单压下节理密度及倾角对类岩石试件强度及变形的影响

通过预制张开节理类岩石试件,在单轴压缩条件下,研究节理密度及倾角的组合作用对试件强度和变形特征的影响.试验结果表明:(1)随着节理倾角的增大,应力-应变曲线由多峰值转变为单峰值,试件脆性增强,延性减弱;(2)节理密度对当量峰值强度的影响与节理倾角大小有关,对当量弹模的影响呈“V”形变化,即当量弹模随着节理密度的增大呈现先减小后增大的变化规律;(3)当量弹模随节理倾角的增大而增大,在节理倾角为90°的时候达到最大值,为完整试件弹性模量的70%~80%;(4)节理倾角对多节理类岩石试件当量峰值强度和当量弹性模量的影响大于节理密度的影响.对试验结果进一步分析发现:节理密度及节理倾角与应力-应变曲线、当量峰值强度及当量弹性模量之间的关系,其变化规律与试件的破坏过程息息相关,其破坏模式可分为张拉破坏、剪切破坏和复合破坏.      

基于SHPB试验的岩石应变率效应分析

岩石材料在静荷载和动荷载作用下,其力学特性差异很大。采用直径100 mm分离式Hopkinson压杆试验装置和波形整形技术对岩石进行动态冲击压缩试验,研究应变率范围为10～100 s~(-1)岩石的动态抗压强度、峰值应变及破坏形态的应变率效应。试验结果表明:试件动态抗压强度和峰值应变均随应变率增加而增大,最大动态抗压强度约为静态强度的2倍。试件动态破坏形态从低应变率下径向劈裂破坏到高应变率下粉碎破坏,随着应变率增加碎块数量明显增多而粒径变小,碎块粒径和块度分布变化显示出试件破坏形态具有明显的应变率效应。     

SHPB压缩试验中红砂岩的力学与能量耗散特性研究

为了定量描述岩石在动态压缩过程中的耗能能力,采用SHPB装置对圆柱形红砂岩试样进行了单轴动态压缩试验,并采用高速摄像仪记录了试样的破坏过程。试验结果表明:随着入射能的增加,承受冲击加载后的试样呈现出完整、破裂和破碎3种不同状态,试样峰值应力呈现明显的应变率效应。在能耗特性方面,以临界入射能为间隔点,试样耗散能呈现出2个阶段的线性增长规律。当施加的入射能小于临界入射能时,试样在冲击后保持完整状态;当施加的入射能大于临界入射能时,试样在冲击后发生破碎,试样碎片飞出。基于线性耗能规律,分别定义了2个阶段的动态压缩耗能系数。当试样呈现完整阶段时,理想的动态压缩耗能系数为定值。在试样承受冲击后发生破碎阶段,动态压缩耗能系数随着入射能的增加而增加。     

含齿形裂隙类岩石材料单轴压缩试验研究

为研究含齿形裂隙岩石在单轴压缩下的破坏特征及强度特性,制作了含不同裂隙倾角和起伏角的齿形裂隙类岩石材料试件,并采用岩石力学伺服试验机进行单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：（1）试件主要产生拉伸、剪切和拉剪复合裂纹,且根据裂纹的扩展路径可划分为A型（拉伸破坏）、B型（剪切破坏）、C型（复合破坏）3种破坏模式,裂隙倾角对试件最终破坏模式影响显著;（2）当裂隙倾角较小时,试件应力—应变曲线为多峰曲线,随着裂隙倾角的增大,曲线呈单峰形式,表现为延性减弱,脆性增强,而裂隙倾角相同但起伏角不同的试件应力—应变曲线大致相同;（3）当裂隙起伏角相同时,试件当量峰值强度随裂隙倾角的增大呈先减小后增大的规律,且裂隙起伏角对试件当量峰值强度的影响小于裂隙倾角。     

单轴压缩试验中减弱端部效应新型方法研究

为了减弱端部效应对单轴抗压强度测量的影响,提出一种新型的单轴压缩试验方法。该方法采用与试件材质相同的岩石作为垫块进行单轴压缩试验,设置了（25+50+25）mm和（20+60+20）mm 2种试件高度组合进行试验,并与高度为50 mm、60 mm的单一试件的试验结果进行对比。结果表明：该新型试验方法可以降低单轴压缩试验中端部效应对测量岩石单轴抗压强度的影响,并得到更为均匀的径向应变;（25+50+25）mm和（20+60+20）mm组合试件相比高度为50 mm和60 mm的单一试件,单轴抗压强度分别降低了38.41%和39.69%,相比标准试件,单轴抗压强度也有所降低。数值模拟结果表明：无论有无端部摩擦,组合试件的单轴抗压强度均与理想状态下模拟所得的岩石试件的单轴抗压强度值接近;无端部摩擦时单个试件与组合试件具有均匀的径向应变;有端部摩擦时组合试件的径向应变较为均匀。数值模拟结果证明了该新型试验方法减弱了端部效应,但并未完全消除。     

大理岩声发射Kaiser效应法测量原岩应力试验研究

为研究声发射Kaiser效应法测量原岩应力,进行了现场套孔应力解除试验,得到了试件加载方向的实测应力值,对大理岩进行单轴压缩条件下的2次加载声发射试验并确定Kaiser点.试验结果表明:通过声发射Kaiser效应法测得的地应力与通过套孔应力解除法测得的原岩应力误差小于10 %,原岩应力位于20 %~26 %的峰值强度之间,即岩石压密阶段后期或弹性阶段初期.研究结果可为提高判读Kaiser点的精度和岩石工程实际提供依据.      

胶结碎石充填体破坏机理及破坏准则的探讨

本文借助于胶结碎石充填体的单轴压缩试验及应力应变全过程试验结果,分析探讨了胶结碎石充填体的破坏机理及其破坏准则,并经剪切试验和拟合分析,给出了其破坏准则的具体形式。     

预制裂隙花岗岩的强度特征与破坏模式试验

为了探究单轴压缩条件下裂隙岩石的强度特性、裂纹起裂规律及破坏模式, 采用水刀切割技术预制裂隙花岗岩试件, 利用GAW2000刚性试验机对单裂隙花岗岩试样进行单轴压缩试验.试验结果表明: 与完整试样相比, 裂隙岩石试样单轴抗压强度明显降低, 降低幅度与预制裂隙和外荷载方向的夹角β密切相关, β=75°时, 强度最低, 降幅达到84.5%, 基于最大畸变能准则计算了裂隙花岗岩的峰值抗压强度与裂隙倾角的关系, 试验结果与数值解吻合; 裂隙的存在改变了岩石的破坏模式, 裂纹起裂角随裂隙倾角的增加而单调增大, 岩石试样的破坏模式由剪切破坏为主转变为张拉破坏占主导.真实裂隙岩石试样的力学性质及裂纹起裂特征更准确地揭示了单裂隙花岗岩的强度变化规律和破坏模式, 为岩土工程设计和巷道裂隙围岩体的支护提供科学依据.      

不同应力条件下硬岩强度与破裂特性试验研究

深部工程围岩内的岩石可能处于一维、二维和三维应力状态下,分别对应室内单轴压缩、双轴压缩和真三轴压缩试验中岩样的应力状态。通过开展单轴、双轴和真三轴压缩试验,系统研究了不同应力状态和水平下岩石非常规破坏的发生机制。不同高宽比和宽厚比岩样的单轴压缩试验结果表明：随着岩样厚度的增加,单轴抗压强度单调增加;随着岩样高度的增加,单轴抗压强度往往先增加后减小,且矮薄岩样更容易发生岩爆和板裂等非常规破坏。双轴或真三轴压缩试验中岩样的抗压强度均表现出明显的中间主应力效应。在相同最小主应力下,随着中间主应力的增加,岩样的双轴抗压强度和真三轴抗压强度均呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,双轴抗压强度增长率则呈先减小而后小幅增大的趋势。通过定义强度增量参数ν和中间主应力位置参数λ构建了指数岩石真三轴强度准则。低围压限制、非对称围压限制和短裂纹扩展路径是引起岩石非常规破坏的主要条件。     

含水率对砂岩动态拉伸强度的影响

工程中的岩石具有不同的含水性,研究不同含水率岩石动态力学性质的变化规律,对岩石工程的设计和建设具有很强的指导意义。为研究不同含水率对砂岩动态拉伸强度的影响,利用霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验装置对不同含水率试样进行了一系列动态巴西劈裂试验,研究了不同含水率砂岩在不同加载率条件下的动态拉伸强度变化规律。试验结果表明：岩石的动态拉伸强度随着加载率的增加而增加,其率相关性与含水率有关,饱和试样的率相关性较强,而干燥岩石的动态强度对加载率的变化不敏感。当加载率较低时,岩石的拉伸强度随着含水率的增加而降低;当加载率较高时,由于水的Stefan效应,水对岩石裂纹产生抗力,阻碍其扩展,导致岩石强度增加,饱和试样的动态拉伸强度出现高于非饱和试样强度的现象。     

单轴压缩下充填体损伤本构模型研究

为了揭示充填体材料在单轴荷载下的损伤机理,首先对充填体材料在单轴荷载下的应力—应变曲线进行分析,再以损伤变量作为影响充填体材料力学特性的内变量,基于统计损伤理论、最大拉应力准则和应变等效假说,推导了充填体材料在单轴荷载下的经典损伤本构模型。由于充填体试件在初始阶段存在压密过程,提出了压密系数并将其引入到经典损伤本构模型,弥补了经典损伤本构模型无法合理解释充填体压密过程的缺陷。采用修正损伤本构模型对几种不同试验数据进行拟合,并与经典损伤本构模型进行对比,结果表明：拟合曲线不仅能够较好地模拟充填体试件在初始加载阶段的压密过程,而且拟合曲线与应力—应变试验数据基本吻合,充分说明所建立的修正损伤本构模型可靠性较好。为了进一步研究拟合参数变化对拟合曲线形状的影响,采用控制变量法改变其中一个参数,结果表明不同类型的拟合参数会对拟合曲线的形状产生不同的影响。     

Behavior of Concrete in Water Subjected to Dynamic Triaxial Compression

To understand the behavior of concrete material in ambient water, a series of triaxial compressive tests of concrete cylindrical specimens (? 100×200?mm) was conducted on a large scale triaxial machine. The acting pattern of water, confining pressure, loading strain rate, and moisture content were chosen as test parameters. The water acting patterns on concrete were directly divided into mechanical loading and real water loading according to whether the specimens were directly exposed to water or not. The confining pressure ranged from 0–8 MPa and the strain rate included 10?5/s, 10?3/s, and 10?2/s. By testing dry and saturated specimens, the effect of moisture on concrete strength was also examined. The test results indicated that the compressive strengths of both dry and saturated concrete increase obviously with the confining pressure under mechanical confining pressure. However, the effect on the strengthened dry concrete specimens is more significant. The strength of dry concrete under real water loading decreased remarkably, even less than its uniaxial strength, whereas the compressive strength of the saturated concrete specimen under real water loading is close to its uniaxial compressive strength. The strength of concrete increases with strain rate, and this phenomenon becomes more apparent under water loading.     

温度影响下花岗岩宏、细观力学性质演化规律

在地下工程中,温度变化对岩体力学性质有着极大的影响,而宏观力学性质与细观微裂隙发育损伤密不可分。为探究在温度循环条件下岩石细观损伤机理与宏观力学性质之间的关系,对花岗岩进行不同温度下的高温水冷循环试验,并采用低场核磁系统进行细观孔隙参数检测,同时开展了单轴抗压强度试验。结果表明：（1）温度的上升和循环次数的增加均会导致花岗岩弹性模量和单轴抗压强度力学性质的降低,400 ℃是花岗岩性质变化的临界点;（2）核磁检测可以获取试件的孔隙分布参数,由该参数及试件宏观性质变化可以得出,200~600 ℃时温度循环所引起的细观损伤规律有明显差异;（3）花岗岩损伤值随着温度的升高而升高,但温度循环引起的多次损伤随温度的升高呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。微裂隙尺度、含量与试件单轴强度、应变的相关性分别为-0.943和0.935。     

磷石膏胶结充填体动态力学特性研究

为了研究凿岩爆破对不同磷石膏新型砂浆配比和不同养护时间的磷石膏胶结充填体稳定性的影响,利用Hopkinson压杆实验装置,以不同加载速度轴向冲击充填体试样,对其动态力学性能进行了研究,分析了动态冲击下充填体的波形曲线、应力—应变曲线,动态抗压强度、强度增强因子（DIF）与平均应变率的关系。结果表明：磷石膏胶结充填体的波阻抗较小,能够对应力波产生阻尼作用;在相同配比和相同养护时间下,不同应变率的充填体应力—应变曲线的下降段基本一致,而上升段差异较为明显;随着应变率的提高,上升段曲线随之平缓;动态抗压强度和DIF均随着平均应变率的增加而增加,且均能用多项式函数分别来描述动态抗压强度、DIF与平均应变率之间的关系。     

分层胶结充填体力学特性及裂纹演化规律

在进行大尺寸采空区嗣后充填过程中,胶结充填体易出现分层等结构现象。为深入分析结构特征对胶结充填体力学特性及裂纹演化规律的影响,首先制作中间层高度比为0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8,灰砂比为1∶4、1∶6、1∶8和1∶10的分层胶结充填体试件,然后利用GAW–2000伺服试验系统开展单轴压缩试验,最后借助二维颗粒流软件（PFC–2D）,分析胶结充填体内部裂纹分布规律。结果表明:（1）分层充填体单轴抗压强度与高度比呈指数函数关系、与灰砂比呈多项式函数关系;弹性模量与高度比及灰砂比均呈多项式函数关系;单轴抗压强度及弹性模量均随高度比的增加而减小、随灰砂比的增大而增大,且两者对灰砂比敏感度更高。（2）充填体内部裂纹演化曲线先缓慢上升,达到单轴抗压强度的80%左右时快速上升,且灰砂比越大、高度比越大,上升速度越快,拐点到来越早,充填体试件越易发生破坏,超过单轴抗压强度后曲线开始迅速下降。（3）分层充填体主要表现为剪切破坏、张拉破坏及共轭剪切破坏,且破坏主要集中于中间软弱层;高度比越大,试件内部裂纹越密集,灰砂比越大,裂纹越易向两端演化。      

Discontinuous Bifurcation Analysis of a Coupled Rate-Dependent Damage and Plasticity Model for Impact Responses

To identify the transition from continuous to discontinuous modes in the failure evolution of quasibrittle materials under impact, a coupled rate-dependent damage and plasticity model is developed within the thermodynamics framework. Due to the simplicity in model formulation, a continuum tangent stiffness tensor could be obtained for discontinuous bifurcation analysis, and the model parameters could be calibrated from split Hopkins pressure bar experimental data available. The coupled rate-dependent model could describe not only the pressure-dependent hardening/softening response but also the degradation of material stiffness under impact. A geometric criterion with a corresponding solution scheme is presented to explore the rate-dependent transition from continuous to discontinuous failure modes in the Mohr coordinates. The uniaxial compressive loading path is considered to illustrate the loading rate effect on the critical localization orientation and hardening parameters. It appears from the preliminary results that the coupled rate-dependent local continuum model might be combined with a decohesion model via discontinuous bifurcation analysis so that large-scale simulation of failure evolution could be performed without invoking higher-order spatial terms in the stress-strain space.     

Identification and Validation of a Discrete Element Model for Concrete

The use of a three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) is proposed to study concrete structures submitted to dynamic loading. The aim of this paper is to validate the model first in the quasistatic domain, and second in dynamic compression, at the sample scale. A particular growing technique is used to set a densely packed assembly of arbitrarily sized spherical particles interacting together, representing concrete. An important difference from classical DEMs where only contact interactions are considered, is the use of an interaction range. First, the correct identification of parameters of the DEM model to simulate elastic and nonlinear deformation including damage and rupture is made through quasistatic uniaxial compression and tension tests. The influence of the packing is shown. The model produces a quantitative match of strength and deformation characteristics of concrete in terms of Young’s modulus, Poisson’s coefficient, and compressive and tensile strengths. Then, its validity is extended through dynamic tests. The simulations exhibit complex macroscopic behaviors of concrete, such as strain softening, fractures that arise from extensive microcracking throughout the assembly, and strain rate dependency.     

Fatigue and fracture behavior of bulk metallic glass

Tensile, compressive, cyclic tension-tension, and cyclic compression-compression tests at room temperature were systematically applied to a Zr_52.5Cu_17.9Al₁₀Ni_14.6Ti₅ bulk metallic glass for comprehensive understanding of its damage and fracture mechanisms. Under tensile loading, the metallic glass only displays elastic deformation followed by brittle shear fracture. Under compressive loading, after elastic deformation, obvious plasticity (0.5 to 0.8 pct) can be observed before the final shear fracture. The fracture strength under compression is slightly higher than that under tension. The shear fracture under compression and tension does not occur along the maximum shear stress plane. This indicates that the fracture behavior of the metallic glass does not follow the Tresca criterion. The fracture surfaces show remarkably different features, i.e., a uniform vein structure (compressive fracture) and round cores coexisting with the radiating veins (tensile fracture). Under cyclic tension-tension loading, fatigue cracks are first initiated along localized shear bands on the specimen surface, then propagated along a plane basically perpendicular to the stress axis. A surface damage layer exists under cyclic compression-compression loading. However, the final failure also exhibits a pure shear fracture feature as under uniaxial compression. The cyclic compression-compression fatigue life of the metallic glass is about a factor of 10 higher than the cyclic tension-tension fatigue life at the same stress ratio. Based on these results, the damage and fracture mechanisms of the metallic glass induced by uniaxial and cyclic loading are elucidated.