再论"广义智能系统工程"

为了进一步阐明“智能系统”的概念,扩展智能系统及其应用的范畴,提高“系统工程”的智能化水平,从“广义智能”、“广义系统”的新观点,再次论述“广义智能系统工程”（GISE）的概念涵义、学科架构、系统模型、系统分析、系统综合、系统类谱．“广义智能系统工程”是“广义智能”（GI）与“系统工程”（SE）相结合的产物,其研究开发具有重要的科学意义和广泛的应用价值．     

基于生态演化的通用智能系统结构模型研究

从系统论、认知神经科学和生态演化的角度看, 智能是指生物体根据环境、条件、目标, 自适应地调整自身或调度各种资源实现目标的能力, 智能起源于生命, 智能是生物的基本特征.借助于脑神经系统演化的历史, 展示了自然智能的演化过程, 并由此构建了一个基于生态演化的通用智能系统结构模型, 系统地分析了一般智能系统的普遍性、开放性、动态演化性、相对稳定性、功能性、结构性、依附性、相对独立性、可延续性等基本特征.论文根据智能演化进程将智能系统分为7级, 利用智能系统结构模型分类探索专用人工智能和通用人工智能的发展方向以及有关智能系统的学习方法.这些工作对人工智能和智能科学基础理论研究与应用具有一定的启发意义.     

编译群体智能系统应用程序:以全分布式智能建筑系统为例

群体智能系统通过邻居个体的信息交互实现群体级别的应用任务,具有良好的鲁棒性和灵活性.与此同时,大多数开发人员难以对分布式、并行的个体交互机制进行描述.一些高级语言允许用户以串行思维方式、从系统全局角度来编程并行的群体智能计算任务,而无需考虑通信协议、数据分布等底层交互细节.但面向用户、全局声明式的群体智能系统应用程序与个体并行执行逻辑存在的巨大语义差距,使得编译过程复杂进而导致应用程序开发效率不高.本文提出了一个编译系统及其支撑工具,支持将高级的群体智能系统应用程序转换为安全、高效的分布式实现.该编译系统通过并行信息识别,计算划分,交互信息生成技术,将面向系统全局、串行编程的群体智能应用程序编译为面向个体独立执行的并行目标代码,从而使用户不必了解个体间的复杂交互机制.设计了一种标准化中间表示,将复杂群体智能计算任务转换为群体智能算子和输入输出变量组合而成的标准化语义模块序列,其以独立于平台的形式表示源程序信息,屏蔽了目标硬件平台的异构性.在一个群体智能系统案例平台中部署和测试了该编译系统,结果表明该系统能够有效将群体智能应用程序编译为平台可执行的目标代码并提升应用程序开发效率,其生成的代码在一系列基准测试中具有比现有编译器更好的性能.     

机制主义人工智能理论——一种通用的人工智能理论

现行人工智能研究取得了许多进展,但存在“深度上浅层化、广度上碎片化和体系上封闭化”的重要缺陷。这不是改进算法或者提高硬件性能所能解决的问题,而是要在科学观方法论上寻找根源。本文依据“科学观→方法论→研究模型→研究途径→基本概念→基本原理”这个顶天立地的研究纲领,总结了信息科学的科学观,提炼了信息生态方法论;在新的科学观和方法论指导下构筑了体现智能生长全过程的研究模型,发现了智能生长的共性机制,确立了机制主义研究途径,进而澄清和匡正了信息（特别是语义信息）、感知、知识、认知、基础意识、情感、理智、综合决策等一系列基础概念,总结了实现信息－知识－智能转换的一组基本原理,创建了机制主义人工智能理论。而且证明了:长期三分而立的结构主义（人工神经网络）、功能主义（专家系统）、行为主义（感知动作系统）三大人工智能理论可在机制主义人工智能理论框架内实现和谐统一;机制主义是生成基础意识、情感、理智三位一体高等人工智能的科学途径;机制主义人工智能理论是通用型的人工智能理论。     

论智能的困扰和释放

智能回答整个认知活动中“在哪里”“是什么”“为什么”和“怎么做”等基本问题,涵有丰富的内质,当前尚不存在公认的“智能”标准定义,本文分析了这种窘境,给出“智能”的33字新定义,不再区分是人的智能,还是机器的智能,让智能不再被人的生命特质中的意识、欲望、情感等纠缠困扰,把智能从身体中单独释放出来到体外,拓展开去,成为人工智能,如机器智能。同时,把学习对智能的重要性也在定义里理清楚了。这个定义通俗、简明、精辟,无需转出再定义。新定义尤其强调在物理空间表现的具身交互导致的感知智能和行为智能,在认知空间思维导致的计算智能和记忆智能。人类的认知力和想象力,人类学习的能力,以及解释、解决问题的能力,人类智能和人工智能的迭代发展,使得智能能够以超自然进化的速度增长,让人发挥人的智慧,机器发挥机器的智能,人类正在进入智能时代。     

基于SIR模型的智能电网WCSN数据伪造攻击研究

为了解决智能电网无线传感器网络面临的异构无线网络共存、频谱资源紧张和海量数据处理等问题,在智能电网引入了认知无线传感器网络（WCSN）。文章对智能电网WCSN中的数据伪造攻击进行了研究。在此类攻击中,恶意认知无线传感器节点（传染节点）通过向其他认知无线传感器节点（易感节点）发送伪造的频谱感知数据和设备能耗信息,导致控制中心做出错误的频谱分配和电力调度决策。采用流行病理论中的SIR模型,对智能电网WCSN中的数据伪造攻击信息传播过程进行了建模,研究了流行病爆发的潜在决定因素。最后,通过仿真验证了智能电网WCSN数据伪造攻击SIR模型,并对系统动态特性进行了分析。     

含电动汽车的智能配电网优化调度研究综述

常规的经济调度已不能满足可再生新能源和电动汽车随机接入所带来的挑战。为了解决接入配电网电动汽车数量逐渐增多和分布式电源并网问题。本文对含电动汽车的智能配电网优化调度进行了详细的分析。首先简要分析了电动汽车接入对电网造成的影响。其次本文从电动汽车接入电网的类型、电动汽车参与优化调度的目标、优化调度模型以及优化调度建模方法四个研究方面详细分析了电动汽车与智能配电网协调优化调度。从优化调度的结果分析可知,把电动汽车考虑进智能配电网的优化调度中能够有效的降低配电网的运行成本,使得车主的充电费用减少,并且提高了分布式电源的利用率。然后对大数据技术在智能配电网优化中的应用进行了简要的介绍。最后对电动汽车与智能配电网协调优化调度提出了展望。     

基于贝叶斯序贯博弈模型的智能电网信息物理安全分析

智能电网是利用信息技术优化从供应者到消费者的电力传输和配电网络.作为一种信息物理系统（Cyber-physical system，CPS），智能电网由物理设备和负责数据计算与通信的网络组成.智能电网的诸多安全问题会出现在通信网络和物理设备这两个层面，例如注入坏数据和收集客户隐私信息的网络攻击，攻击电网物理设备的物理攻击等.本文主要研究了智能电网的系统管理员（防护者）如何确定攻击者类型，从而选择最优防护策略的问题.提出了一种贝叶斯序贯博弈模型以确定攻击者的类型，根据序贯博弈树得到博弈双方的均衡策略.首先，对类型不确定的攻击者和防护者构建静态贝叶斯博弈模型，通过海萨尼转换将不完全信息博弈转换成完全信息博弈，得到贝叶斯纳什均衡解，进而确定攻击者的类型.其次，考虑攻击者和防护者之间的序贯博弈模型，它能够有效地帮助防护者进行决策分析.通过逆向归纳法分别对两种类型的攻击者和防护者之间的博弈树进行分析，得到博弈树的均衡路径，进而得到攻击者的最优攻击策略和防护者的最优防护策略.分析表明，贝叶斯序贯博弈模型能够使防护者确定攻击者的类型，并且选择最优防护策略，从而为涉及智能电网信息安全的相关研究提供参考.     

基于Isight的分布式电源优化设计

分布式电源接入配电网是智能电网的关键.分布式电源接入配电网的位置及所注入的容量会对电网的损耗和电压的稳定性产生影响.在综合考虑电压稳定以及电网损耗的基础上建立起分布式电源优化模型,以Isight为优化平台,以MATLAB为数值求解软件,构建并实现分布式电源优化设计计算流程.该方法成功实现降低网损并提高电压稳定性的目标.采用配电网的标准算例对模型和算法进行验证,结果表明该模型具有优异的优化效果,有助于工程的实际应用.     

智能配电网通信技术发展综述

智能电网的建设有利于解决能源危机和气候变暖等问题。在智能电网的研究中,智能配电网是研究的重点。要实现智能配电网,必须建立双向、高速、集成、可靠的通信系统。本文就智能配电网通信系统的发展进行了一个总结,介绍了配电网的通信现状与智能配电网对通信系统的要求,以及现有的通信系统的通信技术、标准和协议,通信系统在智能配电网中的应用,并在上述基础上,提出了未来智能配电网通信系统的发展方向。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.