Microstructure,electrical and humidity sensing properties of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/polyaniline nanocomposite films prepared by sol–gel spin coating technique

High sensitive resistive type humidity sensor based titanium oxide/polyaniline (TiO₂/PANI) nanocomposite thin films prepared by a sol–gel spin coating technique on an alumina substrate. The resultant nanocomposites were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Vis absorbance and energy dispersive spectra analysis. In the XRD patterns of both pure and TiO₂/PANI composite confirms the deposition of PANI on TiO₂ and the average size of the composite particle was found to be 32 nm. Large number of nano grain surface being covered by PANI, which agrees very well with the results obtained by XRD studies. FTIR and UV–Vis spectra reveal that the PANI component undergoes an electronic structure modification as a result of the TiO₂ and PANI interaction. The room temperature resistivity was found to be for TiO₂ and TiO₂/PANI nanocomposite films 1.42?×?10⁶ and 2.56?×?10³ Ω cm respectively. The obtained TiO₂/PANI nanocomposites sensor exhibited higher humidity sensing performance such as high sensitivity, fast response (20 s) and recovery time (15 s) and high stability.     

PANI/TiO2 nanocomposite‐based chemiresistive gas sensor for the detection of E. Coli bacteria

In the modern pace of the world, food safety is a major concern. In this work, a simple chemiresistive type gas sensor was fabricated to detect Escherichia Coli (E. coli) bacteria. Polyaniline (PANI) films were deposited on the indium tin oxide substrate by an electrochemical deposition method. TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesised by facile hydrothermal method. PANI films were modified using hydrothermally prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles by a spin coating method. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet– visible spectrophotometer techniques were used to characterise the PANI/TiO₂ nanocomposites. The peaks obtained in the XRD pattern confirmed the anatase phase of TiO₂ nanoparticles. FESEM analysis showed the nanofibrous structure of the nanocomposite. The FTIR characteristic peaks confirmed the formation of the nanocomposite. The electrical resistance of the sensors was evaluated as a function of the bacterial concentration. The PT2 (TiO₂ coated 5 times on PANI) in comparison with PT1 (TiO₂ coated 3 times on PANI) exhibited good sensitivity to the gas molecules at room temperature. The p‐n junction at PANI/TiO₂ interface improved the physical adsorption of gas molecules. Since no specific antibodies or receptors are used, the sensor has the potential for adaptation to real‐life applications. Thus low cost, real‐time, portable, reusable and sensitive bacteria sensors were fabricated and tested.Inspec keywords: conducting polymers, nanoparticles, nanocomposites, visible spectra, ultraviolet spectra, microorganisms, nanosensors, adsorption, gas sensors, nanofabrication, nanofibres, X‐ray diffraction, titanium compounds, spin coating, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, polymer films, electrodeposition, electrical resistivity, wide band gap semiconductors, biological techniques, nanobiotechnologyOther keywords: simple chemiresistive type gas sensor, polyaniline films, indium tin oxide substrate, electrochemical deposition method, TiO₂ nanoparticles, facile hydrothermal method, PANI films, spin coating method, gas molecules, portable bacteria sensors, reusable bacteria sensors, sensitive bacteria sensors, PANI‐TiO₂ nanocomposite‐based chemiresistive gas sensor, Escherichia Coli bacteria detection, X‐ray diffraction, XRD, field emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM, Fourier transform infrared spectra, FTIR spectra, ultraviolet‐visible spectra, anatase phase, nanofibrous structure, electrical resistance, bacterial concentration, p‐n junction, physical adsorption, temperature 293.0 K to 298.0 K, TiO₂ , ITO     

Ag/TiO2/bentonite nanocomposite for biological applications: Synthesis,characterization, antibacterial and cytotoxic investigations

Bentonite (bent) clay supported silver (Ag)/titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanocomposite material was green synthesized by facile thermal decomposition method in the absence of reducing and precipitating agents. The samples were characterized by XRD, BET, HR-SEM with EDX mapping, TEM with SAED patterns, XPS, PSA, FT-IR, and UV–Vis DRS. XRD and EDX spectra showed peaks of Ag and TiO₂, confirming the formation of the Ag/TiO₂ nanoparticles in the composite. TEM revealed the uniform distribution of Ag/TiO₂ nanoparticles cluster on the surface of the bent with an average size of ～5 to 50 nm. The antibacterial activities of Na-bent, Ag, TiO₂, and Ag/TiO₂/bent nanocomposite samples were tested against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria by the well diffusion method. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of Ag/TiO₂/bent nanocomposite material was determined by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Also, the succinate-dehydrogenase release showed the nontoxic nature of the nanocomposite at low concentrations. The cytotoxicity results of samples were evaluated using human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK 293) and have given excellent biocompatibility and cell proliferation in the in vitro studies.     

Preparation and hydrophilicity of TiO2 sol-gel derived nanocomposite films modified with copper loaded TiO2 nanoparticles

In this study, TiO₂ nanocomposite films with 10 g/L of TiO₂ and copper loaded TiO₂ nanoparticles as nanofillers were deposited on the glass substrates using the sol gel dip-coating method. FE-SEM and UV-vis spectrophotometer were used to evaluate morphological and optical properties of copper loaded titania nanoparticles. In addition, XPS and water contact angle techniques were used to study the surface properties and superhydrophilicity of titania nanocomposite films, respectively. The results indicated that copper loaded TiO₂ nanoparticles had a significant effect on the hydrophilicity of nanocomposite film and maintaining it in a dark place for a long time (6.2 degree for titania nanocomposite films with copper loaded nanoparticle and 23.7 degree for nanocomposite film with titania nanoparticles).     

Synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotube/silica nanoparticle/polystyrene microsphere/polyaniline based hybrids for EMI shielding application

Novel polystyrene microsphere (PSMS)-based PSMS/Si and polystyrene/silica nanoparticle/multi-walled carbon nanotube (PS/Si/MWCNT) nanocomposite has been prepared using in situ sol-gel and chemical amalgamation methods. Aniline monomer was introduced by in situ route to form PSMS/PANI, PSMS/PANI/Si and PSMS/PANI/Si/MWCNT nanocomposite. FESEM of nanocomposite indicated core-shell spherical and tubular morphology. Glass transition temperature (T_g) and maximum decomposition temperature (T_max) of PSMS/PANI/Si/MWCNT nanocomposite were found as 295°C and 524°C, respectively, which were higher than the PSMS/PANI (T_g = 245°C; T_max = 387°C) and PSMS/PANI/Si (T_g = 257°C; T_max = 388°C) nanocomposite. For nanocomposite dispersion, tetrahydrofuran was studied as fine solvent. XRD depicted amorphous nature of PSMS/Si and PSMS/PANI/Si; however MWCNT reduced amorphous character of PSMS/PANI/Si/MWCNT. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness improved from 0.1 dB (PSMS) to 12.3 dB (PSMS/PANI/Si) to 24.5 dB (PSMS/PANI/Si/MWCNT). The increase in EMI shielding effectiveness was also observed with variation in log of conductivity from ?14 mho m^?1 (PSMA) to 1.17 mho m^?1 (PSMS/PANI/Si/MWCNT).     

Rapid synthesis, characterization and optical properties of TiO2 coated ZnO nanocomposite particles by a novel microwave irradiation method

A novel and rapid microwave method was used to prepare TiO₂ coated ZnO nanocomposite particles. The resulted particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results show that ZnO nanoparticles were coated with 6-10 nm amorphous TiO₂ layers. In addition, zeta potential analysis demonstrated the presence of TiO₂ layer on the surface of ZnO nanoparticles. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy were used to investigate the optical properties of the nanoparticles. Compared to uncoated ZnO nanoparticles, the TiO₂ coated ZnO nanoparticles showed enhanced UV emission. The UV-visible diffuse reflectance study revealed the significant UV shielding characteristics of the nanocomposite particles. Moreover, amorphous TiO₂ coating effectively reduced the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles as evidenced by the photodegradation of Orange G with uncoated and TiO₂ coated ZnO nanoparticles under UV radiation.     

Titanium dioxide–cellulose hybrid nanocomposite and its glucose biosensor application

This paper investigates the fabrication of titanium dioxide (TiO₂)–cellulose hybrid nanocomposite and its possibility for a conductometric glucose biosensor. TiO₂ nanoparticles were blended with cellulose solution prepared by dissolving cotton pulp with lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide solvent to fabricate TiO₂–cellulose hybrid nanocomposite. The enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized into this hybrid nanocomposite by physical adsorption method. The successful immobilization of glucose oxidase into TiO₂–cellulose hybrid nanocomposite via covalent bonding between TiO₂ and GOx was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron analysis. The linear response of the glucose biosensor is obtained in the range of 1–10 mM. This study demonstrates that TiO₂–cellulose hybrid nanocomposite can be a potential candidate for an inexpensive, flexible and disposable glucose biosensor.     

Preparation and characterization of polyaniline/cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanocomposite via in situ polymerization

Crystalline ceria (CeO₂) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by a microwave-assisted solution method. Polyaniline (PANI)/cerium dioxide (CeO₂) nanocomposite was synthesized by in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of CeO₂ nanoparticles. Characterization of CeO₂ and PANI/CeO₂ nanomaterials are carried out using various studies such as powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectral and UV–Vis absorption spectral analyses, scanning electron microscopic and high-resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTEM) studies and thermal analysis. The HRTEM of the images indicate that the CeO₂ nanoparticles were embedded in the PANI matrix forming the core–shell structure.     

Structural and magnetic properties of nanocomposites based on nanostructured polyaniline and titania nanotubes

Nanocomposites consisting of self-assembled polyaniline (PANI) nanostructures and titania nanotubes (TiO₂-NT) were synthesized by the oxidative polymerization of aniline with ammonium peroxydisulfate in an aqueous dispersion of TiO₂-NT (outer diameter ~10 nm), without added acid. The influence of initial mole ratio of aniline to TiO₂ (80, 20, and 5) on the morphology, electrical conductivity, molecular structure, crystallinity, and magnetic properties of synthesized PANI/TiO₂ nanocomposites was studied. Transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction proved that the shape and structure of TiO₂-NT in the final nanocomposites were preserved. The shape of PANI nanostructures formed in the nanocomposites was influenced by the initial aniline/TiO₂-NT mole ratio. Nanotubes and nanorods are predominant PANI nanostructures in the nanocomposite prepared with the highest aniline/TiO₂ mol ratio of 80. The decrease of aniline/TiO₂ molar ratio induced more pronounced formation of nanorod network. The electrical conductivity of PANI/TiO₂ nanocomposites was in the range (1.3–2.4) × 10^?3 S cm^?1. The nanocomposites exhibit weak ferromagnetic behavior. Approximately order of magnitude lower values of coercive field and remanent magnetization were obtained for nanocomposite samples in comparison to pure PANI.     

In situ generation of Ag nanoparticles on polyester fabrics by photoreduction using TiO2 nanoparticles

This study discusses the possibility of in situ generation of Ag nanoparticles on polyester fabric by photoreduction of Ag⁺ ions with deposited TiO₂ nanoparticles in the presence of amino acid alanine and methyl alcohol. The presence of TiO₂/Ag nanoparticles on the polyester fiber surface was confirmed by XRD, XPS, and SEM analyses. Such nanocomposite textile material provides excellent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacterium E. coli, Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus, and fungus C. albicans. Maximum microbial reduction was preserved even after ten washing cycles. In spite of satisfactory laundering durability, the release of silver occurred during washing. The leaching of silver was also present when the fabrics were exposed to artificial sweat at pH 5.5 and pH 8.0 for 24 h. In addition to excellent antimicrobial properties, TiO₂/Ag nanoparticles imparted maximum UV protection to polyester fabrics.     

Preparation and microwave absorption properties of polyaniline/Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanocomposite in 2–18 GHz

The polyaniline/Mn_0.8Zn_0.2Fe₂O₄(PANI/MZF) nanocomposite was prepared by an in situ polymerization method. The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and vibrating sample magnetometer. The complex permittivity and complex permeability for the nanocomposites were measured by wave-guide method with vector network analyzer in 2.0–18.0 GHz. The reflection losses (R _L ) of the nanocomposites were investigated according to the wave transmission theory. The results showed the maximum reflection loss of the PANI/MZF nanocomposite was about ?20.6 dB at 14.4 GHz with a bandwidth of 5.6 GHz. In conclusion, a wider absorption frequency range could be obtained by adding polyaniline contain in the MZF ferrite. The PANI/MZF nanocomposite is a good microwave shielding and absorbing materials at higher frequency.     

Urchin-like core-shell TiO2/α-MnO2 nanostructures as an active catalyst for rechargeable lithium-oxygen battery

A selection of appropriate electrocatalysts with a unique design is a promising solution to promote oxidation and reduction reactions in lithium-oxygen (Li-O₂) batteries. Here, an effective integrated design of urchin-like core-shell TiO₂/α-MnO₂ nanostructure is constructed to develop an efficient catalyst electrode for Li-O₂ batteries. For this purpose, TiO₂ nanoparticles are biosynthesized by an eco-friendly process using flower extract of Matricaria chamomilla as both reducing and stabilizing agents. Then, MnO₂ nanocrystals are grown on the surface of TiO₂ nanoparticles under different reaction times to observe their evolution in terms of morphology and crystalline structure of MnO₂. The electrochemical behavior of the as-prepared core-shell TiO₂/α-MnO₂ nanostructures is evaluated in Li-O₂ cells. The TiO₂/α-MnO₂ electrode is exhibited a lower overpotential and higher specific capacity than the bare TiO₂ electrode. This could have resulted from the bifunctional catalytic activity of TiO₂ and α-MnO₂ coupled with urchin-like MnO₂ nanostructures. Furthermore, the internal resistance of the cell is recorded using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique, and reactions of the Li⁺ and O₂ on the cathode surface are investigated by cyclic voltammetry.     

Magnetic core‐shell Fe3O4@TiO2 nanocomposites for broad spectrum antibacterial applications

The authors have synthesised a core‐shell Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ nanocomposite consisting of Fe₃O₄ as a magnetic core, and TiO₂ as its external shell. The TiO₂ shell is primarily intended for use as a biocompatible and antimicrobial carrier for drug delivery and possible other applications such as wastewater remediation purposes because of its known antibacterial and photocatalytic properties. The magnetic core enables quick and easy concentration and separation of nanoparticles. The magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal route using ferric chloride as a single‐source precursor. The magnetite nanoparticles were then coated with titanium dioxide using titanium butoxide as a precursor. The core‐shell Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ nanostructure particles were characterized by XRD, UV spectroscopy, and FT‐IR, TEM, and VSM techniques. The saturation magnetization of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was significantly reduced from 74.2 to 13.7 emu/g after the TiO₂ coating. The antibacterial studies of magnetic nanoparticles and the titania‐coated magnetic nanocomposite were carried out against gram+ve, and gram–ve bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri , Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi) using well diffusion technique. The inhibition zone for E. coli (17 mm after 24 h) was higher than the other bacterial strains; nevertheless, both the uncoated and TiO₂‐coated magnetite nanocomposites showed admirable antibacterial activity against each of the above bacterial strains.     

Supercritical fluid mediated synthesis of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/Fe3O4 hybrid nanocomposite

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and magnetic nanoparticle (Fe₃O₄) hybrid nanocomposite was synthesized by dispersion polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) using a copolymeric stabilizer, poly[(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-1H,1H-perfluorooctyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA-co-PFOMA). Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were first surface-modified with a silane coupling agent methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), which provides a reactive CC bond and can copolymerize with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). After immobilization of the silane coupling agent, polymer chains were successfully grafted onto the surface of Fe₃O₄, resulting in the formation of core-shell nanostructure. FE-TEM pictures showed that the nanoparticles were well dispersed in the polymer matrix. The incorporation of Fe₃O₄ in the nanocomposite was confirmed by FT-IR, XRD and XPS. Thermal stability and magnetic property increase with the increasing amount of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in the composite. This new environmentally benign green synthetic route may offer advantages of easy separation and solvent removal.     

Synergistic effect of organic and inorganic nano fillers on the dielectric and mechanical properties of epoxy composites

Titanium oxide TiO₂/epoxy and TiO₂ with detonation nano-diamond (DND)/epoxy nanocomposites were prepared by using ultrasonication method. TiO₂ and DND particles as reinforcement species and epoxy as matrix were used to produce nanocomposites. The addition of DND particles into TiO₂/epoxy composite improved the dielectric and mechanical properties of nanocomposites in significant amount. The dielectric properties of TiO₂-DND/epoxy nanocomposite demonstrated increase in permittivity and conductivity after addition of the DND particles. The maximum and minimum reflection losses of TiO₂-DND/epoxy nanocomposite for 0.6 and 0.2 wt% DND loading were detected at ?14.5 and ?1.3 dB, respectively. The flexural and tensile strength of TiO₂-DND/epoxy nanocomposites with the addition of 0.4 wt% DNDs were enhanced to 220% and 223%, respectively. Additionally, the energy to break and percent break strain were 3.9 J and 3.86, respectively for 0.4 wt% DND loading in TiO₂-DND/epoxy nanocomposite. Therefore, the present work findings claim that DND particles are well suitable to enrich the dispersion of TiO₂ nanoparticles in epoxy matrix, which develops a strong load transfer interface between the nanoparticles and epoxy matrix and consequently leads to superior properties.     

Sol-gel synthesis of silver/titanium dioxide (Ag/TiO2) core-shell nanowires for photocatalytic applications

Silver/titanium dioxide (Ag/TiO₂) core-shell nanowires were synthesized by direct coating of TiO₂ shells on the surface of silver nanowires (AgNWs) through a simple sol-gel process. TEM image and EDX elemental analysis had confirmed the presence of TiO₂ coating on the surface of AgNWs. The thickness of titanium dioxide coating was about 10 nm. These Ag/TiO₂ core-shell nanowires showed good photocatalytic activities in the decomposition of methylene blue as a model organic dye in aqueous solution under UV light irradiation. Ag/TiO₂ core-shell nanowires are potentially useful in photocatalytic applications.     

Synthesis and characterization of highly dispersed TiO2 nanocrystal colloids by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method

Anatase TiO₂ nanocrystal colloids with high dispersion and photocatalytic activity were rapidly synthesized from peroxo-titanium-acid precursor by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method within 30?min at low temperature (120–180?°C). The transmission electron microscopy results indicate that the as-prepared TiO₂ have a narrow particle size distribution (25–29?nm) and high dispersion. The crystal structure of all these products are pure anatase phase (XRD, Raman), and they show good crystallinity and large surface area (N₂ adsorption–desorption measurements BET). The results of the UV–Visible absorbance and Fourier transform infrared spectra indicate that the surface peroxo group Ti(O₂) still remains in TiO₂ nanoparticles prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method at 120?°C, and this surface peroxo group can be decomposed effectively by drying at 140?°C. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared TiO₂ were evaluated by the degradation of reactive brilliant red X-3B, it is found that the as-prepared TiO₂ exhibited good photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the existence of surface peroxo group greatly suppressed the photocatalytic activity of the TiO₂ nanoparticles.     

Enhanced photoactivities of ternary composite coating by antireflection and double P–N heterojunctions

In this paper, we present a convenient and universal strategy to sequentially assemble titania (TiO₂) nanorods and polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles on the Si wafers through hydrothermal synthesis and chemical oxidation. On the one hand, the composite coatings (PANI/TiO₂/Si) with hierarchical structures reduced the reflectivity to less than 5 % at the wavelengths from 200 to 2500 nm, namely increasing the absorption efficiency of incident light. On the other hand, the double P–N heterojunctions that the composite coatings developed could suppress the recombination of photogenerated carriers, namely enhancing utilization efficiency of absorbed light. The photocurrent density of PANI/TiO₂/Si was above two times higher than that of TiO₂/Si at 1.5 V of positive potentials. The application of such coatings in the photocatalysis area, which are fabricated with this method, is thus straightforward.     

Synthesis of PANI/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>–Fe<Superscript>3+</Superscript> nanocomposite and its photocatalytic property

A convenient method for synthesizing highly photocatalytic activity PANI/TiO₂–Fe³⁺ nanocomposite was developed. The effect of calcination temperature on the phase composition of TiO₂ nanopowder was investigated. It was found that higher temperature could promote the formation of rutile phase. The nanocomposite was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that the nanohybrid was composed of TiO₂, Fe³⁺ and PANI. The photocatalytic property of the nanocomposite was evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange. In the presence of this catalyst, the degradation rate of methyl orange of 95.2% and 70.3% could be obtained under the UV and sunlight irradiation within 30 min, respectively. The apparent rate constant was 5.64 × 10⁻² which is better than that of the Degussa P25.     

Improvement of epoxy resin properties by incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles surface modified with gallic acid esters

Epoxy resin/titanium dioxide (epoxy/TiO₂) nanocomposites were obtained by incorporation of TiO₂ nanoparticles surface modified with gallic acid esters in epoxy resin. TiO₂ nanoparticles were obtained by acid catalyzed hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide and their structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Three gallic acid esters, having different hydrophobic part, were used for surface modification of the synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles: propyl, hexyl and lauryl gallate. The gallate chemisorption onto surface of TiO₂ nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, while the amount of surface-bonded gallates was determined using thermogravimetric analysis. The influence of the surface modified TiO₂ nanoparticles, as well as the length of hydrophobic part of the gallate used for surface modification of TiO₂ nanoparticles, on glass transition temperature, barrier, dielectric and anticorrosive properties of epoxy resin was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, water vapor transmission test, dielectric spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization measurements. Incorporation of surface modified TiO₂ nanoparticles in epoxy resin caused increase of glass transition temperature and decrease of the water vapor permeability of epoxy resin. The water vapor transmission rate of epoxy/TiO₂ nanocomposites was reduced with increasing hydrophobic part chain length of gallate ligand. Dielectric constant of examined nanocomposites was influenced by gallate used for the modification of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The nanocomposites have better anticorrosive properties than pure epoxy resin, because the surface modified TiO₂ nanoparticles react as oxygen scavengers, which inhibit steel corrosion by cathodic mechanism.