瓷的表面粗糙度进行预测,建立了加工表面形貌的仿真模型.通过实验测得砂轮表面形貌和磨粒突出高度信息,并对这些信息进行Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态验证,发现砂轮表面形貌不服从高斯分布.对非高斯分布的数据进行Johnson变换,建立砂轮形貌的数值模型.结合砂轮表面形貌和磨粒与工件的相对运动分析,提出了一种表面轮廓搜索方法,进而生成了加工表面的三维形貌.最后,在DMG ULTRASONIC 70-5 linear机床上进行切削实验,对仿真结果进行了验证,结果表明仿真与实验结果具有较好的一致性,并对仿真误差产生的原因进行了分析.     

基于细分粒子的刚体破裂动画

为了模拟固体在外力作用下产生的破裂现象,提出一种采用细分粒子的刚体破裂的模拟算法.该算法首先将固体的四面体网格绑定到一系列离散的粒子上;再利用光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）对线弹性力学方程进行离散求解;并采用粒子细分的算法来进行开裂面的生成和延展.最后实现了多个固体现象的模拟,如砖块碎落、砖墙受力倒塌等.文中算法可适用于刚体脆性破碎的动画应用.     

陶瓷在口腔修复中的应用

陶瓷修复体质地致密,耐磨,表面光洁,菌斑不易附着,有良好的生物相容性,使用安全,是最常用的口腔修复材料,发展迅速.从材料学角度介绍了口腔修复中不同类型陶瓷的应用及增加陶瓷材料强度的方法,以提高陶瓷修复体的质量,促进全瓷修复体的运用与普及.     

透明氮化铝陶瓷研究的新进展

氮化铝（AIN）陶瓷是近年来受到广泛关注的新一代先进陶瓷,有着广泛的应用前景．由于AIN陶瓷的高热导性和低电导率、介电常数和介电损耗,使之在大功率微电子领域成为高密度集成电路基板和封装的理想候选材料,具有巨大的潜在应用市场．但是普通AIN陶瓷因为相对低的纯度和烧结性而不能满足高热导的期望．国际上关于AIN透明陶瓷的报道极少[1,2],而国内尚未见报道．最近我们开展了透明氨化铝陶瓷材料的烧结及其热性能和结构的表征研究．从研究氨化铝低温烧结所需的烧结助剂出发,根据在不同烧结助剂体系下,氨化铝表现出的不同烧结行…     

陶瓷材料微波烧结研究

陶瓷微波烧结技术是一门具有实用价值和应用前景的新颖烧结技术。它与常规烧结法相比具有：（１）改进材料的显微结构和宏观性能；（２）省时节能；（３）极高的升温速率等优点。本文对微波烧结的优点、机理、设备、工艺及发展和展望进行了分析和讨论。     

Prediction of the Brittle Fracture Toughness of Neutron-Irradiated Reactor Pressure-Vessel Steels. Part 1

The irradiation effect on the temperature dependence of the brittle fracture toughness of reactor pressure-vessel steels is simulated using the probabilistic model for the fracture-toughness prediction, which was proposed by the authors earlier. The paper analyzes the irradiation effect on the parameters controlling the plastic deformation and brittle fracture of reactor pressure-vessel steels. We consider the mechanisms of microcrack nucleation in nonirradiated, irradiated, and post-irradiation-annealed reactor pressure-vessel steels.