玻璃纤维增强铝合金层板低速冲击力学特性及低温影响研究

为研究玻璃纤维增强铝合金层板(FMLs)抗低速冲击力学特性以及受低温处理的影响,采用2A12铝合金板和单向S2-glass/epoxy预浸料制成FMLs,通过落锤低速冲击试验设备对其抗低速冲击力学特性进行研究。并采用较高冲击能量对经过-25℃和0℃低温处理1 h后的FMLs进行冲击试验,与未低温处理结果对比研究低温处理对FMLs冲击力学特性的影响。结果表明:未低温处理的FMLs在低速冲击条件下,正面铝合金铺层主要发生成坑、环向裂纹以及穿孔等损伤,背面铝合金层则发生鼓包、单向裂纹和花瓣开裂等损伤。峰值冲击载荷随着冲击能量的提高而增大,但当冲击能量达到FMLs临界穿透能后峰值冲击载荷基本保持稳定。随着冲击能量的提高,峰值位移逐渐增大,能量回弹系数逐渐减小。另一方面,低温处理可提高FMLs抗冲击性能,但会降低FMLs中铝合金/复合材料铺层界面黏结效果。处理温度越低,FMLs峰值冲击载荷越高,峰值位移越小,FMLs中复合材料和铝合金铺层发生脱胶损伤的面积越大。     

圆孔对GLARE层合板抗冲击性能的影响

为获得圆孔对玻璃纤维增强铝合金（GLARE）层合板抗冲击性能的影响规律,采用40 J的冲击能量对无孔和含圆孔GLARE层合板进行了落锤低速冲击试验,获得了冲击载荷、挠度和能量-时间曲线。应用ABAQUS/Explicit有限元分析软件对试验进行模拟,并预测了圆孔直径对GLARE层合板抗冲击性能的影响。结果显示:在低速冲击下,GLARE层合板纤维层的失效模式以分层损伤和纤维断裂为主;随着圆孔边缘至冲击中心距离的增加,层合板的冲击载荷峰值提高,而挠度峰值减小;数值模拟结果与试验结果的比较验证了模型的合理性;随着圆孔直径的增大,GLARE层合板的抗冲击性能逐步劣化。      

碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料轴管的低速冲击失效机制及剩余压缩性能

采用落锤冲击试验模拟低速冲击过程,对碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料传动轴的轴管在不同能级冲击下的损伤行为以及冲击后的剩余压缩性能进行了研究;通过ABQUAS有限元分析软件和X射线断层扫描技术(CT）相结合的方法观察了复合材料轴管在受到低速冲击时的损伤形式,研究其内部损伤规律。结果表明,复合材料轴管的抗冲击形变能力随着冲击能量的增加先增强后减弱,在冲击能量为10 ~20 J之间出现最大值。CT无损检测结果显示复合材料轴管的失效形式包括分层损伤、树脂开裂和纤维破裂(断裂)。在低能量冲击时,复合材料轴管主要产生分层损伤和树脂的开裂,而纤维断裂损伤只出现在冲击位置,且随着冲击能量的增加纤维断裂现象愈加显著。有限元仿真结果显示复合材料轴管中的碳纤维在拉伸方向的失效明显小于压缩失效,压缩失效沿纤维排布方向扩散,拉伸失效沿轴向和横向呈十字扩散,轴向失效的程度大于横向失效的程度;而树脂的压缩失效沿轴向从冲击位置向横向扩散,扩散形状近似圆形,越靠近圆心失效越明显,拉伸失效范围呈十字,整体失效沿十字边缘扩散。      

纤维/镁合金混杂层合板低速冲击响应及损伤模拟

为了研究新型纤维增强镁合金混杂层合板在低速冲击下的力学响应,分别对由玻璃纤维、碳纤维和二者混杂增强的AZ31B镁合金层合板在不同冲击能量下的落锤低速冲击试验进行了数值模拟。基于镁合金各向异性塑性本构和指数关系界面脱粘内聚力本构模型,同时纤维复合材料层采用三维Hashin失效准则且引入刚度折减,编写了复合材料层板损伤的VUMAT子程序,并将该子程序嵌入ABAQUS/Explicit中实现对层合板冲击过程的模拟。研究了该纤维层合板在不同冲击能量下的动态冲击响应以及脱粘与损伤演化规律,分析了冲击载荷、形变和能量吸收随时间的变化规律。模拟结果表明:在冲击能较小时,首先在冲击背面出现基体开裂,随着冲击能的增加,层合板受冲击面出现由无明显损伤到出现基体开裂和纤维断裂的现象;与单一碳纤维增强的镁合金层合板复合材料相比,单一玻璃纤维增强的镁合金层合板在冲击载荷作用时能够吸收更多的能量,碳纤维层内混杂合适的玻璃纤维铺层能够提高碳纤维增强镁合金层合板的抗冲击性能。     

碳纤维复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤应力分析

目的 为掌握碳纤维复合材料板在低速冲击载荷作用下的损伤规律,延缓失效破坏,对其冲击损伤的应力状态进行研究。方法 基于ABAQUS平台,建立碳纤维复合材料层合板低速冲击有限元模型,采用Hashin失效准则和VUMAT用户子程序,对碳纤维复合材料层合板的冲击过程进行数值模拟,同时考虑层合板层内与层间失效,以此来研究低速冲击条件下复合材料的损伤机理,分析冲击损伤过程中的应力变化趋势,讨论应力的分布状态。重点研究铺层角度及铺层距离冲头远近对应力的影响。结果 不同角度铺层的应力传播轨迹均沿着纤维方向和垂直于纤维方向同时扩展,应力均先增加至极限值而后迅速下降;铺层角度越大,板料的承载能力越弱,0°铺层的极限应力为1 432 MPa,而90°铺层的极限应力降至1 206 MPa;离冲头越远的铺层应力越小,达到峰值的时间更早且率先下降,说明远离冲头的铺层更早发生失效。结论 揭示了碳纤维层合板在低速冲击载荷作用下的应力状态及其对损伤的影响规律,能够为复合材料层合板零件设计提供参考。     

缝合对泡沫夹芯复合材料低速冲击性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

为了研究缝合对泡沫夹芯复合材料抗低速冲击的影响,以未缝合、全厚度缝合和冲击面纤维面板三类缝合碳纤维泡沫夹芯复合材料板为研究对象,采用落锤冲击试验机对泡沫夹芯复合材料板进行10J能量的冲击试验。然后使用水浸超声波扫描成像系统对冲击后的复合材料板进行损伤检测,得出泡沫夹芯复合材料板内部不同深度层的损伤情况。采用ABAQUS有限元软件对上述三类泡沫夹芯复合材料板进行有限元模拟,得出了低速冲击响应过程及面板的损伤情况,并进行了实验与数值模拟结果对比分析。研究结果表明,缝合会使得各铺层的损伤趋向均匀化,能够大幅提高层合板的整体性使各铺层之间的衔接更加紧密。在较小冲击能量下,全厚度缝合与冲击面纤维面板缝合都能够抑制分层的破坏,并且抑制分层的效果相差不大,且靠近冲击面的层与层之间更加容易产生分层的破坏。     

缝合对泡沫夹芯复合材料低速冲击性能的影响

为了研究缝合对泡沫夹芯复合材料抗低速冲击的影响,以未缝合、全厚度缝合和冲击面纤维面板三类缝合碳纤维泡沫夹芯复合材料板为研究对象,采用落锤冲击试验机对泡沫夹芯复合材料板进行10J能量的冲击试验。然后使用水浸超声波扫描成像系统对冲击后的复合材料板进行损伤检测,得出泡沫夹芯复合材料板内部不同深度层的损伤情况。采用ABAQUS有限元软件对上述三类泡沫夹芯复合材料板进行有限元模拟,得出了低速冲击响应过程及面板的损伤情况,并进行了实验与数值模拟结果对比分析。研究结果表明,缝合会使得各铺层的损伤趋向均匀化,能够大幅提高层合板的整体性使各铺层之间的衔接更加紧密。在较小冲击能量下,全厚度缝合与冲击面纤维面板缝合都能够抑制分层的破坏,并且抑制分层的效果相差不大,且靠近冲击面的层与层之间更加容易产生分层的破坏。     

基于超弹性特性的SMA复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤数值模拟方法

基于ABAQUS有限元软件结合VC++6.0程序设计,建立了含不同铺层角度、不同排列密度形状记忆合金(SMA)纤维的复合材料层合板有限元模型。将基于Brinson本构模型的SMA分段线性超弹性模型以及判断复合材料层内失效的三维HASHIN失效准则编译至ABAQUS/VUMAT子程序,使用界面单元模拟复合材料层间区域,建立了SMA复合材料层合板的低速冲击损伤及冲击后剩余强度数值模拟方法。对比了不含SMA纤维层合板、含SMA纤维层合板、含普通金属丝层合板在不同冲击能量下的损伤响应。进一步分析了SMA纤维体积分数和直径变化对冲击响应的影响。冲击后剩余压缩强度模拟结果表明:冲击能量为16J时,含体积分数25%、直径0.5mm的SMA纤维层合板的冲击后剩余压缩强度相比不含SMA纤维层合板提高5.78%、相比含普通金属丝层合板提高4.69%。随着SMA纤维体积分数提高,层合板的抗低速冲击能力增强,当体积分数一定时,较细的(0.3mm)SMA纤维比粗的(0.6mm)SMA纤维对层合板的抗低速冲击能力增强效果更好。     

复合材料单搭接胶接接头低速冲击数值模拟

数值模拟研究了不同胶胶接的HTS40/977-2碳纤维层合板单搭接胶接接头低速冲击性能。对HTS40/977-2层合板冲击过程进行仿真,与实验对比验证了HTS40/977-2层合板材料参数的有效性。采用基于Hashin准则的本构关系模拟层合板面内损伤,采用内聚力单元模拟层合板的层间分离和胶层的失效,分别建立了Araldite AV138、Araldite2015和Sikaforce 7752三种不同胶胶接接头低速冲击有限元模型,研究了胶接接头在3 J和4 J能量冲击下的失效模式和能量吸收。在失效模式方面,发现Araldite AV138、Araldite 2015和Sikaforce 7752三种胶接接头胶层的失效模式分别为胶层完全失效、胶层部分失效和胶层未失效,三种胶接接头都出现了不同程度的层合板层间损伤,并且层间损伤依次减小。在能量吸收方面,3J能量冲击下Araldite AV138、Araldite 2015和Sikaforce 7752吸收能量分别为2. 73 J、2. 06 J、1. 67 J,4 J能量冲击下吸收能量分别为2. 91 J、2. 49 J、2. 26 J。仿真结果表明,在低速冲击载荷下胶接接头的失效模式和能量吸收与胶的属性密切相关。胶的韧度越低,接头损伤越严重,能量吸收越多;胶的韧度越高,接头抵抗损伤的能力越强。研究可为复合材料胶接设计与分析提供参考。     

铝合金圆波纹夹芯板对半球形体的低速冲击响应特性及失效机制

为研究铝合金圆波纹夹芯板在低速冲击下的吸能特性、变形情况和失效机理,利用落锤进行低速冲击试验,揭示冲击位置和初始冲击能量对圆波纹夹芯板低速冲击响应特性的影响。冲击位置分别为波纹夹芯板的节点和基座,冲击能量范围为120～400 J。实验结果表明,夹芯板主要发生拉伸断裂失效,冲击能量和位置对夹芯板动态载荷响应存在显著的影响。夹芯板的最大冲击载荷随着冲击能量增加而增加,并且节点冲击的最大载荷高于基座冲击的最大载荷,两者的差距随冲击能量增加而减小。夹芯板节点位置冲击的载荷可以迅速达到峰值,而基座位置冲击的载荷需要经过一个过程才能达到峰值。     

Glass/Epoxy复合材料叠层板面内剪切连续损伤模型

为确定S2玻璃纤维/环氧树脂(S2-Glass/Epoxy) 叠层复合材料面内剪切应力-应变关系,对S2-Glass/Epoxy 叠层复合材料面内剪切拉伸载荷下的弹、塑性连续损伤本构模型及应用进行了研究。基于平面应力状态下的连续损伤力学模型,通过典型面内剪切拉伸实验,分别建立了忽略塑性应变和考虑塑性应变的两种连续损伤力学(CDM)模型,并确定相关参数。通过ABAQUS/Explicit 用户子程序VUMAT接口,分别采用两种CDM模型对S2-Glass/Epoxy 叠层复合材料面内剪切拉伸实验进行有限元数值计算,与实验结果对比,验证模型可靠性,并分析单元类型对有限元计算结果的影响。研究结果表明: 忽略塑性应变的CDM模型可以很好地预测复合材料面内剪切失效强度,但不能较好地预测其非线性力学响应; 考虑塑性应变,将塑性硬化与损伤耦合后的CDM模型则能较好的预测复合材料非线性力学响应和面内剪切失效强度; 该平面应力状态下建立的CDM模型可用于壳单元进行复合材料有限元数值计算,横向剪切作用导致传统壳单元数值计算的载荷位移曲线略低于平面应力单元计算结果; 减缩积分算法有利于提高有限元数值计算结果的准确性。     

基于连续介质损伤力学的复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤模型

基于连续介质损伤力学（CDM）方法,建立了分析复合材料层合板低速冲击问题的三维数值模型。该模型考虑了层内损伤（纤维和基体损伤）、层间分层损伤和剪切非线性行为,采用最大应变失效准则预测纤维损伤的萌生,双线性损伤本构模型表征纤维损伤演化,基于物理失效机制的三维Puck准则判断基体损伤的起始,根据断裂面内等效应变建立混合模式下基体损伤扩展准则。横向基体拉伸强度和面内剪切强度采用基于断裂力学假设的就地强度（in-situ strength）。纤维和基体损伤本构关系中引入单元特征长度,有效降低模型对网格密度的依赖性。层间分层损伤情况由内聚力单元（cohesive element）预测,以二次应力准则为分层损伤的起始准则,B-K准则表征分层损伤演化。分别通过数值分析方法和试验研究方法对复合材料典型铺层层合板四级能量低速冲击下的冲击损伤和冲击响应规律进行分析,数值计算和试验测量的接触力-时间曲线、分层损伤的形状和面积较好吻合,表明该模型能够准确地预测层合板低速冲击损伤和冲击响应。     

A Progressive Damage Model for Predicting Permanent Indentation and Impact Damage in Composite Laminates

In this paper, a progressive damage model was established on the basis of ABAQUS software for predicting permanent indentation and impact damage in composite laminates. Intralaminar and interlaminar damage was modelled based on the continuum damage mechanics (CDM) in the finite element model. For the verification of the model, low-velocity impact tests of quasi-isotropic laminates with material system of T300/5228A were conducted. Permanent indentation and impact damage of the laminates were simulated and the numerical results agree well with the experiments. It can be concluded that an obvious knee point can be identified on the curve of the indentation depth versus impact energy. Matrix cracking and delamination develops rapidly with the increasing impact energy, while considerable amount of fiber breakage only occurs when the impact energy exceeds the energy corresponding to the knee point. Predicted indentation depth after the knee point is very sensitive to the parameter μ which is proposed in this paper, and the acceptable value of this parameter is in range from 0.9 to 1.0.     

Computational modelling of static indentation-induced damage in glass

The present paper is focused on the numerical simulation of a glass plate subjected to static indentation by a spherical indenter. For this purpose, a combined approach of continuum damage mechanics (CDM) and fracture mechanics is performed. Results provided by an axisymmetric finite element model were compared with analytical solutions. A CDM based constitutive model with an anisotropic damage tensor was selected and implemented into a finite element code to study the damage of glass. The numerical results were analysed through the framework of the stress and damage distribution. Various regions with critical damage values were therefore predicted in good agreement with the experimental observations in the literature. In these regions, the directions of crack propagation, including both cracks initiating on the surface as well as in the bulk, were predicted using the strain energy density factor. Predicted directions were found in good agreement with those experimentally obtained in the literature results.     

形状记忆合金-玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在振动边界条件下的低速冲击数值模拟

采用有限元方法（FEM）研究了振动边界条件对形状记忆合金（SMA）-玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的抗低速冲击性能的影响。在数值模拟过程中,将改进的三维Hashin失效准则和Brinson模型分别应用于玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板和SMA,以表征其本构关系。首先通过与固定边界条件下的SMA-玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料板低速冲击实验进行比较,验证了数值模拟过程中所用模型及材料参数的准确性。其次,在模拟过程中,应用了包含不同振幅的一系列振动边界条件,对其进行模拟,揭示了振动边界条件对其抗低速冲击性能的影响。数值模拟结果表明,在大振幅条件下,无SMA复合材料的抗冲击性能比小振幅条件下弱;在相同振动边界条件下,SMA-玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料与无SMA复合材料相比,其抗低速冲击性能提高。      

Characterising fibre compression fracture toughness of composites using bearing tests

In this paper we propose the use of a bearing test with a coupled experimental–numerical approach to characterise the critical strain energy release rate, or “fracture toughness”, for fibre compression failure in bearing. This property is used in continuum damage mechanics (CDM) approaches for progressive failure analysis of composite laminates. In the proposed approach, experimental results for a standard bearing test are used to calibrate the fracture toughness with a progressive failure analysis using a CDM damage model. The approach is demonstrated for a plain weave carbon/epoxy material using the CDM damage model available in a commercial finite element package (Abaqus). The results indicate that the bearing test method provides a simple and convenient means of quantifying fibre compression fracture toughness. Analysis results applying the characterised value show good comparison with experimental results, and confirm the value of the bearing test as part of a novel material characterisation technique.     

A numerical study on the impact resistance of composite shells using an energy based failure model

This paper presents a numerical study on the impact resistance of composite shells laminates using an energy based failure model. The damage model formulation is based on a methodology that combines stress based, continuum damage mechanics (CDM) and fracture mechanics approaches within a unified procedure by using a smeared cracking formulation. The damage model has been implemented as a user-defined material model in ABAQUS FE code within shell elements. Experimental results obtained from previous works were used to validate the damage model. Finite element models were developed in order to investigate the pressure and curvature effects on the impact response of laminated composite shells.     

三维四向编织复合材料宏观有限元模型冲击损伤仿真及试验验证

三维编织复合材料作为整体编织材料,能够克服层合复合材料层间强度低、易分层的缺陷,相对于金属材料,还具有质量轻、高比刚、高比强度以及良好的抗冲击性能、较高的损伤容限,在汽车、高铁、航海、航空及航天领域中具有广泛应用前景。使用空气炮发射系统开展了钢珠以约210 m/s速度冲击三维四向编织复合材料平板的不同位置试验,基于宏观观察和细观观测,分析了三维编织复合材料在受到钢珠高速冲击下的破坏模式和破坏机制。此外,本文建立了三维四向编织复合材料宏观连续介质损伤（CDM）有限元模型,其中模型计算剩余速度和试验测得剩余速度误差在5%以内,试验和数值模拟的破坏形貌也高度一致,验证了所建立的宏观CDM有限元模型的有效性。     

Simulating damage and delamination in fibre metal laminate joints using a three-dimensional damage model with cohesive elements and damage regularisation

This paper investigates the capability of a three-dimensional finite element model with damaging material behaviour, cohesive elements and damage regularisation to simulate complex damage patterns in fibre metal laminate (FML) joints. The model incorporates a three-dimensional continuum damage mechanics approach for the composite plies, a plasticity model for the aluminium layers, and a delamination model between layers. A nonlocal averaging scheme is implemented to mitigate the mesh sensitivity that occurs with strain-softening material models. Bearing stress-strain responses and variations in stiffness are calculated, and damage progression is described in detail for all plies and interfaces. Microscopy and stress-strain data from a parallel series of experimental tests are presented, and damage and failure phenomena observed in the tests are compared with the model. Generally, good agreement between model and tests was achieved but certain limitations of the numerical model were observed and are discussed. The combined numerical and experimental information provide a detailed understanding of the failure sequence of FML joints.     

Progress in braided composite tube crush simulation

The high Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) of composite tubular structures makes them attractive candidates in energy absorbing structural applications such as front rails in vehicles. To incorporate primary composite components in vehicle structures requires numerical simulation tools that can predict the structural performance of the vehicle under various loading conditions including crashworthiness. In previous studies, axial crush simulations of braided composite tubes tended to generate global buckling, which are inconsistent with the steady crush behavior observed in experiments. It was found that the constitutive models based on the continuum damage mechanics (CDM) framework are inadequate to represent the unloading response of damaged composites. In axial crush experiments, braided composite tubes form multiple continuous crush fronds. Local unloading occurs when material moving out of the crush front becomes part of the crush frond. Improper representation of the material unloading response affects the computed total energy absorption of the structure. To address this issue, an analog model was developed to describe the unloading path of compressively damaged composites. This approach was implemented in CODAM, as a user defined composite CDM model for the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA^®. The improved CODAM model results in a significantly improved prediction of the tube crush.