空间气冷堆堆芯初步物理特性分析

为满足未来空间探测活动的大功率用电及轻质量载荷需求,以美国、俄罗斯空间气冷反应堆方案为基础,提出一个亚MW级空间气冷堆堆芯初步设计方案,并使用蒙特卡罗程序对该方案进行堆芯物理计算与分析,给出几种典型工况下的堆芯反应性以及中子分布特征。计算结果表明,该设计方案可满足反应堆的安全性要求,能实现紧急停堆,并可保证在堆芯被水淹没等设计基准事故条件下维持反应堆次临界,确保反应堆安全。此外,通过在堆芯局部燃料棒中添加热中子吸收材料,对堆芯径向功率分布进行优化,以展平径向功率分布。     

空间气冷堆堆芯初步物理特性分析

为满足未来空间探测活动的大功率用电及轻质量载荷需求,以美国、俄罗斯空间气冷反应堆方案为基础,提出一个亚MW级空间气冷堆堆芯初步设计方案,并使用蒙特卡罗程序对该方案进行堆芯物理计算与分析,给出几种典型工况下的堆芯反应性以及中子分布特征。计算结果表明,该设计方案可满足反应堆的安全性要求,能实现紧急停堆,并可保证在堆芯被水淹没等设计基准事故条件下维持反应堆次临界,确保反应堆安全。此外,通过在堆芯局部燃料棒中添加热中子吸收材料,对堆芯径向功率分布进行优化,以展平径向功率分布。     

径向倒料式长寿期钠冷快堆方案研究

提出了一种长寿期钠冷快堆的堆芯换料设计。基于增殖焚烧的燃耗策略,通过定期径向倒料,堆芯在不换料的情况下能够维持较长时间的临界,进而实现反应堆的长寿期设计。在本次方案设计中,采用一次通过的燃料循环方式,以U-Zr合金作为燃料材料,有利于防止核扩散;采用非均匀的布料方案,有利于内增殖组件的增殖以及展平堆芯功率分布;采用内收敛的径向倒料方式,有利于增殖组件的增殖与焚烧,提高堆芯寿期。初步计算结果表明,这种倒料策略是可行的。反应堆可以通过堆内倒料,实现38年不换料的运行,并且卸出的增殖组件可以用作下一个新堆芯的驱动组件,使新堆芯达到临界。堆芯关键参数都在现有长寿期快堆概念设计的可接受范围内。     

YBW临界装置技术改造后的首次临界试验和零功率物理试验

报告了技术改造后的YBW临界装置首次临界试验和零功率物理试验及试验结果。试验表明:技术改造后,YBW临界装置的系统和设备能正常执行其功能,保护系统和堆芯反应性控制系统等符合设计要求,反应堆能够安全地正常运行。该装置可以用于开展反应堆物理实验研究。     

SOP堆芯次临界状态监测问题研究

对事故后一些物理现象下的堆外中间量程测量通道IRC(Intermediate Range Channel)的响应进行了分析,包括停堆后(N-1)组控制棒组件下落、反应堆水池淹没、堆芯空泡份额或堆芯裸露等。分析发现,事故工况下IRC的响应并不一定反映堆芯次临界度的变化。从状态导向事故运行程序SOP(State Oriented Procedure)堆芯次临界度监测的目的出发,对SOP中堆芯次临界度监测阈值的选取和一回路状态功能监测优先级的确定给出了建议。     

超小型安全反应堆——“4S”堆

【日本《能源》2000年10月刊报道】 所谓“4S” (Super Safe Small and Simple)堆就是高安全性、超小型和完全简化的反应堆。该反应堆的特点和优点是:①紧急状态下的彻底停堆;②不需要运行操纵人员;③毋需换料;④设备简化。 一般情况下,细小的堆芯不能达到临界。但若用环状反射层以带状将堆芯部分围起来,以防止中子向周围泄漏,这样就最终可使其达到临界;再将此反射环依次渐渐向堆芯上部没有被围起来的部分移动,就可保持堆芯燃料常年处于临界。由于该种反应堆使用传热性能优良的金属燃料,所以即使是满功率运行,燃料温度也较低,这样因功率上…     

中国铅基研究反应堆概念设计研究

针对加速器驱动次临界系统预研装置和第四代铅冷快堆的技术发展目标和实验要求,完成了具有临界和加速器驱动次临界双模式运行能力的10 MW中国铅基研究堆CLEAR-Ⅰ概念设计。CLEAR-Ⅰ采用铅铋合金冷却,利用相对成熟的燃料和材料技术,通过全堆芯遥操自动更换燃料组件实现不同的实验目标,反应堆具有良好的现实可行性、安全可靠性、实验灵活性和技术延续性。本文简要介绍了CLEAR-Ⅰ概念设计参考方案,并总结了反应堆的安全特性和技术研发进展。     

小型轻量化铅铋反应堆燃料组件几何结构研究

燃料组件的几何结构和栅格参数显著影响铅铋反应堆的物理/热工特性,采用不同几何结构燃料组件的堆芯在相同换料周期、热工限值约束下的临界尺寸、燃料装载量存在差异。本文开展小型轻量化铅铋反应堆的燃料组件几何结构研究,通过建立铅铋反应堆堆芯模型,选取棒束型、环形、蜂窝煤型燃料组件方案,比较分析了3种方案在堆芯尺寸、燃料装载量、冷却剂流通面积、包壳和气隙体积相同和在换料周期为10 a、稳态热工安全裕量基本一致条件下堆芯的燃耗特性、反应性系数、稳态热工特性参数。结果表明：相比于棒束型与环形燃料组件,蜂窝煤型燃料组件良好的稳态热工特性与较硬的中子能谱,采用蜂窝煤型燃料组件的堆芯可以实现更小的堆芯尺寸及燃料装载量,具备显著的膨胀负反馈,同时能够有效展平功率分布和降低堆芯压降,是有利于铅铋反应堆小型化及轻量化的燃料组件方案。     

中子活化法标定反应堆临界装置相对功率

介绍了利用中子活化法标定临界装置相对功率的方法。该方法可以标定临界装置的运行功率限值,并利用实验结果对MCNP程序的计算结果作校核分析,推测出最大功率以下任一功率指示值所对应的临界堆芯内平均绝对中子通量密度,对反应堆安全运行有重要意义。     

AP1000堆芯仿真计算建模与精度分析

针对核电厂AP1000堆芯描述,建立由组件计算、截面拟合处理计算模型,并得到组件少群常数;采用两群三维,实时中子动力学仿真模型,选取11组衰变功率计算堆芯衰变功率的三维变化,同时为了准确计算反应堆的"中毒"变化,三维空间上考虑氙、钐以及先驱核碘、钜元素浓度的影响特性,建立针对AP1000堆芯实时仿真计算模型,并准确计算反应堆的"中毒"和氙振荡现象,为验证模型建立的正确性与堆芯实时仿真程序SimCore的精准性,对堆芯临界硼浓度、堆芯温度、控制棒价值进行计算,同时选取汽机停机不停堆、反应堆满功率跳堆运行,反应堆正常停堆运行及控制棒落棒、弹棒事故响应等不同测试工况,对结果进行验证及分析。结果表明:建立的三维堆芯实时仿真程序模具有较好的精准性,可以用于全范围模拟机堆芯计算,并广泛应用于核电厂堆芯物理仿真。     

基于混合自适应遗传退火算法的AHTR堆芯优化研究

板状先进高温堆（AHTR）的预设计采用均一富集度的燃料组件,导致功率峰因子（PPF）过大,总PPF高达2.09,一定程度制约了反应堆的安全性与经济性。文章采用富集度分区法对其进行改进优化,为了加快堆芯燃料最优化布置的搜索速度,设计了一种自适应的混合智能算法,该算法整个优化过程均基于一个用MATLAB语言编辑的程序自动完成,优化后的径向功率峰因子降低至1.122,相比原设计降低25.02%。温度场模拟结果表明,优化方案温度分布更均匀,峰值温度从1030 K降低至1010 K,有效地提高了堆芯的安全裕量。      

基于中子平衡研究增殖燃料实现CANDLE模式的最优配置

寿期内中子通量、核素浓度和功率分布的轴向形状均保持恒定(Constant Axial shape of Neutron flux,nuclide densities and power shape During Life of Energy produced,CANDLE)是实现原位增殖-焚烧(Breed-and-Burn,BB)模式的一种燃耗策略。CANDLE堆经易裂变燃料或外中子源进行点火,启动后由增殖燃料的燃烧实现自稳运行。若要CANDLE堆自稳运行于k_(eff)=1,必须对堆芯几何及燃料体积分数进行配置优化。最优配置方案可通过蒙特卡罗方法模拟CANDLE堆芯,根据有效增殖因子筛选得出。但该方法需耗费大量的计算时间,若采用1D模型近似模拟,并结合中子平衡方法进行分析,便可大幅节约计算时间,获得具有指导性意义的结果。本文将论证该方法的可行性,并应用该方法估算钠冷贫铀CANDLE堆半径在100 400 cm、燃料体积分数在35%60%变化时的最优配置。     

Nonlinear analysis of nuclear coupled density wave instability in time domain for a boiling water reactor core undergoing core-wide and regional modes of oscillations

The objective of the paper is to develop a nuclear coupled thermal-hydraulic model in order to simulate core-wide (in-phase) and regional (out-of-phase) stability analysis in time domain within the limitation of desktop research facility for a boiling water reactor subjected to operational transients. The integrated numerical tool, which is a combination of thermal-hydraulic, neutronic and fuel heat conduction models, is used to analyze a complete boiling water reactor core taking into account the strong nonlinear coupling between the core neutron dynamics and primary circuit thermal-hydraulics via the void-temperature reactivity feedback effects. The integrated model is validated against standard benchmark and published results. Finally, the model is used for various parametric studies and a number of numerical simulations are carried out to investigate core-wide and regional instabilities of the boiling water reactor core with and without the neutronic feedback effects. Results show that the inclusion of neutronic feedback effects has an adverse effect on boiling water reactor core by augmenting the instability at lower power for same inlet subcooling during core-wide mode of oscillations, whereas the instability is being suppressed during regional mode of oscillations in presence of the neutronic feedback. Dominance of core-wide instability over regional mode of oscillations is established for the present case of simulations which indicates that the preclusion of the former will automatically prevent the latter at the existing working condition.     

混合能谱超临界水堆堆芯设计分析

提出了一种新型的超临界水堆概念设计:混合能谱超临界水堆,它包括慢谱区和快谱区两部分.其慢谱区燃料组件采用双排燃料组件,快谱区采用简单的正方形栅元燃料组件.慢谱区与快谱区的燃料组件都采用同向流动方式来简化堆芯设计.慢谱区的冷却剂出口温度远低于整个堆芯的出口温度,这大大降低了慢谱区包壳的温度峰值.此外,由于快谱区冷却剂密度很小,流速很高,故可采用较大的栅元结构,这有效地降低了包壳周向局部传热不均匀性.所以混合堆在充分继承慢谱、快谱堆芯优点的基础上,弥补两者的不足.     

快堆堆芯蒙特卡罗计算模型几何优化问题研究

蒙特卡罗建模的几何精细程度问题是计算效率与准确度的平衡问题。反应堆堆芯完全精细化模型的建模难度大,计算效率低,凭经验的均匀化会引入大量计算偏差。本文基于特征值求差法评估了中国实验快堆堆芯具体几何结构的简化对keff的影响,建立了综合优化模型。计算结果表明,优化模型在保证计算准确度的前提下可大幅提高计算效率。优化模型的具体几何处理方式与详细验证结果为堆芯设计、实验模拟等蒙特卡罗计算量较大的工作提供了借鉴,为蒙特卡罗程序开发、蒙特卡罗理论研究提供了参考。     

Implementation of the batch composition preserving genetic algorithm for burn up extension of a typical PWR

Nuclear reactor core is the heart of a power plant producing power from fissile fuel fission. Refueling is needed periodically when it becomes impossible to maintain the reactor operating at nominal power as a result of fuel burn up. In PWR core reloading, attention is drawn to the configuration that meets safety requirements and minimizes energy cost. This paper focuses on finding the best core configuration for a typical two-loop, 300 MWe PWR satisfying the objectives of power peaking factor minimization to enhance safety of the reactor and maximization of multiplication factor to increase fuel burn up. Multi-objective optimization of the first core has been accomplished by implementing the batch composition preserving genetic algorithms (GA). Neutronic calculations and burn up analysis of the optimized loading patterns have been carried out using available reactor physics codes. It is found from this study that burn up of the optimized core has been extended by 48 effective full power days (EFPD's) while satisfying safety criterion by keeping power peaking factor below the reference value.     

双环路压水堆非对称入口条件下物理-热工特性研究

双环路压水堆存在反应堆入口流量、温度不对称的非正常运行工况。本文建立了基于CFD方法的反应堆整体三维流场模型,并耦合中子动力学计算程序和RELAP5程序,对这种非对称入口条件下的反应堆物理-热工特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明：反应堆入口流量不对称会加剧堆芯入口流量分配的不均匀性,并进一步导致局部功率变化,对反应堆安全不利;在入口温度不对称的条件下,冷却剂在下腔室的混合非常不充分,并导致堆芯入口温度分布不均匀,引起局部功率变化较大,对反应堆安全不利。     

中压安注对RRA连接模式下严重事故进程影响分析

针对中国改进型百万千瓦级压水堆（CPR1000）核电机组在中间停堆反应堆余热排出系统（RRA）连接模式下失去高低压安注和喷淋的冷却剂丧失事故（LOCA）,采用MAAP5程序对参考机组的反应堆堆芯、反应堆冷却剂系统以及安全壳系统进行模拟计算,同时结合计算结果分析中压安注系统对该严重事故序列进程的影响,并研究其对事故的缓解作用。分析结果表明,在RRA连接模式下出现LOCA导致的堆芯裸露和升温过程中,中压安注的及时注入能有效地限制堆芯的升温行为,并可对严重事故进程起到重要的缓解作用,甚至为事故工况下失去高低压安注和喷淋时避免堆芯完整性遭到破坏提供可能。最后,根据分析结果针对现行核电机组的运行规程提出改进建议:对于中压安注箱的行政隔离行为,只对其电气开关做相应的隔离操作,而对安全壳厂房内的阀门就地部分做挂牌警示,不做现场挂锁的操作,这样不仅可避免在正常运行工况下中压安注箱误注入行为的发生,同时能够在RRA连接模式下发生LOCA时有效地保障堆芯的完整性,在保证电厂正常安全运行的同时,提高了机组在该模式下发生严重事故的缓解能力。      

Optimization of Refueling Scheme of Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Core Using Heuristic Enumeration Method

Abstract

Basic considerations are discussed in the area of LMFBR refueling optimization. The procedure of search for the optimum refueling scheme is based on a systematic enumeration algorithm embodying the heuristic rule “Elimination of Hopeless End States (EHES)”. The optimization procedure thus developed reveals the global characteristics of the refueling scheme, on the basis of a macroscopic regression model which describes the burnup-dependent core performance.

Sample numerical results are obtained on problems of optimizing the refueling scheme for the 4-zone zone-loaded and 2-zone scatter-loaded cores of a typical sodium cooled mixed-oxide fueled fast power reactor. Case studies are conducted on the effect of change in the elimination factor adopted in applying the EHES, in the upper or lower boundaries of constraints, in the performance criterion, and in various parameters governing the mode of reactor operation such as the duration of one cycle period. The study has revealed several notable characteristics particular to LMFBR core refueling, such as the common trait of optimized refueling schemes for 2-region cores of repeated identical refueling patterns, and incompatibility between radial power flattening and sustained useful life for the core.     

Robust nonlinear control for nuclear reactors using sliding mode observer to estimate the xenon concentration

This paper presents findings on the sliding mode controller for a nuclear reactor. One of the important operations in nuclear power plants is load following. In this paper, a sliding mode control system, which is a robust nonlinear controller, is designed to control the pressurizedwater reactor power. The reactor core is simulated based on the point kinetics equations and six delayed neutron groups. Considering neutron absorber poisons and regarding the limitations of the xenon concentration measurement, a sliding mode observer is designed to estimate its value, and finally, a sliding mode control based on the sliding mode observer is presented to control the core power of reactor. The stability analysis is given by means Lyapunov approach; thus, the control system is guaranteed to be stable within a large range. The employed method is easy to implement in practical applications, and moreover,the sliding mode control exhibits the desired dynamic properties during the entire output-tracking process independent of perturbations. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed observerbased controller in terms of performance, robustness and stability.