环路型脉动热管的工质流动和传热特性实验研究

建立了部分可视化的环路型铜-乙醇脉动热管试验台,研究了充液率、倾斜角度、环路数目等因素对脉动热管传热性能的影响。结果表明:不能形成脉动效应时工质的流型是间歇振动,形成脉动效应时工质的流型是弹状流或环状流;最佳倾角为70°~90,°最佳充液率在50%左右;热阻随着环路数目的增加而减小。     

Experimental investigation on the heat transfer characteristics of axial rotating heat pipes

The heat transfer performance of axial rotating heat pipes was measured under steady state at rotational speeds up to 4000 RPM, or a maximum centrifugal acceleration of 170g, and heat transfer rates up to 0.7 kW. A cylindrical and an internally tapered heat pipe with water as the working fluid were tested with different fluid loadings that ranged from 5% to 30% of the total interior volume. The measurements were used to characterize the effects of rotational speed, working fluid loading, and heat pipe geometry on the heat transfer performance. The internal taper on the condenser was found to significantly increase the heat transfer rate compared to the cylindrical case. A comparison between the test results and predictions from previous models showed that natural convection in the liquid film at the heat pipe evaporator plays an important role in the heat transfer mechanism at high rotational speeds.     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer in oscillating annular flow

Heat transfer from a surface having constant heat flux subjected to oscillating flow in a vertical annular liquid column is investigated experimentally. The oscillation of water column in annuli is created using a piston cylinder mechanism. The experiments are carried out for four different oscillation frequencies, three amplitudes and three heat fluxes while the other parameters remain constant. The cycle-averaged values are considered in the calculation of heat transfer using the control volume approximation. Based on the experimental data, an empirical equation is obtained for the cycle averaged Nusselt number as a function of kinetic Reynolds number and dimensionless amplitude.     

螺旋槽管传热与污垢性能的实验研究

进行了螺旋槽管的传热性能实验,得出了螺旋槽管管内强制对流换热关联式。以硬度800mg／L的人工硬水作为工质,在0．24m／s,管外水浴60℃和相同管内工质入口温度的条件下,进行了螺旋槽管及其对应光管管内污垢的对比实验。结果表明,螺旋槽管有较好的传热性能,但阻垢性能却弱于光管。     

Experimental investigation on the heat transfer of an impinging inverse diffusion flame

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the heat transfer characteristics of an inverse diffusion flame (IDF) impinging vertically upwards on a horizontal copper plate. The IDF burner used in the experiment has a central air jet surrounded circumferentially by 12 outer fuel jets. The heat flux at the stagnation point and the radial distribution of heat flux were measured with a heat flux sensor. The effects of Reynolds number, overall equivalence ratio, and nozzle-to-plate distance on the heat flux were investigated. The area-averaged heat flux and the heat transfer efficiency were calculated from the radial heat flux within a radial distance of 50 mm from the stagnation point of the flame, for air jet Reynolds number (Re_air) of 2000, 2500 and 3000, for overall equivalence ratios (Φ) of 0.8–1.8, at normalized nozzle-to-plate distances (H/d_IDF) between 4 and 10. Similar experiments were carried out on a circular premixed impinging flame for comparison.It was found that, for the impinging IDF, for Φ of 1.2 or higher, the area-averaged heat flux increased as the Re_air or Φ was increased while the heat transfer efficiency decreased when these two parameters increased. Thus for the IDF, the maximum heat transfer efficiency occurred at Re_air = 2000 and Φ = 1.2. At lower Φ, the heat transfer efficiency could increase when Φ was decreased. For the range of H/d_IDF investigated, there was certain variation in the heat transfer efficiency with H/d_IDF. The heat transfer efficiency of the premixed flame has a peak value at Φ = 1.0 at H/d_P = 2 and decreases at higher Φ and higher H/d_P. The IDF could have comparable or even higher heat transfer efficiency than a premixed flame.     

Single nozzle spray cooling heat transfer mechanisms

An investigation into single nozzle spray cooling heat transfer mechanisms with varying amounts of dissolved gas was performed using two powerful techniques. Time and space resolved heat transfer distributions produced by a single nozzle were measured using an array of individually controlled microheaters, while visualization and measurements of the liquid-solid contact area and the three-phase contact line length were made using a total internal reflectance technique. The presence of dissolved gas increased the effective subcooling of the liquid, and shifted the spray cooling curves to higher wall temperatures, but CHF was also increased. The phase-change heat transfer contribution was found to correlate directly with the contact line length for the experimental conditions tested.     

Experimental investigation on pool boiling heat transfer of ZnO,and CuO water-based nanofluids and effect of surfactant on heat transfer coefficient

Comparison of boiling performance of nanofluids and mixtures of nanofluids with surfactant is an objective of this research. Experimental investigation has been performed with different heat flux and concentrations of nanoparticles and surfactant. CuO and ZnO water-based nanofluids are used and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used as surfactant. The size of nanoparticles is measured from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy pictures. Roughness of rod heater is calculated by using Atomic Force Microscopy picture. The pure water is tested after each run with nanofluid and mixture of nanofluid with SDS and the results are presented. Result from experiments demonstrates that the addition of SDS to nanofluids solution resulted in improving boiling performance. Experimental results also show an inefficient process by excluding surfactant. An optimum value for heat transfer coefficient is found by increasing of surfactant concentration within CuO nanofluid (0.01wt%CuO). Pictures of coated and clean surface in boiling pure water are employed for understanding the dynamics of bubbles. Gorenflo constant (h₀) is utilized to show the effect of addition of nanoparticles and SDS in boiling performance of base fluid.     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement using impingement of multiple water jets

The problem of cooling electronic components has become a subject of special interest in recent years due to the increasing capacity and rapidly decreasing size of electronic components. Direct contact cooling using multiple jet impingement is considered the most effective method. The heat transfer problem is complex and a better understanding of the jet impingement method is essential for the proper application of this method for electronic cooling. Investigations were carried out using an electrically heated test plate. Heat flux in the range of 25 to $200 \ \hbox{W/cm}^{2}$ , which is a typical requirement for cooling high power electronic components was dissipated using 0.5‐mm diameter water jets arranged in a 7×7 array with a pitch of 3 mm. Temperature difference between the test plate and water was within $30 \ ^{\circ}\hbox{C}$ . Tests were performed in the flow rate range of 22 to 40 ml/min, resulting in a Reynolds number range of 1100 to 1750. Results show a significant increase in the heat transfer coefficient or Nusselt number with an increase in heat flux. The effect of the flow rate or Reynolds number on the heat transfer coefficient is found to be negligible. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20291     

Experimental and numerical investigation of natural convection effects on confined impinging jet heat transfer

The influence of natural convection on the local and average heat transfer at increasing temperature differences between the jet and the target plate from confined impinging jets has been experimentally and numerically investigated. Local Nusselt numbers were obtained numerically for jet Reynolds numbers in the range of 250–1000, and jet to target spacings of 2, 4, 8, 12 jet diameters at various modified Grashof numbers, to determine the effect of buoyancy induced natural convection. To determine the overall effect of natural convection on the average heat transfer, experiments have been conducted for Re numbers in the range 250–5000 and dimensionless jet to target spacing 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 at increasing modified Grashof numbers. It has been determined that buoyancy induced natural convection might have opposing or assisting influence on local heat transfer at different locations of the target plate. It has also been shown that especially at low jet inlet velocities the average heat transfer coefficient at the highest modified Grashof number, where the natural convection is effective, is higher than the value corresponding to the lowest Grashof number at which buoyancy effects are negligible, by as much as 37%.     

Experimental research on heat transfer of pulsating heat pipe

Experimental research was conducted to understand heat transfer characteristic of pulsating heat pipe in this paper, and the PHP is made of high quality glass capillary tube. Under different fill ratio, heat transfer rate and many other influence factors, the flow patterns were observed in the start-up, transition and stable stage. The effects of heating position on heat transfer were discussed. The experimental results indicate that no annular flow appears in top heating condition. Under different fall ratios and heat transfer rate, the flow pattern in PHP is transferred from bulk flow to semi-annular flow and annular flow, and the performance of heat transfer is improved for down heating case. The experimental results indicate that the total heat resistant of PHP is increased with fill ratio, and heat transfer rate achieves optimum at filling rate 50%. But for pulsating heat pipe with changing diameters the thermal resistance is higher than that with uniform diameters.     

Passive proliferation of convective heat transfer consummated with nanoporous surface

This paper analyses the passive augmentation of convective heat transfer administering the nanoporous layers fabricated by electrochemical anodization and spray pyrolysis. Nanoporous structures fabricated in electrochemical anodization have pore size varying from 40 to 120 nm, and the pore size procured in spray pyrolysis fluctuates from 60 to 100 nm. Convective energy transfer greatly banks on surface attributes. These nanoporous structures aid in hindering the dynamic flow of fluid and the turbulence is achieved more expeditiously. The proliferation of the convective heat transfer obtained with electrochemically anodized nanoporous surface is 131% higher than the polished bare metals with surface roughness 0.2 μm. In case of spray pyrolysis the maximum proliferation is 120%. Disparate disciplines of nanoporous fabrication are perused for asserting a productive process. This paper also analyses the control parameters in the nanoporous fabrication process.     

Experimental Investigation of Transient Heat Transferin the Once-Through Boiler Water Separator

INTRODUCTI0NWaterseparat0risanimportantthickwallc0mpo-nentof600MWsupercriticalpressureboiler.Itsmainfunctionist0ensurethattheevap0rator,superheater,reheaterandeconomizert0becooledfullyandoper-atesafelyduringstart-up.Itisfittedatthe0utletofevaPorator.Whentheb0ilerloadislessthan35%MCR(boilermaJximumc0ntinuousevaporation),sub-cooledwaterorwatersteammixturefromtheevap-orator0fupperc0mbustioncharnberenterstangen-tiallyinthewaterseparator.Thesteam,separatedbycentrifugalforceandgravity,flowsi…     

Experimental investigation of melting heat transfer with regard to different geometric arrangements

In the present study melting experiments, performed with different geometric test configurations, are reported. The investigation encompasses the melting process adjacent to a heated vertical surface and inside a vertical as well as horizontal heated cylinder. All studied processes show common features and can be described by two-regime models. In the first stage of the process the conduction regime is valid, directly followed by a quasi-steady convection regime which can be described by a correlation of the form Nu = f(Ste, Ra). An appropriate transition criterion allows for the transition point between both regimes.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the steady periodic solid-liquid phase-change heat transfer

A numerical and experimental investigation is presented of a periodic phase-change process dominated by heat conduction. In the experimental arrangement a plane slab of PCM is periodically heated from above. A one-dimensional control volume computer code has been developed for the solution of the corresponding mathematical model. The comparison between numerical predictions and experimental data shows good agreement, even though appreciable effects are produced by free convection and heat transfer to the environment, neglected in the model but unavoidable in the experiment. Finally, in order to study the energy stored in the process, parameters like amplitude and mean value of the oscillations are discussed as functions of the significant dimensionless numbers of the problem.     

Experimental Investigation of Local Heat Transfer and Skin Friction in Tube Coils

Local heat transfer and skin friction around the tube perimeter of coils were studied in airflow. The heat transfer experiments were performed with two different coils D/d = 23 and 15.6, and skin friction experiments were performed with three different coils D/d = 25, 13.3 and 6.67 In the wide range of Re number from 4×103 till 105 . Variation of the local heat transfer around the perimeter and along the tube was defined. The behavior of the shear stresses at the wall and of the flow modes were studied. Investigations of the heat transfer indicated that with the increase of D/d the difference between heat transfer in the initial thermal section and the stabilized heat transfer increases. Investigations of the shear stress and its fluctuations indicated that, in large-curvature coils, the transition from laminar-vortex flow to turbulent flow around the tube perimeter takes place at different values of Re. In the region of the external generatrix of the bend, the transition occurs at smaller Re, whereas a     

在第二类吸收式热泵中对螺旋槽管的换热性能研究

为了提高在以溴化锂为工质的第二类吸收式热泵吸收器的性能,在第二类吸收式热泵吸收器内对不锈钢螺旋槽管,即不锈钢光滑管的传热传质性能进行了实验研究.发现螺旋槽管的传热传质性能约为光滑管3倍,螺旋槽管内热媒工质-水的流体阻力系数是光滑管的17～20倍;应用于第二类吸收式热泵中间大大降低换热面积,促进热泵的高效紧凑化.     

Experimental investigation of twisted tape inserts performance on condensation heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop

A comprehensive experimental investigation is conducted on the augmentation of heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop during condensation of HFC-134a in a horizontal tube at the presence of different twisted tape inserts. The test section is a 1.04 m long double-tube counter-flow heat exchanger. The refrigerant flows in the inner copper and the cooling water flows in annulus. The experiments are performed for a plain tube and four tubes with twisted tapes inserts of 6, 9, 12 and 15 twist ratios. The pressure drop is directly measured by a differential pressure transducer. It is found that the twisted tape with twist ratio of 6 gives the highest enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient and the maximum pressure drop compared to the plain tube on a nominal area basis. For this case the enhancement in heat transfer and the pressure drop are increased by 40 and 240% in comparison with to the plain tube. It is observed that the twisted tape with the twist ratio of 9 has the best performance enhancing the heat transfer with the minimum pressure drop. Also empirical correlations are developed to predict smooth tube and swirl flow pressure drop. Predicted results are compared to experimental data and it is found that these correlations are reliable for pressure drop estimation.     

Experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristics of low mass flux rifled tube with upward flow

An experiment for heat transfer of water flowing in a vertical rifled tube was conducted at subcritical and supercritical pressure. The main purpose is to explore the heat transfer characteristics of the new-type rifled tube at low mass flux. Operating conditions included pressures of 12–30 MPa, mass flux of 232–1200 kg/(m² s), and wall heat fluxes of 133–719 kW/m². The heat transfer performance and wall temperature distribution at various operating conditions were captured in the experiment. In the present paper, the heat transfer mechanism of the rifled tube was analyzed, the effects of pressure, wall heat flux and mass flux on heat transfer were discussed, and corresponding empirical correlations were also presented. The experimental results exhibit that the rifled tube has an obvious enhancement in heat transfer, even at low mass flux. In comparison with a smooth tube, the rifled tube efficiently prevents Departure from Nucleate Boiling (DNB) and delays dryout at subcritical pressure, and also improves the heat transfer of supercritical water remarkably, especially near pseudo-critical point. An increase in pressure or wall heat flux impairs the heat transfer at both subcritical and supercritical pressure, whereas the increasing mass flux has a contrary effect.     

Experimental investigation and modelling of heat transfer during convective boiling in a minichannel

Flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of water are experimentally studied in a circular minichannel with an inner diameter of 1500 μm. The fluid flows upwards and the test section, made of the nickel alloy Inconel 600, is directly electrically heated. Thus, the evaporation takes place under the defined boundary condition of constant heat flux. Mass fluxes between 50 and 100 kg/(m² s) and heat fluxes from 10 to 115 kW/m² at an inlet pressure of 3 bar are examined.Infrared thermography is applied to measure the outer wall temperatures of the minichannel. This experimental method permits the identification of different boiling regions, boiling mechanisms and the determination of local heat transfer coefficients. Measurements are carried out in single-phase flow, subcooled and saturated boiling regions. The experimental heat transfer coefficients in the region of saturated boiling are compared with correlations available in literature and with a physically founded model developed for convective boiling.