基于有源电力滤波与谐波补偿的孤岛检测方法

电力系统中非线性负载的存在会严重影响电能质量,传统的基于阻抗测量的孤岛检测法会加剧电能质量的恶化。针对此问题,提出利用有源电力滤波器(APF)补偿非线性负载产生的谐波,根据电网阻抗变化对注入补偿电流的影响,通过检测APF端口处等效阻抗的变化判断是否发生孤岛效应。建立带非线性负载分布式发电系统的等效模型,给出APF的谐波检测法及其控制策略。由于无需额外注入扰动量,因此在提高系统电能质量的同时可完成孤岛检测。仿真和实验验证了该方法的可行性。     

微网孤岛模式下逆变器双闭环控制策略

微网系统孤岛运行时,失去电网电压和频率的支撑,传统的单闭环电压控制已经无法满足对逆变器的有效控制。文章在传统单闭环电压控制的基础上,加入电流内环,采用电压预同步控制,对交流母线电压和频率有效控制,减小逆变器输出电流对电网的冲击。引入电容电流前馈解耦,保证逆变器输出功率实时满足不同负载的功率变化,提高了系统带感性负载时的稳定性。通过仿真分析,该控制策略实现了交流侧母线电压和频率的稳定,且系统带不同负载时,逆变器具有较好的动态响应性能,验证了该控制策略的有效性和正确性。     

带非线性负载的双馈式风力发电机孤岛控制策略

以孤岛运行的双馈异步发电机(DFIG)系统为研究对象,以实现风力发电系统在带非线性负载时能够输出稳定幅值和频率的电压为目标,分别在转子侧变换器(RSC)和定子侧变换器(SSC)的控制中采用基于正转同步速坐标系下的比例积分谐振(PIR)控制,可解决传统比例积分控制带宽有限导致的控制性能下降问题,同时可减少谐波分量的提取以及谐振控制器的使用数量,简化系统控制。最后,通过仿真验证在非线性负载条件下能获得良好的输出电压、电流特性。     

带整流器负载的微电网稳定性分析与高频谐振抑制

针对带整流器负载的微电网高频谐振问题,采用基于导纳的Bode稳定性判据进行理论分析,提出一种逆变器输出电流经过比例系数正反馈到电流给定的有源阻尼控制策略,可有效降低逆变器等效输出阻抗,提高系统的稳定裕度。针对整流器负载导纳的谐振峰值,提出虚拟电阻的控制策略,可有效抑制其谐振峰值,提高带整流器负载的微电网系统的稳定性。最后利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件,验证上述理论分析的正确性。     

利用多功能模型参考修正的自适应PID控制器设计

基于参考模型和控制参数,文章设计了一种鲁棒的模型参考修正的自适应比例积分微分控制器,用于各种动态负载,增强孤岛微电网的电压和电流控制。针对负载动态、谐波源、异步电机、非线性负载和未知负载,评估了该控制器的有效性。结果表明,该控制器能够为单相和三相孤岛微电网系统提供高跟踪性能和安全操作。     

小容量同步发电机组谐波特性分析

相对于大电网,小容量系统惯性小、承受扰动的能力弱,因此小容量同步发电机组受谐波影响较大。为揭示谐波的作用机理,从注入谐波电流后电机内部的电磁关系变化人手,描述了谐波电流形成的旋转磁场与基波磁场叠加后的形态。进而分析了谐波电流对发电机输出电压的影响,并运用瞬时功率理论推导了谐波转矩的解析式,指出了发电机组转轴机械振动的原因。进行了柴油发电机组带非线性负载的实验,观察了机组在谐波影响下的运行状态,实验结果与理论分析一致。     

三相逆变器带整流性负载建模与设计

基于非线性系统的分段线性化原理将三相整流性负载分解成3种状态,简化逆变器带整流性负载的建模与设计。同时基于结合重复控制、电容电压微分反馈和双环控制器的策略,详细分析使用所提出三相整流性负载模型的三相逆变器工作特性及其控制器设计方法。针对系统非线性特点,分别使用二阶阻尼理论、相平面法和奈奎斯特图分析稳定性。最后,根据以上的分析在三相逆变器平台进行实验,验证三相逆变器带整流性负载的建模以及基于所提出模型控制器设计和稳定性判断方法的有效性。     

霍尔电流传感器数学模型及其非线性传变分析

柔性直流系统发生极间故障,电流上升快,持续时间短,给电流传感器正确传变带来了极大的挑战,继电保护必须考虑电流传感器不能正确传变带来的影响。直流系统广泛采用霍尔传感器对电流进行变换,霍尔传感器在极限工况下存在非线性过程。介绍了闭环霍尔电流传感器各部分包括磁电转换部分、电压放大部分、以及反馈补偿电路的工作原理,考虑了铁芯、运算放大器以及三极管存在的非线性特征,建立了带非线性传变环节的数学模型,并在PSCAD数值仿真平台上建立了数值仿真模型。通过数值仿真,分析了闭环霍尔电流传感器各个饱和环节对电流传变的影响及电流发生畸变后的变化特征。     

具有APF功能的光伏并网发电系统的研究

探讨了一种具有有源滤波器功能的光伏并网发电系统。该系统白天可有效地进行光伏并网发电,还可补偿或抑制本地非线性负载产生的无功和谐波,夜晚系统仍可作为APF继续工作。相对于单独的光伏并网系统,它不但提高了设备利用率,也改善了电网的供电质量。文章分析了系统的结构组成,还采用了具有较好鲁棒性和动态响应速度的、基于瞬时无功理论的闭环无功和谐波电流检测的方法,分析了并网电流的合成及其跟踪控制。最后,利用Matlab/Simulink对系统进行了仿真,验证了系统的可行性。     

非线性负载对光伏电站运行效率和可靠性的影响分析

从用电负载方面对目前太阳能光伏电站普遍存在的问题进行分析,着重指出了非线性负载所产生的电流畸变、高次谐波和高频干扰是对供电系统造成危害的主要因素.文章从负载和供电2个方面提出了改善措施:第一,使用高功率因数、低畸变的高性能电子节能灯具;第二,在逆变器中采用谐波抑制电路和有源功率因数校正电路对高次谐波加以处理,在供电设备端主动对流人的高次谐波和畸变电流加以处理,使负载功率因数提高到0.9以上.     

Real-time AC voltage control and power-following of a combined proton exchange membrane fuel cell,and ultracapacitor bank with nonlinear loads

The nonlinear loads create a wide range of current harmonics in the system. Such loads can make distortions on the output voltage profile, influence on the fuel cell (FC) performance, and endanger safe operation of the FC unit. In this paper, new strategies for power-following and AC voltage control have been developed. The proposed system consists of the ultracapacitor (UC) bank and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) supplying nonlinear AC loads. The power tracking strategy is based on the Fourier analysis of total load demand. The Fourier analysis is used as an effective tool to eliminate destructive effect of current harmonics on the PEMFC output current. To supply the nonlinear AC loads under sinusoidal voltage with the fast response, a dynamic model for the inverter control loop is also presented. This model is used to enhance the input reference tracking and reject input/output disturbances. The simulation outcomes confirm the desirable PEMFC performance against nonlinear load disturbances. In addition, the output AC voltage is kept sinusoidal and has low deviations under nonlinear load variations.     

PEM fuel cell supported distribution static compensator for power quality enhancement in three-phase four-wire distribution system

One of the major problems in electrical power system is the lack of quality of power due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load and unbalanced load utilization in three-phase four-wire distribution system. In this paper, PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cell supported four-leg Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is modelled to mitigate harmonics, neutral current and load balancing under nonlinear load and unbalanced load conditions in three-phase four-wire distribution system. The instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory control algorithm is proposed for four-leg DSTATCOM. The Real coded Genetic Algorithm (RGA) optimized Proportional Integral (PI) controller and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller are used for regulating the DC link voltage of DSTATCOM. This paper also investigates the performance of ANFIS based DSTATCOM with conventional method. The proposed system is modelled and its performance is analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK.     

光伏发电并网逆变器建模及电能质量评估

鉴于光伏发电并网逆变器的建模对于光伏大规模接入、保障系统稳定运行具有重要意义,提出了系统仿真方案,利用Hammerstein-Wiener(HW)非线性模型对光伏并网逆变器的运行进行仿真。通过试验获得直流逆变器电压电流波形、交流逆变器电压电流波形、电压公共耦合点、电网和负荷电流;利用编程确定各种模拟波形并搜索与实际波形相比最准确的模型,同时将该方法运用到电能质量分析中,进而完成对系统的分析和建模。模拟结果表明,该模型效果较好,可以为系统规划、防止系统故障和改善电能质量等方面提供理论依据。     

Unified power quality conditioner based on a three-level NPC inverter using fuzzy control techniques for all voltage disturbances compensation

This paper presents a novel and efficient control scheme for unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) based on three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter using fuzzy logic techniques. The proposed UPQC is capable of mitigating source current harmonics and compensate all voltage disturbances such as voltage sags, swells, unbalances and harmonics. It is designed by the integration of series and shunt active filters (AFs) sharing a common DC bus capacitor. The DC voltage is maintained constant using proportional integral voltage controller. The synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory is used to get the reference signals for shunt active power filters (APFs) and the power reactive theory (p-q theory) for series APFs. The shunt and series APF reference signals derived from the control algorithm and sensed signals are injected in two controllers to generate switching signals. To improve the UPQC capability, fuzzy logic techniques are introduced to control the series APF. The performances of the proposed UPQC system are evaluated in terms of power factor correction, mitigation of voltage or current harmonics and all other voltage disturbances compensation using Matlab-Simulink software and SimPowerSystem toolbox. The simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed UPQC at the common connection point of the nonlinear load to improve the power energy quality.     

光伏电网电压不平衡及跌落补偿控制系统的设计

鉴于非线性冲击负载的影响,光伏电网母线出现电压跌落大、电压不平衡问题。提出一种基于三相VSC的超导储能技术前馈线性化控制方法。利用三相VSC变流器构建数学模型,如果简单地以交轴电流和直流电压来构建控制系统,物理上很难实现。所以文中以直轴和交轴电流来实现电流闭环控制,并在直轴电流环前置电压调节器实现了直流电压的前馈闭环控制。从而推导出三相VSC变流器的逆系统．并构造出伪线性系统。考虑建模误差、系统的快速反应和增强鲁棒性,采用内环PI控制器对伪线性系统进行综合。实现了交轴电流分量和直流电压的解耦,对该闭环控制系统计算机仿真的效果良好。     

Effect of Load Models on AC/DC System Stability and Modulation Control Design

This paper investigates important aspects related to the effect of load models on the modulation control design and stability of a modulated ac/dc system. Static load is modeled as a nonlinear function of load bus voltage and dynamic load is modeled by an equivalent induction motor. DC power and reactive power modulations are considered for the modulation controllers. A method for eigenvalue sensitivity calculation is developed to predict the effect of load characteristics on system stability. Eigenvalue sensitivity and simulation results show that static and dynamic load characteristics may have a considerable effect on the system stability. Figure 1 shows an ac/dc power system model used for studying the effect of nonlinear load on system stability. Reactive power modulation gain is obtained via optimal control theory. Figure 2 shows speed response of synchronous generator for a 5% change in reference current (Iref) of the rectifier terminal. Reactive power modulation by static var compensator improves system stability with constant impedance load model. However, reactive power modulation makes the system unstable when the modulation gain is based on constant impedance load model and the actual load is represented by induction motor. Important conclusions resulting from the computations and simulations performed for an integrated ac/dc system are listed below. 1. The dynamic behavior of induction motor load has a significant effect on the system stability. Induction motor in most cases reduces the overall system damping.     

不平衡电网电压下T型三电平光伏并网逆变器的有限集模型预测控制

为实现电网电压不平衡时对T型三电平光伏并网系统输出功率和电流质量的控制,以达到入网功率平稳或电流正弦为控制目标,结合光伏阵列输出功率前馈,在两相静止坐标系下提出一种直流母线电压外环PI控制、并网电流内环有限集模型预测控制的控制策略,并在电压外环中引入2倍频陷波器以获得平滑的入网功率参考值。仿真结果表明:当电网电压不对称时,采用所提控制策略能够实现对入网有功、无功功率2倍频脉动及负序电流的分别抑制或协调控制,且并网电流谐波畸变小、入网电能质量高,同时实现T型三电平逆变器的中点电位平衡。     

Dynamic modeling and simulation of a small wind–fuel cell hybrid energy system

This paper describes dynamic modeling and simulation results of a small wind–fuel cell hybrid energy system. The system consists of a 400 W wind turbine, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), ultracapacitors, an electrolyzer, and a power converter. The output fluctuation of the wind turbine due to wind speed variation is reduced using a fuel cell stack. The load is supplied from the wind turbine with a fuel cell working in parallel. Excess wind energy when available is converted to hydrogen using an electrolyzer for later use in the fuel cell. Ultracapacitors and a power converter unit are proposed to minimize voltage fluctuations in the system and generate AC voltage. Dynamic modeling of various components of this small isolated system is presented. Dynamic aspects of temperature variation and double layer capacitance of the fuel cell are also included. PID type controllers are used to control the fuel cell system. SIMULINK^TM is used for the simulation of this highly nonlinear hybrid energy system. System dynamics are studied to determine the voltage variation throughout the system. Transient responses of the system to step changes in the load current and wind speed in a number of possible situations are presented. Analysis of simulation results and limitations of the wind–fuel cell hybrid energy system are discussed. The voltage variation at the output was found to be within the acceptable range. The proposed system does not need conventional battery storage. It may be used for off-grid power generation in remote communities.     

Voltage and Frequency Controller for a Three-Phase Four-Wire Autonomous Wind Energy Conversion System

This paper deals with control of voltage and frequency of an autonomous wind energy conversion system (AWECS) based on capacitor-excited asynchronous generator and feeding three-phase four-wire loads. The proposed controller consists of three single-phase insulated gate bipolar junction transistor (IGBT)-based voltage source converters (VSCs) and a battery at dc link. These three single-phase VSCs are connected to each phase of the generator through three single-phase transformers. The proposed controller is having bidirectional flow capability of active and reactive powers by which it controls the system voltage and frequency with variation of consumer loads and the speed of the wind. VSCs along with transformer function as a voltage regulator, a harmonic eliminator, a load balancer, and a neutral current compensator while the battery is used to control the active power flow which, in turn, maintains the constant system frequency. The complete electromechanical system is modeled and simulated in the MATLAB using the Simulink and the power system blockset (PSB) toolboxes. The simulated results are presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed controller as a voltage and frequency regulator, harmonic eliminator, load balancer, and neutral current compensator for different electrical (varying consumer loads) and mechanical (varying wind speed) dynamic conditions in an autonomous wind energy conversion system.     

基于对称分量法的电弧炉无功补偿技术

电弧炉具有低电压、大电流而且负荷非线性的特点,在其运行过程中产生大量的负序电流,导致电网不稳定。通过对称分量法提取出负序分量,进而应用单片机控制投切补偿电纳,进行无功功率补偿,从而有效地抑制了负序电流,使电网稳定运行。计算机仿真表明,提出的无功补偿技术可以有效地补偿负序电流,使电弧炉运行在三相对称状态。