Behavior of Composite Unreinforced Masonry–Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Wall Assemblages Under In-Plane Loading

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the in-plane behavior of face shell mortar bedded unreinforced masonry (URM) wall assemblages retrofitted with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates. Forty-two URM assemblages were tested under different stress conditions present in masonry shear and infill walls. Tests included prisms loaded in compression with different bed joint orientation (on/off-axis compression), diagonal tension specimens, and specimens loaded under joint shear. The behavior of each specimen type is discussed with emphasis on modes of failure, strength and deformation characteristics. Results showed that the application of FRP laminates on URM has a great influence on strength, postpeak behavior, as well as altering failure modes and maintaining the specimen integrity. The retrofitted specimens reached compressive strength of 1.62–5.64 times that of their unretrofitted counterparts, depending on the bed joint orientation, and joint shear strength increased by eightfold.     

劈裂荷载下的岩石声发射及微观破裂特性

通过开展花岗岩和大理岩巴西圆盘声发射试验，结合扫描电镜进行破裂面微观形貌分析，探讨了劈裂荷载下岩石声发射特性与微观破裂机制的关系。结果表明:基于RA（上升时间与幅值的比值）和AF（平均频率）的变化趋势，不同裂纹模式（拉伸裂纹、剪切裂纹以及复合裂纹）的分布和破坏强度受岩石结构影响，但岩石裂纹演化过程不受其影响。相应地，两种岩样破裂信号均以400～499 kHz为主，100～199 kHz的信号次之，但不同破裂阶段的峰值频率变化趋势显著不同。在微观形貌上，花岗岩劈裂面的微观形貌以层叠状、台阶状及平坦状为主；而大理岩以光滑多面体状为主。此外，结合频率?尺度缩放关系可推测，400～499 kHz的信号应主要来自钾长石、大理岩矿物颗粒内部的破裂；100～199 kHz的信号应主要来自石英矿物颗粒内部不连续分离以及压密阶段矿物颗粒之间的滑移。      

Q345B中厚钢板表面裂纹原因分析

通过板坯表面酸洗、钢板表面抛丸、氮氧分析、扫描电镜能谱仪和金相显微镜等手段,对唐钢所生产Q345B中厚钢板的表面裂纹处进行观察、检测,研究了热装板坯在轧制过程中产生表面裂纹的原因和机理.同时还进行了板坯热装、温装、冷装对比试验.结果表明,含铝低合金钢板由于板坯热装温度处于第三低温脆性区域,冷却过程中奥氏体向铁素体的转变不完全,AIN在奥氏体晶界析出,削弱晶界能,体积膨胀加剧了晶界强度的减弱,在轧制时扩展形成表面裂纹.     

Crack Propagation in Flexural Fatigue of Concrete

In this paper the behavior of concrete subjected to flexural fatigue loading is studied. Notched concrete beams were tested in a three-point bending configuration. Specimens were subjected to quasi-static cyclic and constant amplitude fatigue loading. The cyclic tests were performed by unloading the specimen at different points in the postpeak part of the quasi-static loading response. Low cycle, high amplitude fatigue tests were performed to failure using four different load ranges. The crack mouth opening displacement was continuously monitored throughout the loading process. Crack propagation caused by quasi-static and fatigue loads is described in terms of fracture mechanics. It is shown that the crack propagation in the postpeak part of the quasi-static load response is predicted using the critical value of the mode I stress intensity factor (KIC). The ultimate deformation of the specimen during the fatigue test is compared with that from the quasi-static test; it is demonstrated that the quasi-static deformation is insufficient as a fatigue failure criterion. It is observed that crack growth owing to constant-amplitude fatigue loading comprises two phases: a deceleration stage when there is a decrease in crack growth rate with increasing crack length, followed by an acceleration stage where the rate of crack growth increases at a steady rate. The crack length where the rate of crack growth changes from deceleration to acceleration is shown to be equal to the crack length at the peak load of the quasi-static response. Analytical expressions for crack growth in the deceleration and acceleration stages are developed, wherein the expressions for crack growth rate in the deceleration stage are developed using the R-curve concept, and the acceleration stage is shown to follow the Paris law. It is observed that the crack length at failure for constant amplitude fatigue loading is comparable to that of the corresponding load in the postpeak part of the quasi-static response. Finally, a fracture-based fatigue failure criterion is proposed.     

M23C6析出相对节镍型奥氏体不锈钢冷轧表面裂纹的影响

为找出生产的节镍型奥氏体不锈钢冷卷表面裂纹形成原因,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜对表面裂纹进行检测分析并结合热处理试验及热力学软件JMatPro进行分析计算研究。检测分析发现裂纹处晶界存在大量的析出相,据此推测析出相是导致钢材冷轧形成表面裂纹的主要原因。模拟连续退火工艺开展热处理试验,结果表明正常退火工艺无法完全消除热轧工序钢卷晶界处聚集的大量析出相。计算研究该成分体系下奥氏体不锈钢的平衡相图,结合能谱及透射电镜衍射斑点分析,结果表明M₂₃C₆碳化物的沉淀温度范围为500～925 ℃,钢卷从高温缓慢冷却下来会析出M₂₃C₆碳化物,析出鼻温区为850～900 ℃。以此结合实际工艺流程对减少钢卷中M₂₃C₆碳化物析出提出了可能的措施。     

430不锈钢1.8 mm冷轧退火酸洗板折弯开裂的原因分析及工艺改进

430不锈钢冷轧酸洗板在折弯加工过程中出现了开裂现象,为了找出裂纹成因,对所使用的430不锈钢冷轧酸洗板进行了化学成分分析、力学性能测试和金相检验,并对样品折弯开裂处的裂纹进行了形貌观察。结果表明,430不锈钢酸洗板折弯开裂的主要原因为基体组织中晶粒大小不均匀,存在异常长大的情况,且晶界处存在大量碳化物析出聚集,促使开裂裂纹沿着晶界由外向内迅速地扩展,导致产品的折弯开裂。通过分析可知,430不锈钢冷轧板材在退火过程中的加热时间过长、材温偏高导致基体内部组织异常。通过控制430不锈钢冷轧板的退火工艺参数:1区加热段温度840～850℃,2区加热段温度870～900℃,在炉时间130～140 S,从而避免了折弯开裂的发牛。     

循环扰动荷载作用下花岗岩中裂隙萌生扩展过程的颗粒流模拟

从细观角度、采用颗粒离散元法开展了预制裂隙花岗岩循环加卸载的数值模拟试验。首先,使用图像处理技术识别花岗岩中的不同细观组分、结合室内单轴压缩试验结果对细观力学参数进行了标定。然后,通过编制颗粒流代码追踪裂隙的类型和扩展过程,分析岩石破坏过程中裂隙发展的阶段性特征。结果表明:不同倾角裂隙岩石的新生裂隙走向与预制裂隙贯通方向基本一致;根据新生裂隙的优势倾向分组得到裂隙起裂角与预制裂隙倾角的关系:倾角β≤45°时剪切和张拉裂隙的起裂角单调递减,倾角β≥60°时剪切和张拉裂隙的起裂角单调递增;循环扰动荷载增加了裂隙岩体的轴向变形,轴向累积残余应变曲线呈反S形、提高扰动荷载应力上限促使曲线进入加速阶段;试件峰值强度随裂隙倾角增大表现出先减小后增大的趋势,峰值强度为实验室完整岩石单轴抗压强度的63% ~ 89%,反映了较为明显的劣化现象;在循环荷载作用下,剪切裂隙和张拉裂隙增长曲线表现出明显的变化特点,在裂隙不稳定扩展阶段中张拉裂隙数目增长速率显著大于剪切裂隙,对分析岩石变形破坏过程具有一定的参考意义。      

Effect of Wheel Live Load on Shear Behavior of Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts

This study reports on a part of a comprehensive study to evaluate the shear capacity of the precast reinforced concrete box culverts. Six full-scale 2.4?m (8?ft) span box culverts were tested to failure by subjecting each culvert to the AASHTO HS-20 wheel load. The location of the wheel load was varied from the tip of the haunch as a function of the top slab effective depth in order to identify the critical shear location. Each test specimen was loaded incrementally up to failure in which crack initiation and propagation were identified and recorded in each load step. In some specimens the top slab compression distribution steel was precluded during specimen fabrication the effect of which was shown to be insignificant in culvert’s performance experimentally. Even though the test specimens were loaded to introduce shear behavior, it was shown that all the test specimens behaved in flexural mode up to and beyond standard factored live load. The test specimens only experienced shear cracks at loads equivalent to approximately twice of the aforementioned factored load. This study concludes that shear is not the governing behavioral mode for the concrete box culverts, and the live load distribution width equations along with the provisions for shear transfer devices for box culverts reported in the current standard need to be revisited.     

DB685钢板表面裂纹缺陷原因分析

用金相显微镜和扫描电镜分析方法,对DB685钢板表面裂纹进行分析。结果表明,钢板表面裂纹的形成与稀土氧化物有关。由于钢中稀土氧化物偏析于原奥氏体晶界上,弱化了晶界,造成钢板在轧制过程中产生裂纹。     

Mesomechanical Model for Numerical Study of Two-Dimensional Triaxially Braided Composite

A mesoscale three-dimensional finite-element model is set up to model two-dimensional triaxially braided composites. Unit cell scheme is used to take into account braiding architecture as well as mechanical behavior of fiber tows, matrix, and fiber tow interface. A 0°/±60° braiding configuration has been studied. A failure criterion and progressive damage evolution model taking into account fiber tow and tow interface has been applied to theoretically predict interlaminar and intralaminar failure mode. Straight-sided specimen testing has been carried out in both axial and transverse direction. Results obtained in the tests as well as finite-element approaches are discussed. This paper also discusses the main feature of the model through an extensive parameter study. Overall, by comparison of experiment and model results, the applicability of the developed model is assessed and the failure process is investigated; furthermore, conducted parameter study enhances the strength of the model, which lies in the correlation of model parameters and identification of damage modes with experimental data on the overall stress strain curves.     

The cyclic stress-strain response of polycrystalline,pseudoelastic Cu-14.5 wt pct Al-3 wt pct Ni alloy

Limited results on the fatigue of pseudo-elastic material indicate that, as a class, these materials should have truly outstanding fatigue properties. To check this, the mechanisms of cyclic deformation and fracture have been studied in Cu−Al−Ni chosen because its transformation behavior is well understood. Since this alloy is notoriously brittle, pulsating compression fatigue tests were carried out in polycrystalline material. The details of the stress-induced martensite behavior were studied byin situ video observations. The alloy was found to undergo cyclic hardening and failure eventually occurred by multiple nucleation of cracks at grain boundaries, by a mechanism similar in principle to that which occurs in regular metals cycled at high plastic strains. The Coffin-Manson law was obeyed.     

Gel electrode imaging of metal fatigue: Part i. cracks in 6061-T6 aluminum

A simple electrochemical technique is described which produces high-resolution, visible images of fatigue cracks in aluminum alloys, without conventional metallographic surface preparation. The only preparation required is the formation of a thin (14 nm) anodic oxide film on the surface. After fatigue cycling, a semisolid electrolyte is placed in contact with the specimen and a voltage applied. As the current flows to the fatigue cracks a clearly defined image is formed. The capabilities of the technique are demonstrated by measurements on6061-T6 aluminum, and the images are correlated with scanning electron micrographs of the specimens. The images are reproducible and record features of the cracks which are barely discernible with a scanning electron microscope. Fatigue cracks only ∼30 μm long have been detected. Measurement of the charge flow during imaging is a quantitative measure of the crack length. These measurements indicate that considerably smaller cracks should also be detectable.     

Vertex Effect in Strain-Softening Concrete at Rotating Principal Axes

The inelastic behavior of concrete for highly nonproportional loading paths with rotating principal stress axes is studied. Test cylinders are first loaded in compression under uniaxial stress and then torsion is applied at constant axial displacement. Proportional compressive-torsional loading tests are also carried out for comparison. The tests demonstrate that the response of concrete for load increments parallel in the stress space to the current yield surface is highly inelastic (i.e., much softer than elastic) in the peak load range and especially in the postpeak range. The classical tensorial models of plasticity type incorrectly predict for such load increments the elastic stiffness. The experiments are simulated by three-dimensional finite element analysis using the microplane model M4, in which the stress-strain relations are characterized not by tensors but by vectors of stress and strain on planes of various orientations in the material. It is shown that the observed vertex effect is correctly predicted by this model, with no adjustment of its material parameters previously calibrated by other test results. The experiments are also simulated by a state-of-the-art fracture-plastic model of tensorial type and it is found that the vertex effect cannot be reproduced at all, although an adjustment of one material parameter suffices to obtain a realistic postpeak slope and achieve a realistic overall response. What makes the microplane model capable of capturing the vertex effect is the existence of more than 60 simultaneous yield surfaces. Capturing the vertex effect is important for highly nonproportional loading with rotating principal stress axes, which is typical of impact and penetration of missiles, shock, blasts, and earthquake.     

Crystallographic features of intergranular crack initiation in fatigued copper polycrystals

In order to study the mechanism of grain boundary (GB) cracking in fatigued polycrystalline copper, specimens were fatigued in symmetrical push-pull at an intermediate constant plastic strain range at room temperature in dry air. The intergranular cracks were examined under the scanning electron microscope. Many GB cracks were found to have been formed by the impingement of persistent slip bands (PSBs) against the grain boundaries (PSB-GB cracks). The orientations of the grains adjacent to the cracks were determined by electron back-scattering patterns. The misorientations of the cracked boundaries were calculated and the boundary plane orientations were also determined. High-energy grain boundaries were found to be preferred sites for cracking. The activated slip systems in the component grains adjacent to the cracks were determined and analyzed. With these data, the cracking stresses due to the interaction between the PSBs and the boundaries were calculated for the observed PSB-GB cracks in a pile-up type dislocation model in a three-dimensional analysis. The results confirmed that, with reasonable assumptions, the estimated minimum theoretical shear stresses which are required to act in the PSBs for causing PSB-GB cracks were always smaller than the real shear stresses operating in the PSBs.     

稀土镧在Fe-La合金系中的晶界扩散行为

通过高频悬浮炉熔炼成实验用30Fe-70La合金,将该合金切成8 mm×8 mm×6 mm试样与同样尺寸纯铁试样扩散面对接,并借助Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机在760℃和770℃ 30 min,10^-3 Pa真空和1 MPa压力下进行扩散试验;采用Axiovert 25型金相显微镜与QUANTA 400环境扫描电子显微镜,观察了稀土镧在Fe基体的扩散;利用相关扩散系数公式计算了镧在纯铁中的扩散系数。结果表明,稀土元素镧在纯铁中沿着α-Fe晶界进行扩散,镧在纯铁铁素体晶界中770℃时的扩散系数为Db=1.59×10^-17m²/s。     

汽车排气系统用铁素体不锈钢的耐热性研究

利用实验室条件下冶炼的Fe-Cr-Nb-Mo铁素体不锈钢,对其高温强度和热疲劳性能进行了研究。研究结果表明:实验钢的高温抗拉强度和屈服强度优于或基本相当于目前所使用的铁素体不锈钢的性能;实验钢的热疲劳裂纹从V形缺口处萌生,夹杂物为裂纹萌生优先区域;热疲劳裂纹长度和扩展速度随热疲劳上限温度的升高而增大;热疲劳裂纹优先沿晶界扩展,高温氧化是疲劳裂纹扩展的主要因素。     

55钢150 mm x 150 mm连铸坯皮下裂纹分析与工艺改进

55钢(/%:0.52～0.60C,0.17～0.37Si,0.50～0.80Mn,≤0.035P,≤0.035S)的150 mm×150 mm连铸坯轧钢加热炉加热后存在表面纵向裂纹缺陷。采用金相显微镜对铸坯皮下裂纹缺陷进行分析,结果得出:由于二次冷却不均匀和有害元素Pb在晶界富集导致铸坯皮下产生细小裂纹并扩展长大。通过对二次冷却喷淋系统优化及降低钢水有害元素Pb含量,改善二冷段喷淋冷却效果,提高铸坯冷却均匀性,提高铸坯晶界强度,结果表明:铸坯缺陷明显改善,轧材一次探伤合格率从45%提高到93%。     

岩石材料脆性剪切破坏模式下的强度分析

使用声发射法与三轴试验相结合的方法对岩石试样微裂隙产生和发展进行监测,以获取岩石脆性剪切混合破坏模式的特点.采用断裂力学与岩石力学理论相结合的方式进行理论分析和试验数据处理,得到了试样三阶段特征强度随应力状态变化的规律,并提出了一种适用于岩石脆性、剪切混合型破坏强度分析方法,据此建立了Mohr-Coulomb、Griffith和Hoek-Brown等强度准则与脆、剪混合强度模型的关系.采用此模型对水厂边坡混合花岗岩的全应力-应变试验数据进行脆剪混合强度分析,理论值与试验值具有良好的一致性.      

含孔洞大理岩破坏特性的颗粒流分析

基于室内单轴压缩试验结果,利用颗粒流程序PFC2D,模拟含预制孔洞大理岩在单轴和双轴压缩条件下的破坏过程,分析预制孔洞形状、围压大小以及岩石非均质性对大理岩力学特性和裂纹扩展的影响.数值结果表明:与完整大理岩试样相比,含孔洞试样的峰值强度显著降低,降低程度与孔洞形状有关;围压对含孔洞大理岩试样的力学特性和裂纹扩展有显著影响,含孔洞试样的峰值强度随围压的增加而增加,但偏应力峰值随围压的增加呈先增大后减小的变化趋势;试样的破坏模式与孔洞形状相关,含圆形孔洞试样为类X型剪切破坏,含矩形孔洞或马蹄形孔洞试样为对角剪切破坏;岩石内部的矿物结核影响了裂纹的扩展路径,从而改变试样的宏观破坏模式.微观机理分析表明:孔洞周边裂纹的萌生与扩展过程伴随着应力集中区的释放与转移;含孔洞试样的宏观裂纹有3种模式:孔壁剥落、拉伸裂纹和压剪裂纹.