河南造纸黑液碱可回收生产碳酸钙

河南省重大科技攻关计划项目一造纸黑液碱回收中直接生产沉淀碳酸钙新技术日前通过河南省科技厅组织的成果鉴定。该项新技术的问世，使长期困扰碱法制浆造纸企业的黑液碱回收问题有望得到解决。     

碱法造纸黑液治理及综合利用方法

碱法造纸黑液治理及综合利用方法造纸工业以碱法制浆为主约占化学浆的７０％左右。我国现有９０００多家中小纸厂中，以碱法草浆较为普遍，年排造纸废水约６４亿ｔ．由于尚无一种适合于中小型纸厂治理黑液的可行方法，因此大量废液未经过处理即排入江河，造成严重的污染。...     

膜技术处理碱法草浆黑液及综合利用技术

通过膜分离技术处理碱法草浆黑液并回收碱的试验,探索造纸黑液处理的新工艺,以求找到一种碱法草浆黑液治理的新方法,取代投资高、能耗大的燃烧法碱回收工艺。该试验结果表明:通过混凝沉淀、膜分离处理过程,黑液中CODCr和色度去除率可达96.8%和99.3%,碱回用率可达78.2%。     

造纸黑液综合治理的研究进展

造纸废水污染十分严重,其综合治理一直是国内外造纸工业和环保界的研究热点。作者对近几十年国内外造纸废水,尤其是造纸黑液治理的方法,如黑液碱回收法、酸析法、絮凝法、膜分离法、生物法、氧化法等进行了详细评述．认为生物法是解决我国造纸工业水污染的最终出路。同时首次提出将超临界水氧化技术应用于造纸黑液的治理,具有潜在的可行性和十分重大的意义。     

华泰公司治黑液闯出新路

山东华泰集团强化环保意识 ,积极引进治污新技术、新设备 ,闯出了一条根治碱法草浆造纸废水的路子。造纸黑液是企业污染治理工作最大的难题 ,早在 1 989年 ,华泰公司便开始探索对造纸黑液的治理 ,与胜利油田联合开发研究了黑液在油田中的综合利用 ,将黑液用于驱油降粘 ,有效地减少了ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ的排放量 ,取得了良好的效果。随着碱回收技术的不断发展和成熟 ,公司又投资 50 0 0多万元 ,增上了 1 0 0吨 /年碱回收项目 ,并于 1 997年 8月份一次性试车成功 ,甩掉油枪 ,实现了黑液自燃。据有关部门测试 ,黑液提取率达到了 86.3% ,碱回收率达…     

新浦磷矿用纸浆废液选矿

连云港市五七造纸厂,80年代以前用碱法造纸,黑液主要成分为碱木素,对磷矿选矿效果不佳。80年代改为碱性亚硫酸盐法造纸工艺,黑液的成分变为磺化木质素。它是复杂的有机抑制剂,既可抑制硅酸盐,又可抑制碳酸盐脉石。作者接受新浦磷矿委托,于1989年4月开展了使用该黑液的选矿试验。     

棉浆黑液燃烧苛化法碱回收治污技术探讨

借鉴造纸行业燃烧苛化法碱回收工艺的成功经验,探讨棉浆浓黑液燃烧苛化法碱回收治污技术。棉浆黑液污染物负荷高,约占70％～80％左右,采用传统的生化物化处理工艺,运行成本高,也难以达到理想的处理效果。应用燃烧苛化法碱回收技术,棉浆黑液碱回率可达60％以上,不仅大大降低了棉浆黑液的污染负荷,实现污水的达标排放,而且还可以回收大量的生产用烧碱、蒸汽,达到节能减排、综合利用的目的。     

用离子交换法分离造纸黑液中腐植酸及回收碱的新工艺

西江化工学院化工系革命师生与全南造纸厂工人协作,并肩战斗,采用离子交换法分离造纸黑液中的木素(腐植酸)及回收碱,取得了较好的结果。该厂将造纸黑液中提取的木素,于12万亩水稻上用作根外追肥,创造了早稻平均增产12.9%,晚稻增产14％的成绩,这对综合利用造纸黑液、支援农业具有重要意义。     

碱法草类造纸黑液降粘机理

本文简要介绍了碱法草类造纸黑液随温度、浓度及苋切速率等条件的改变降粘的机理,并通过红外光谱分析了以不同比例添加亚硫酸钠降低黑液粘度的原因。     

木质素絮凝剂的研究进展

根据不同的制浆方法,文章介绍了3种从造纸黑液中提取木质素的方法:从硫酸盐法草浆黑液中提取木质素、从碱法草浆黑液中提前木质素、从亚硫酸盐法纸浆黑液中提取木质素。木质素作为阴离子型高分子絮凝剂,对酿造废液和合成染料废水的处理效果良好。文章还介绍了几种改性木质素的应用。     

Evaluation of surfactant-aided degumming of vegetable oils by membrane technology

The first step in the process of vegetable oil refining is degumming, in which phospholipids and mucilaginous gums are removed that otherwise result in a low-grade oil. A membrane process is remarkably simple yet potentially offers many advantages in degumming. Studies were conducted on surfactant-aided membrane degumming with soybean and rapeseed oils in a magnetically stirred flat membrane batch cell with different types of microfiltration membranes. The reduction of phospholipids in soybean oil was in the range of 85.8–92.8% during the membrane process. The phosphorus content of membrane permeates of soybean oil was in the range of 20–58 mg/kg. Crude rapeseed oil contained higher amount of nonhydratable phospholipids and hence resulted in lower reduction in phospholipids, in the range of 66.4–83.2%. Addition of hydratable phospholipids could improve the efficiency of degumming in the membrane process without using any electrolyte, resulting in improvement of quality as well as quantity of the phospholipids.     

Physiological effects of alarm chemosignal emitted during the forced swim test

Two experiments were conducted. In the first, male rats were immersed for 25 min in fresh water or water previously swum in by another rat. Control rats were not immersed in water. Rats tested in water previously swum in by another rat were significantly less immobile than rats tested in fresh water. Water immersion resulted in significant increases in serum corticosterone, glucose, and phosphorus levels, a decrease in potassium levels, and a higher phosphorus/potassium ratio, compared to nonimmersed controls regardless of water condition. When the two water-immersed groups were compared, rats tested in previously swum water had significantly higher glucose and significantly lower potassium levels and a higher phosphorus/potassium ratio than rats tested in fresh water. Immobility times were significantly correlated with the phosphorus/potassium ratio. In the second experiment, blood gases were measured prior to testing and at 25 min after immersion in rats tested in fresh and previously swum water. Rats in soiled water hypoventilated to a significantly greater extent than rats in fresh water but did not differ significantly in blood oxygenation. These two studies demonstrate that alarm chemosignals can produce physiological effects in conspecifics.     

Effects of decomposing rice straw on growth of and nitrogen fixation byRhizobium

Five phenolic compounds produced by decomposing rice straw and sterile extracts of decomposing rice straw in soil were very inhibitory to growth of three strains ofRhizobium. The effects were additive and in several instances synergistic. The phenolic compounds also reduced nodule numbers and hemoglobin content of the nodules in two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) varieties. Extracts of decomposing rice straw in soil (same concentration as in the soil) significantly reduced N₂ fixation (acetylene reduction) in Bush Black Seeded beans. This may explain in part the great reduction in soybean yields in Taiwan following rice crops when the rice stubble is left in the field.     

Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Causes Changes in Serotonin-Positive Neurons in the Small Intestine in Pig Model

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter of the central and peripheral nervous systems, predominantly secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the gut. 5-HT is a crucial enteric signaling molecule and is well known for playing a key role in sensory-motor and secretory functions in the gut. Gastroenteropathy is one of the most clinical problems in diabetic patients with frequent episodes of hyperglycemia. Changes in 5-HT expression may mediate gastrointestinal tract disturbances seen in diabetes, such as nausea and diarrhea. Based on the double immunohistochemical staining, this study determined the variability in the population of 5-HT-positive neurons in the porcine small intestinal enteric neurons in the course of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The results show changes in the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in the examined intestinal sections. The greatest changes were observed in the jejunum, particularly within the myenteric plexus. In the ileum, both de novo 5-HT synthesis in the inner submucosal plexus neurons and an increase in the number of neurons in the outer submucosal plexus were noted. The changes observed in the duodenum were also increasing in nature. The results of the current study confirm the previous observations concerning the involvement of 5-HT in inflammatory processes, and an increase in the number of 5-HT -positive neurons may also be a result of increased concentration of the 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract wall and affects the motor and secretory processes, which are particularly intense in the small intestines.     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

分别测定双磷酸酯阻燃增塑剂中氯和溴含量的方法

介绍利用Ｂｒ的特征反应使系统中的Ｂｒ全部转化后，分别测定阻燃增塑剂中氯与溴含量的一种新方法。该方法分析速度快，操作简单，测定结果准确，重现性好，可应用于生产中的控制分析。     

Incubating superphosphate in ‘dry’soil can reduce its effectiveness

Single superphosphate was incubated for six months at 25°C in soil which had been subject to one of three moisture treatments. These were: dried in a glasshouse, dried at a constant temperature of 25°C, or moist soil. Phosphorus (P) effectiveness was then compared with effectiveness of P from freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) tops in pot experiments.Incubation in soil which had been dried at 25°C did not decrease the effectiveness of the P. Incubation in moist soil decreased it to about 20% of the effectiveness of freshly-applied P in one case and to about 50% in the other case. Incubation in soil which had been dried in a glasshouse also decreased its effectiveness. The decrease varied with conditions, but in two cases the P was 70% as effective as freshly-applied P, and in one case only 45% as effective. Presumably sufficient moisture was present in the soil dried in the glasshouse to enable water-soluble P present in the fertilizer to react with the soil.     

H-Ferritin Produced by Myeloid Cells Is Released to the Circulation and Plays a Major Role in Liver Iron Distribution during Infection

During infections, the host redistributes iron in order to starve pathogens from this nutrient. Several proteins are involved in iron absorption, transport, and storage. Ferritin is the most important iron storage protein. It is composed of variable proportions of two peptides, the L- and H-ferritins (FTL and FTH). We previously showed that macrophages increase their expression of FTH1 when they are infected in vitro with Mycobacterium avium, without a significant increase in FTL. In this work, we investigated the role of macrophage FTH1 in M. avium infection in vivo. We found that mice deficient in FTH1 in myeloid cells are more resistant to M. avium infection, presenting lower bacterial loads and lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines than wild-type littermates, due to the lower levels of available iron in the tissues. Importantly, we also found that FTH1 produced by myeloid cells in response to infection may be found in circulation and that it plays a key role in iron redistribution. Specifically, in the absence of FTH1 in myeloid cells, increased expression of ferroportin is observed in liver granulomas and increased iron accumulation occurs in hepatocytes. These results highlight the importance of FTH1 expression in myeloid cells for iron redistribution during infection.     

Lymphatic Transport of α-Linolenic Acid and Its Conversion to Long Chain n-3 Fatty Acids in Rats Fed Microemulsions of Linseed Oil

In the present study we evaluated the uptake of ALA and its conversion to EPA + DHA in rats given linseed oil (LSO) in native form or as a microemulsion in whey protein or in lipoid. In a single oral dose study in which rats maintained on rodent pellets deficient in ω-3 fatty acids were intubated with 0.35 g LSO in lipoid, the amount of ALA present in lymph was increased reaching a maximum concentration of 16.23 mg/ml at 2.5 h. The amount of ALA present in lymph was increased to a maximum level of 10.95 mg/ml at 4 h in rats given LSO as a microemulsion in whey protein. When LSO was given without emulsification, the amount of ALA present in lymph was found to reach a maximum level of 7.08 mg/ml at 6 h. A similar result was observed when weaning rats were intubated with 0.15 g of LSO per day for a period of 60 days. Higher levels of ALA by 41 and 103 % were observed in lymph lipids of rats given microemulsions of LSO in whey protein and in lipoid respectively as compared to rats given LSO without pre-emulsification. Very little conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA was observed in lymph lipids but higher amounts of EPA + DHA was observed in liver and serum of rats given LSO in microemulsion form. This study indicated that ALA concentration in lymph lipids was increased when LSO was given in microemulsion form in lipoid and further conversion to EPA and DHA was facilitated in liver and serum.     

SUCNR1 Is Expressed in Human Placenta and Mediates Angiogenesis: Significance in Gestational Diabetes

Placental hypervascularization has been reported in pregnancy-related pathologies such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Nevertheless, the underlying causes behind this abnormality are not well understood. In this study, we addressed the expression of SUCNR1 (cognate succinate receptor) in human placental endothelial cells and hypothesized that the succinate–SUCNR1 axis might play a role in the placental hypervascularization reported in GDM. We measured significantly higher succinate levels in placental tissue lysates from women with GDM relative to matched controls. In parallel, SUCNR1 protein expression was upregulated in GDM tissue lysates as well as in isolated diabetic fetoplacental arterial endothelial cells (FpECAds). A positive correlation of SUCNR1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels in tissue lysates indicated a potential link between the succinate–SUCNR1 axis and placental angiogenesis. In our in vitro experiments, succinate prompted hallmarks of angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) such as proliferation, migration and spheroid sprouting. These results were further validated in fetoplacental arterial endothelial cells (FpECAs), where succinate induced endothelial tube formation. VEGF gene expression was increased in response to succinate in both HUVECs and FpECAs. Yet, knockdown of SUCNR1 in HUVECs led to suppression of VEGF gene expression and abrogated the migratory ability and wound healing in response to succinate. In conclusion, our data underline SUCNR1 as a promising metabolic target in human placenta and as a potential driver of enhanced placental angiogenesis in GDM.