PVA纤维增强快硬硫铝酸盐水泥基ECC材料性能的研究

针对快硬硫铝酸盐水泥基快速修补材料易开裂的问题,为了提高其韧性,增强其抗裂能力,设计并制备了PVA纤维快硬硫铝酸盐水泥基ECC材料(CSA-ECC),开展了PVA纤维不同体积掺量下CSA-ECC材料的工作性,抗压、抗折强度,单轴拉伸性能及弯曲韧性的试验研究,通过SEM观察分析了PVA纤维在CSA-ECC材料中的作用机理.研究结果表明:CSA-ECC材料浆体的流动度随纤维体积掺量的增多而降低,在掺量为2％时会出现结团现象;当纤维体积掺量高于1％时,抗压强度会出现略微下降;抗折强度随纤维体积掺量的增多而增大,纤维掺量为2％时,抗折强度可提高333％;当纤维体积掺量大于1.5％后材料在单轴拉伸下呈多缝开裂的破坏形式,在弯曲荷载作用下表现出良好的韧性特征和变形能力.     

无表面修饰PVA纤维增强高韧应变硬化水泥基复合材料的性能研究

制备高韧应变硬化水泥基复合材料(SHCC)通常用经表面涂油处理的聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维.本文通过利用无表面修饰的PVA纤维及高掺粉煤灰,制得高韧SHCC.通过控制粉煤灰掺量,利用减水剂调节水胶比,实现对基体强度的控制,得到有利于制备SHCC的基体.弯曲和直接拉伸试验结果表明,由无表面修饰PVA纤维增强的水泥基复合材料呈现多缝开裂和应变硬化特征,具有优良韧度和延展性.纤维增韧作用主要体现在挠度硬化阶段,但对于强度较低的SHCC而言,挠度软化阶段中也呈现较明显的纤维增韧作用.高掺粉煤灰时,无表面修饰PVA纤维增强的SHCC所呈现出的直接拉伸极限应变达3％以上,与经表面涂油PVA纤维增强的SHCC相当.     

SHCC增强混凝土叠合梁弯曲性能及韧性分析

应变硬化水泥基复合材料(SHCC)具备优越的拉伸性能与裂缝控制能力,用以提高混凝土材料韧性且以无害化裂缝应对结构变形,将是合理利用SHCC材料、提高加固补强有效性的重要手段.通过四点弯曲试验对不同SHCC层厚增强混凝土叠合梁开裂模式、承载变形能力进行系统分析,并结合JSCE-SF4方法与PCSm方法对不同SHCC层厚叠合梁进行韧性分析.结果表明,SHCC层起到有效约束与分散裂缝作用,随着SHCC层厚度的增加,裂缝的产生与发展模式发生变化.叠合梁试件荷载-挠度曲线均表现出典型弯曲应变硬化特征,承载力与变形随着SHCC层厚的加大均得到大幅度提高.叠合梁韧性随SHCC层厚增大而提高,但SHCC层厚达到37.5％梁高后增长缓慢.     

超高韧性水泥基复合材料弯曲韧性研究

为研究超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)的弯曲韧性,开展了薄板试件四点弯曲加载试验,结合对试件弯拉荷载和跨中挠度的分析,探究了纤维体积掺量、粉煤灰掺量、水胶比三因素对UHTCC弯曲韧性的影响规律,分析了韧性指数IU与极限跨中挠度的变化规律.结果 表明,纤维掺量越大,材料弯曲韧性越好;粉煤灰掺量在F/C为1.2时各阶段韧性指数最大,表明粉煤灰掺量对UHTCC弯曲韧性的影响存在一个最佳值;水胶比为0.24、0.28时韧性指数未达到I50,且水胶比为0.26时峰值荷载对应的韧性指数IU最大,表明过大或过小水胶比都会降低UHTCC持续耗能的能力;在不同因素影响下,峰值荷载所对应的韧性指数IU与极限跨中挠度具有良好的相关性,且峰值荷载处于应变硬化阶段末期,几乎包括荷载-挠度曲线的全部,使用IU能够较好地反映UHTCC的能量吸收能力.     

ECC的材料组成与性能关系分析

通过设计10组配合比研究了不同PVA纤维掺量、水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)强度(压缩、拉伸和弯曲)和韧性性能的影响,并进行了材料组成与性能关系分析.其中使用四点弯曲薄板来研究ECC的弯曲韧性,使用ASTM-C1018和DBV中提出的韧性指标来量化ECC的韧性特征.结果表明:ECC的抗压强度主要取决于粉煤灰置换率和水胶比,而抗拉强度和弯曲强度则主要依赖于PVA纤维体积掺量,且纤维掺量控制ECC的应变硬化和软化行为.虽然PVA纤维掺量的提高可以略微提高ECC的弹性模量,但主要还是受粉煤灰掺量控制.     

粉煤灰对PVA纤维/水泥基体界面作用及复合材料拉伸性能的影响

本文研究了粉煤灰掺量对基体强度、聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维/水泥基体间界面作用以及无表面修饰PVA纤维应变硬化水泥基复合材料(SHCC)拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,基体的28 d抗压强度在18~93 MPa内呈下降趋势。单轴拉伸试验结果表明,掺入20%(质量分数,下同)和50%粉煤灰对SHCC的影响不明显,随着粉煤灰掺量增至67%和80%,SHCC的多微缝开裂和应变硬化特征呈增强趋势,极限应变值也相应增大,最高达7.2%,并且具有轻质特性。单纤维拔出试验结果显示,高掺量粉煤灰不仅可以降低PVA纤维与基体间的化学黏结作用,还能减弱界面摩擦作用,从而有效抑制了PVA纤维在拔出过程中出现过早断裂,显著提高了无表面修饰PVA纤维SHCC的延展性。     

纤维对再生砖混ECC力学性能及微观结构的影响

为促进不同粒径再生砖混骨料的多元化利用，本试验采用再生砖混细骨料完全代替石英砂，采用不同掺量聚丙烯纤维制备再生砖混工程水泥基复合材料(ECC),研究其受力破坏特征、强度影响机理及微观结构对力学性能的影响。结果表明：未掺纤维的再生砖混ECC的失效模式为脆性破坏，而掺纤维的再生砖混ECC受拉时具有明显的应变硬化特征，随着纤维掺量的增加，其抗折强度、极限抗拉强度和极限拉应变持续增大，抗压强度呈先增大后减小趋势，表现出良好的延性和韧性破坏特征；再生砖混ECC的孔隙率在11.28%～13.68%,通过SEM观察，发现纤维与再生砖混ECC黏结性能较好，纤维破坏模式主要为拔出和拉断破坏，开裂后应变硬化拉伸幅度和拉伸强度低于普通ECC混凝土；新旧浆体界面黏结性能相对薄弱，破坏时微裂缝容易在界面过渡区产生和发展。     

高强度高韧性氯氧镁水泥基胶凝材料制备

为制备性能优越的氯氧镁水泥基胶凝材料,通过试验研究了粉煤灰、磷酸、有机硅防水剂和硫酸铝对氯氧镁水泥强度和耐水性的影响,在此基础上通过灰关联熵分析了聚丙烯纤维和陶瓷对强度和韧性的影响.试验结果显示,粉煤灰能明显改善强度和耐水性,当其掺量超过25％时,改善效果不明显;磷酸虽能改善耐水性,但当其掺量大于1％时会使强度降低,因此其最佳掺量为1％;有机硅防水剂虽能改善耐水性,但使抗压强度大幅降低,建议氯氧镁水泥中不应添加有机硅防水剂;硫酸铝能同时改善强度和耐水性,综合考虑其最佳掺量为2％.影响抗压强度最主要的因素为5～10 mm陶瓷,而影响抗折强度和折压比的最主要因素为长纤维,当短纤维、长纤维、0～5 mm陶瓷和5～10 mm陶瓷摻量分别为0.8、0.8、0.8和0.4时,氯氧镁水泥在具有最佳韧性的同时有较高的抗压强度.     

混杂纤维应变硬化水泥基复合材料(SHCC)研究进展

应变硬化水泥基复合材料(SHCC)是近20年发展起来的一种新型纤维增强水泥基复合材料,而混杂纤维SHCC通过调节不同纤维的比例关系,可便捷的获得满足工程需要的强度、变形、动态力学性能或经济性等要求.本文对混杂纤维SHCC的临界纤维掺量理论、准静态力学性能试验研究、动态力学性能试验研究进行了综述,最后就混杂纤维SHCC的研究存在的不足和发展方向进行了评述和展望.     

混杂纤维增强应变硬化水泥基复合材料(HyFRSHCC)的力学性能

为提高高性能纤维增强水泥基复合材料的性价比,设计了一种由聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维、钢纤维以及碳酸钙晶须作为增强材料,水泥砂浆作为基体的混杂纤维增强应变硬化水泥基复合材料(HyFRSHCC).通过单轴压缩试验和四点弯曲试验对这种HyFRSHCC的抗压和抗弯性能进行了研究.结果表明HyFRSHCC的抗压强度高于基体材料,且在破坏时能保持良好的整体性;在弯曲荷载作用下表现出显著的应变硬化特征及多缝开裂行为,具有较高的能量吸收能力与变形能力.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的观察结果表明碳酸钙晶须在材料破坏过程中限制了微裂缝的发展,而PVA纤维与钢纤维实现了对宏观裂缝的控制.通过引入碳酸钙晶须和钢纤维可以适量代替价格较高的PVA纤维,降低纤维增强应变硬化水泥基复合材料的成本.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。