荷电粒子屏蔽探测器系统设计

介绍空间硬X射线调制望远镜的探测器系统设计。该探测器系统由6个60°扇型顶板和6个60°圆滑弧型侧壁单体探测器构成,每个单体采用塑料闪烁板镶嵌波长转移光纤构成,并通过小型低噪声光电倍增管连接到前置放大器。顶板探测器既要屏蔽荷电粒子,又要使X射线穿过效率高,因此闪烁板很薄。采取合理的镶嵌波长转移光纤的办法较好的解决了这个问题。测试结果表明荷电粒子屏蔽探测器系统满足总体设计要求。     

中能重离子核反应产物测量装置4π带电粒子探测装置

正在研制的４π带电粒子多探测器系统（ＭＵＤＡＬ）＾「１」由２７６个探测器单元组成,每个单元由快、慢塑料闪烁体、碘化绝晶体、硅半导体探测器所组成的望远镜构成。总立体角覆盖约全空间的８５％－９５％,以及有一个很低的能量探测阈。整个探测器系统轴向对称排列,工作在真空中。该探测器系统可以鉴别氢、氦的同位素和Ｚ≤１８的元素,以及大的能量测量动态范围。     

NaI:TI与LaBr_3:Ce~(3+)闪烁体探测器能量分辨的GEANT4模拟

闪烁体探测器γ能谱测量中,闪烁光子的产生、传输及光电器件收集、倍增均对能谱的分辨有巨大影响。为了精确模拟闪烁体探测器的能量分辨,采用蒙特卡洛模拟软件GEANT4建立了一套模型,分别对Na I(TI),LaBr_3:0.5%Ce~(3+)闪烁体探测器测量能量为662 ke V的γ射线能谱进行模拟,获得的结果与实验测试结果能够很好的符合,验证了建立模型合理性与可靠性,为闪烁体的设计提供了一套更精确的开发工具。     

星载闪烁探测器荷电粒子屏蔽设计及标定

本文介绍了星载闪烁探测器ＮａＩ（Ｔｌ）晶体和荷电粒子屏蔽塑料闪烁体（ＰＳ）一体化设计，它与国外同类探测器的区别在于，无需外加光电倍增管单独记录塑料闪乐体的符合信号，从而简化了探测器结构，节省了重量和功耗，获得了较好的屏蔽效果，同时给出了甄别电路有关参数地重符合μ子望远镜定标方法和反符合效率。     

国产锗酸铋(BGO)闪烁体荧光的硅光二极管读出方法的研究

研究了硅光二极管的一般特性,用宇宙线μ子作为检验粒子,用硅光二极管测量了国产BGO闪烁体的光电子产额,对探测器的能量分辨、噪声和硅光二极管的带电粒子效应也进行了测量。     

大气切伦科夫望远镜中的探测器系统

本文介绍兴隆站大气切伦科夫望远镜中的探测器系统，测量了抛物面反射镜的反射效率和光电倍增管磁屏蔽的效果，给出了测得的宇宙线切伦科夫光的幅度谱。     

Response Functions of Phoswich-Type Neutron Detector for High-Energy Cosmic Ray Neutron Measurement

A phoswich-type neutron detector was developed in order to measure high-energy cosmic ray neutron spectra in aircraft. The neutron detector consists of an EJ309 organic liquid scintillator that is 121.7mm in diameter and 121.7mm in length and is covered with a 15mm thick EJ299-13 outer plastic scintillator. The neutron response functions of the detector are required for the unfolding method to obtain the energy spectrum. The neutron response functions were created based on MCNPX simulations using an anticoincidence mode with the experimental light-output correlations with particle energies, uniformity of light collection and energy resolutions. The light-output correlation with particle energy, the uniformity of light collection and the energy resolutions were evaluated based on experiments. Measurements of neutron response functions were performed using four quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams from 40 to 80 MeV p-Li reactions to verify the calculated results. The calculated response functions show good agreement with the measurements. The angular response of the phoswich detector was confirmed to be isotropic from the calculation. The photon response functions of the detector were also calculated and agreed well with the measurements for 6.129MeV photons. Neutron and photon response matrices were created up to 300 and 50 MeV, respectively, over a wide energy range for experimental flights.     

宇宙线缪子散射成像模拟与算法研究

本文验证了基于Micromegas探测器的宇宙线缪子散射成像系统进行快速核材料检测的可行性,并对实验室宇宙线缪子成像系统原型进行参数估算。基于Geant4程序开发了用于模拟宇宙线缪子物理过程、传输径迹及Micromegas探测器响应的模拟程序。在模拟数据的基础上,实现并改进了两种主要的宇宙线缪子散射成像算法。根据模拟和成像结果,1 m×1 m成像系统可在10 min内检测到被重元素屏蔽的核材料。10 cm×10 cm成像系统的缪子事例触发率为0.16 s^-1,要获得较为清晰的成像结果,要求探测器位置分辨率达到300 μm,探测器增益为1 000时实际测量事例至少需要20 h。     

基于核探测器信号波形特征的故障诊断研究

核探测器是一种特殊的随机信号转换器,发生故障时,采用传统的人工方法很难及时有效地对故障进行诊断。本文提出了一种针对闪烁体探测器信号波形特征的在线智能故障检测与分类方法,通过分析闪烁体探测器不同故障时的输出信号变化特征,建立了相应的故障模型。使用小波包算法与支持向量机理论分解并提取特征向量,即可判断故障类型。以ST401闪烁体探测器为例,进行了模拟仿真实验。实验结果表明,基于信号波形特征的数字化方法能快速有效地对闪烁体探测器进行故障自动诊断。     

γ辐射剂量率仪对宇宙射线响应及校准因子的间接校准

通过已测定和未测定宇宙射线响应的γ辐射测量仪在天然环境辐射场中的比对测量,可以确定辐射测量仪的宇宙射线响应及校准因子。选择美国通用电器公司生产的高压电离室RSS-131环境辐射监测仪作为量值传递仪器,对BH3103B便携式X-γ剂量率仪和6150闪烁体探测器γ辐射测量仪进行宇宙射线响应和校准因子的间接校准,与广东省辐射剂量计量检定站所检定的结果比较,校准因子的相对偏差分别为-2%和0;与在万绿湖对宇宙射线空气吸收剂量率的实测值比较,宇宙射线响应的相对偏差分别为-3.6%和3.1%。结果基本一致。     

A Large Area High Resolution Cosmic Ray Charge Composition Detector

A detector designed to study the charge composition of the primary cosmic radiation in the range Z = 3 to 30 has been flown on balloons during 1969. The flight is part of a program to study the charge composition in the energy range 10 to 105 GeV. The telescope consists of a four fold charge measurement using two plastic scintillators, a Cerenkov detector and a mosaic CsI(Tl) detector. The intrinsic limitations on charge resolution due to statistical fluctuations in energy loss are approached by correcting the pulse heights for geometrical effects. This is accomplished by calibrating the detector response in flight using a spark chamber to determine the particle trajectories.     

Monte Carlo simulations of response functions for gas filled and scintillator detectors with MCNPX code

Monte Carlo simulation of a detector response function presents a very challenging problem. The detector response functions have been calculated for different neutron and gamma detectors: ³He gas filled proportional counter, NE213 organic scintillator, BrillanCe 350 or LaCl₃(Tl), and an ionization chamber with mixed gas composition. MCNPX code was used for simulations. The simulations were done with different neutron and gamma energies. The effects of neutron scattering, wall effects, recoil continua and contribution from charged particles have been included. The detector response function for the NE213 organic scintillator was obtained with consideration of light output curves of different products of neutron reactions with materials of the scintillator. The simulated data has been compared with experiments.     

A novel compact Tokamak Hard X-ray diagnostic detector

A compact X-ray detector based on the lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate scintillator(LYSO) and silicon photomultiplier(Si PM) has been designed and fabricated for the hard X-ray diagnosis on the HL_2A and HL_2M Tokamak devices. The LYSO scintillator and Si PM in small dimensions were combined in a heat shrink tube package, making the detector compact and integrative. The Monte Carlo particle transport simulation tool,Geant4, was utilized for the design of the detector for the hard X-ray from 10 keV to 200 keV and the best structure scheme was presented. Finally, the detector was used to measure the photon spectrum of a ~(137)Cs gamma source with a pre-amplifier and a multichannel amplitude analyzer. The measured spectrum is consistent with the theoretic spectrum, it has shown that the energy resolution of the detector is less than 14.8% at an energy of 662 keV.     

Shashlyk电磁量能器反光层性能研究

Shashlyk电磁量能器采用薄片型闪烁体,包裹闪烁体的反光层材料对其光学性能有重要影响。本工作搭建了一套宇宙线μ子测试系统,测量不同反光层材料对闪烁体光学性能的影响。测量结果表明,反光层材料的反射率是影响闪烁体光收集效率的主要因素。     

Readout of the Optical PET (OPET) Detector

The design of an imaging system capable of detecting both high-energy γ-rays and optical wavelength photons is underway at the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging. This system will noninvasively image small animal models in vivo for the presence of positron emission tomographic (PET) and optical signals. The detector will consist of modules of multichannel photomultiplier tubes (MC-PMT) coupled to arrays of scintillator crystals. The MC-PMT will detect both the photons produced due to bioluminescence and the photons generated by the interaction of γ-rays within the crystals. The long wavelength photons produced through bioluminescence are only slightly attenuated by these crystals and are detected directly at the photocathode of the MC-PMT, resulting in signals of small (5-10 mV) short (~15 ns) pulses. In contrast, annihilation (511 keV) γ-rays interacting in the scintillator crystal send large bursts of photons to the PMT, and result in pulses that can be as large as 500 mV and > 200 ns duration. The processing of pulses with such different characteristics in a single circuit requires significant alteration of the standard pulse processing circuitry used in PET scanners. In this paper, we discuss the requirements of such a circuit and show the results of implementation of one design using single and multiple channel PMTs.     

薄膜和纤维塑料闪烁体中子能响特性的Monte Carlo数值计算

根据中子与塑料闪烁体的作用机制及塑料闪烁体的荧光转换特性,研究了塑料闪烁体薄膜和塑料闪烁体纤维中子能响特性的Monte Carlo数值计算方法,给出了不同厚度的塑料闪烁体薄膜和不同直径的塑料闪烁体纤维对裂变能区中子的灵敏度计算结果,并对计算结果及其在电流型坪响应裂变中子探测器方面可能的应用进行了初步探讨。     

大面积阵列中子伽马甄别探测器的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

对特殊核材料的检测关乎国土安全,需要一个快速、安全可靠的辐射检测系统。采用Geant4蒙特卡罗模拟软件建立一套基于塑料闪烁体的大面积中子伽马探测系统。研究单根闪烁体晶体不同截面边长、多种层数结构以及不同natGd₂O₃包裹方式等探测器的关键参数,通过调整探测器的响应数目阈值评估探测器的n/γ甄别性能。结果表明,当采用截面边长为6 cm×6 cm的塑料闪烁体包裹25 μm厚的natGd₂O₃、探测器之间放置3 mm厚Pb板以及探测器响应数目阈值设置为3时,阵列探测器可以达到约23%的中子探测效率以及约802的n/γ甄别比。计算结果可对大面积阵列探测器的关键参数优化提供理论依据。     

直径30 cm的等高圆柱形载钆液闪探测性能

载钆液闪探测器是高能物理及核物理实验中重要的粒子探测工具。通过研制得到了一台大体积的直径为30 cm等高圆柱形载钆液闪探测器,载钆液闪溶液的载钆量为0.5%wt;利用252Cf中子源进行了中子与γ分辨性能实验测试,结果表明,直径30 cm等高圆柱形载钆液闪的中子与γ分辨性能较差;利用飞行时间技术通过符合测量的方法,分别测量了中子与伽马分辨谱中的中子与γ信号的时间分布,两者峰位之间的时间差为2 ns;利用252Cf裂变电离室的裂变碎片信号作为开门信号,通过符合测量的方法,获得了直径30 cm等高圆柱形载钆液闪的中子俘获时间分布实验数据,中子俘获平均时间为11μs。对于较大体积条件下,载钆液闪的中子与γ分辨性能较差的物理现象,通过实验给出了合理解释和分析。     

一种新型溴化铈闪烁体探测器性能研究

闪烁探测器在射线能量与时间的探测中发挥着重要作用。针对国产新型溴化铈（CeBr₃）闪烁晶体,本文建立实验系统和方法对其关键性能指标进行了测试,具体包括：建立了快符合时间分辨系统测量装置,测试得到新型闪烁探测器对于⁶⁰Co源的时间分辨率为142 ps;建立了单光子计数法测量装置,测试得到溴化铈晶体的衰减时间为16.8 ns,上升时间为0.18 ns;建立了相对光输出测量装置,测试得到其相对于同规格NaI(Tl)闪烁体探测器对于661.66 keV射线的光输出为161%;同时针对其能量响应性能进行了测试,测得对于661.66 keV射线其能量分辨率为4.7%。将国产新型溴化铈闪烁晶体的性能测试结果与国际上同类晶体以及氟化钡、溴化镧、碘化钠等常用无机闪烁体的性能进行了比较,对其应用前景进行了探讨。     

新型望远镜带电粒子探测系统结构设计与理论模拟

为了在兰州重离子加速器国家实验室(HIRFL)的放射性束流线(RIBLL1)上开展基于完全运动学测量的远离β稳定线奇异核反应机制的研究,需研制一套由多个独立的望远镜系统(探测模块)组成的带电粒子探测阵列。每个探测模块包含1块16×16的厚65μm的双面硅条探测器、1块4×4的厚1 000μm的像素硅探测器和由雪崩光二极管(APD)读出的4×4CsI(Tl)阵列探测器。该探测阵列可实现大的能量测量范围、高能量分辨率和位置分辨,同时具备大立体角覆盖和粒子关联测量的能力。通过Geant4探测器模拟软件对单个探测模块进行模拟,结合对探测模块各部分的实验测试,给出了探测模块的设计方案和整体性能指标。