一段转化炉炉管全寿命周期运行总结

介绍合成氨装置一段转化炉炉管的改造更新情况，从炉管金属组织在不同服役时间的状态、炉管材质、使用过程中可能对炉管寿命产生影响的主要事件、不同有害因素对炉管使用寿命的影响等方面进行了分析探讨，提出了炉管运行调整中应注意的事项。     

石油化工行业用锅炉炉管的剩余寿命预测

锅炉是石油化工生产的重要设备,预测锅炉炉管的剩余寿命,能确保锅炉的高效、稳定、安全运作,提升石油化工生产综合效益.本文在阐述锅炉炉管剩余寿命预测基本观点的基础上,就当前石油化工行业用锅炉炉管剩余生命预测问题展开分析,并构建石油化工行业用锅炉炉管剩余寿命预测模型,估算炉管剩余寿命,期望能进一步提升锅炉炉管剩余寿命的预测精...     

裂解炉炉管弯曲及断裂原因分析

分析计算了裂解炉炉管受力情况，指出裂解炉自身结构的相互约束力和炉管渗碳是导致炉管弯曲、断裂的主要原因，并提出了相应的措施。     

浅析SRT-Ⅳ裂解炉炉管弯曲及断裂原因

主要分析计算了裂解炉炉管受力情况，进而得出结论：裂解炉自身结构的相互约束力和炉管渗碳是导致炉管弯曲、断裂的主要原因，并提出了相应的解决措施。     

转化炉管的新材料及其制造中的质量提高

在化肥生产设备中，转化炉管所占的比重很大。充分利用新材料并提高炉管的制造质量对降低化肥生产成本，增加生产效率至关重要。１　新材料近十多年，可用于生产转化炉管的材料已有许多，特别是出现了许多新的材料，了解材料的发展史并掌握新材料的特点对于应用这些材料有重要意义。１－１　转化炉管材料的发展概述用于制造转化炉管的材料经历了几个重要的时期。早在５０年代，用于制造转化炉管的材料主要为ＨＫ４０。由于采用了离心铸造工艺，可以不受添加强化合金元素的限制，使得该材料成为制造转化炉管比较理想的牌号。但这种材料与今天…     

裂解炉对流段炉管外表面的喷淋清洗技术应用

乙烯装置裂解炉在长期运行后,其对流段炉管外表面积聚了大量的污垢,大大降低了对流段炉管的传热性能.本文详细地介绍了炉管外表面化学清洗技术及应用情况,采用研究的清洗工艺和药剂,可以有效地清除对流段炉管外表面污垢.现场应用效果非常理想:清洗过程中不腐蚀炉管、不损害炉衬,清洗液对环境无污染,清洗后炉管见金属本色、外表基本无污垢;开工后烟气出口温度比清洗前降低16～83℃.     

浅析制氢转化炉炉管失效

在制氢装置停工检修中,发现转化炉炉管有部分炉管发生了失效。通过对失效炉管材料进行成分分析、力学性能分析、金相组织评价以及扫描电镜分析,结果表明:炉管材料成分合格,内壁金相组织基本正常;由于高温作用,外表面存在析出相、氧化层和金相组织转变;材质从内到外,局部区域产生高温蠕变,材质劣化,机械性能大幅度降低。     

开车用加热炉炉管腐蚀分析

对一台开车加热炉炉管的外壁腐蚀失效的原因进行了探讨，认为其外壁主要是发生了高温下的硫化－氧化腐蚀和闲置过程中的硫酸再生循环腐蚀。前者为轻微的均匀腐蚀，对炉管的使用寿命影响不大；而后者则导致炉管外壁形成大量局部腐蚀凹坑，严重影响了炉管的继续使用。     

大型合成氨装置-段转化炉炉管的剩余寿命预测

对在役合成氨一段转化炉炉管进行残余寿命评估。该炉管为第三代新型离心铸造炉管（HPNb），已服役11年，由于工艺操作及其它设备原因出现超温而被更换下来的旧炉管。在该炉管上有代表性的部位按标准取样，进行加速的单轴应力破断实验，即增加应力或温度得到短时的断裂时间和应力、温度之间的关系，利用Larson—Miller参数外推法，再推算出长时的断裂时间和应力、温度之间的关系。以实现对同批在役炉管进行寿命预测的目的，得到了目前炉管最苛刻管段的残余寿命尚有3年时间使用寿命的推论。     

炉内组焊转化管

炉内组焊转化管刘学军（中原石油化工有限责任公司）关键词转化炉炉管炉内组焊转化炉炉管破裂或Ｃ级判废后，通常要更换炉管或封堵上、下猪尾管。更换炉管费用昂贵，而且往往备用炉管数量有限；封堵猪尾管又将降低设备的利用率。为此。笔者针对烧坏炉管而备用炉管不足的...     

Preparation and modification of activated carbon fibres by microwave heating

Thermal treatment of activated carbon fibres (ACF) has been carried out using a microwave device, instead of a conventional furnace. The results show that microwave treatment affects the porosity of the ACFs, causing a reduction in micropore volume and micropore size. More importantly, the results also show that microwave treatment is a very effective method for modifying the surface chemistry of the ACFs with the production of pyrone groups, detected by FTIR. As a result very basic carbons, with points of zero charge approximately equal to 11, are readily obtained.     

玻璃纤维组合炉三维数学模拟

从最基本的流体力学及传热公式出发，结合玻纤组织炉的实际情况，确定了熔融玻璃物性参数和模型边界条件，应用三维数学模型进行求解，提出了组合炉的合理结构。     

Carbon atmosphere effect on Ti3SiC2 based composites made from TiC/Si powders

The effect of carbon activity and CO pressure in the furnace atmosphere is investigated with respect to the phase reactions during heat treatment of TiC/Si powders. Special attention is given to the production and decomposition of Ti₃SiC₂. Samples were heated in graphite and alumina furnaces, connected to a dilatometer which enabled in situ analysis of the phase reactions. The phase compositions of the heat treated samples were determined by X-ray diffraction. The reducing atmosphere of the graphite furnace enhanced the reactivity of the starting powder and enabled phase reactions to take place at a lower temperature than in the alumina furnace. TiSi₂ and SiC phases formed at temperatures below the melting point of Si and were continuously consumed at higher temperatures. Ti₃SiC₂ formed at the melting point of Si regardless of furnace atmosphere. No decomposition of the Ti₃SiC₂ was observed in either furnace.     

中变炉经济运行模式的确立

通过化学反应方程式,应用热力学计算,测定了变换炉各基础数据的理论值,确定了变换炉的经济运行模式;从工艺优化和蒸汽控制两方面,对中变炉实际操作条件进行了讨论。     

Production of β-SiC by pyrolysis of rice husk in gas furnaces

Short fibers and fine particles of β-SiC were obtained by pyrolysis of Colombian rice husk (RH). The synthesis of SiC was carried out in a gas furnace: a mathematical model was developed in order to design and build this equipment and the process was optimized using an experimental design that included variables such as temperature, pyrolysis time, type of catalyst, and process atmosphere. The obtained material was characterized by using FTIR, DRX and SEM for microstructural characterization and EDS technique for chemical analysis.     

Friction performance of C/C composites prepared using rapid directional diffused chemical vapor infiltration processes

A technology used to prepare C/C composites using a rapid directional diffused (RDD) chemical vapor infiltration process has been investigated. General RDD technologies were explored, and optimal parameters were determined. The friction and wear properties of this material were researched. The results showed that in the RDD process, propylene and nitrogen were rapidly and directionally diffused into the carbon preforms enabling carbon deposition to occur from the inside of the preform to the outside. This method prevents the formation of an outer crust on the surface of preforms and facilitates uniformity of densification. With the RDD process no surface machining was required between chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) cycles thereby enabling continuous densification and reducing the CVI cycle times. The optimum processing conditions for RDD CVI were as follows; furnace temperature 950 °C; and furnace pressure 6.7 kPa. The C/C composites produced using RDD CVI processing exhibited good friction performance. Their curves of the brake moment with the velocity are stable under dry conditions, and their wet brake moment is greatly reduced. The average thickness wear is decreased to 9.5×10⁻⁴ mm/surface/stop.     

Structural characteristics and hydration kinetics of modified steel slag

This study investigates the structural characteristics and hydration kinetics of modified basic oxygen furnace steel slag. The basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOFS) was mixed with electric arc furnace steel slag (EAFS) in appropriate ratios and heated again at high temperature in the laboratory. The mineralogical and structural characteristics of both BOFS and modified steel slag (MSS) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. The results show that modification increases alite content in MSS and decreases alite crystal size with the formation of C₆AF₂. One more obvious heat evolution peak appears in MSS's heat-flow rate curves in comparison to BOFS, becoming similar to that of typical Portland cement paste. As a result, its cementitious activity is much improved.     

以软性油脂为原料制硬皂的基础配方

阐述了脂肪酸含量指标影响肥皂性能的基本原理，提出了以软性油脂为原料制硬皂的脂肪酸含量参考指标，演示了基础配方的设计方法并得到了有一定代表性的基础配方，介绍了用软性油脂制备的硬皂产品的质量特点。     

强化传热技术在USC-28U型裂解炉上的应用

综述了裂解炉上扭曲片强化传热技术的基本原理,介绍了扭曲片技术在中石化广州分公司乙烯装置裂解炉上的应用情况,重点阐述了广州分公司USC-28U型裂解炉扭曲片技术的使用现状,通过对扭曲片管与普通裂解炉管进行详细的对比分析,验证扭曲片的实际工业应用效果。     

Making electrofused magnesia-alumina spinel for producing high-grade refractories

Conclusions The basic technical parameters for melting and producing magnesia-alumina spinel in an electric arc furnace OKB-514 were evaluated and specified. A study was made of the properties of certain compositions of spinel, the melting of an experimental batch of spinel, and using this as a basis, high-qualityroof products were made.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 41–45, April, 1972.