水煤浆雾滴群荷电特性的试验研究

利用针管–环状电极配置的微喷射流静电雾化系统对水煤浆雾滴群的荷电特性进行了试验研究,以雾滴群的荷质比作为衡量其荷电效果的指标,采用网状目标法获得了高压静电场强度、水煤浆电导率以及射流流量对水煤浆雾滴群荷电特性的影响规律。试验中发现充电电极在正向加压及逆向减压的情况下,水煤浆雾滴群表现出两种不同的荷电规律, 除起止电压之外,雾滴群在正向加压过程的荷质比均不同程度略小于同等条件下逆向减压过程的荷质比。研究还表明：环状充电电极加载25 kV以内的电压已经能使水煤浆射流在静电场以感应荷电方式有效充电,达到静电雾化的条件;相对高的感应场强、液体电导率以及较低的射流量能够使雾滴群获得较高的荷质比。     

电极参数影响射流喷雾荷电量的试验研究

为研究环形电极直径及其相对于喷头的布置方式对雾滴荷电效果的影响,在TR80-02C圆锥雾喷头上,采用5种不同直径的环形电极和5种安装位置进行全因素射流荷电喷雾试验,用网状目标法测量群体雾滴的荷电电流、总质量和试验时间,用荷质比来评价雾滴的感应荷电性能。详细分析荷电电压、电极环直径和安装位置对雾滴荷质比的影响,并在理论上对其显示的特性和机理给出科学的解析。试验结果表明:荷电量随作用于电极上的荷电电压提高而增大;电极环直径增大,雾滴的荷电量反而减小;电极安装位置沿喷射方向前移,其雾滴荷电量增大;荷电量与电极环直径和安装位置间存在线性关系。通过进一步分析,构建了荷电系数与电极参数和位置关系的经验公式,该公式可用于计算和预测感应电极荷电量,为电极参数与静电喷头的合理设计提供科学依据。     

低浓度石灰浆雾滴荷电特性的试验研究

为深入探索石灰浆液荷电雾化脱硫的机理,对石灰浆雾滴荷电特性进行了研究。通过石灰浆雾滴荷质比、喷雾场的测试和机理分析表明:石灰浆雾滴的荷电效果与浆液流量、雾化角、充电装置结构参数、充电电压等诸多因素有关;荷质比随浆液流量、雾化角的增大而增大,但雾化角进入稳定值后继续增大流量对提高荷质比的作用不明显;电极放电电压随喷嘴与电极距离、名义雾化角和流量的增大而减小;在本试验条件下,流量<45 L/h时存在最佳电压值,约为11 kV,流量>45 L/h时荷电电压值宜控制在约12 kV;石灰浆雾滴荷电能有效地使雾滴细化而且分布趋向均匀。     

感应荷电喷雾静电场与荷电特性分析

感应荷电喷雾静电场的特性是感应荷电喷雾流场与静电场耦合计算的基础,也是荷电喷雾技术基础理论研究的关键之一。为了了解喷雾静电场中环状电极的感应静电场分布特性,在感应荷电机理分析和静电场物理模型建立的基础上,通过将商用FLUENT计算功能的扩展,对感应荷电喷雾中喷嘴与环状电极静电场进行数值模拟,并对静电场分布特性进行分析,结合感应荷电机理,明确感应静电场分布对喷雾液滴荷电效果的影响,从而可以通过改变静电场的分布特性改善液滴荷电质量。计算结果表明:随着充电电压的增加或电极间距的减小,电极处电场强度增强,尤其是喷嘴电极处增幅明显;电场强度沿轴向衰减迅速,故拥有高场强的电极及其附近区域是液滴感应荷电的关键,研究结论与有关试验结果相符合。因此,较高充电电压或较小电极间距(10mm以下)情况下的喷嘴与环形电极的静电场分布有利于获得较好的荷电效果和喷雾质量。     

电极位置影响荷电量的试验研究

为研究在感应荷电状态下环形针状电极安装位置对雾滴荷电性能影响,进行了相同的喷雾压力和液体介质的条件下,3种不同流量喷头的全因素射流荷电喷雾试验。试验采用环径50 mm的电极,等距离选取5种安装位置,用网状目标法测量群体雾滴电流,用荷质比评价感应荷电性能,此后详细分析了荷电电压、电极安装位置及喷头流量等因素对荷电量的影响。试验结果表明:荷电量与荷电电压成正比并随电极的安装位置前移而增大;荷电量与安装位置间存在线性关系;喷头流量对荷质比的影响较大。最后根据试验结果提出了荷电量计算公式和相应系数的计算方法,其计算误差<5%,可用于荷电量计算和预测,为荷电效果的定量分析奠定基础。     

感应荷电喷雾荷电性能与喷雾特性试验研究

荷电喷雾技术是一种利用静电作用控制液滴运动来改善喷雾特性的手段,它的效果受到喷雾荷电性能的直接影响。为此,从水雾感应荷电理论出发,建立雾滴群荷电量的理论公式,通过试验研究电极参数对雾滴荷电性能的影响,并测试了喷雾特性。结果表明:1)最佳极间距与液膜破碎长度有关,完全破碎前荷质比随极间距增加而增加,完全破碎后荷质比随极间距增加而减小,荷电性能随电极环直径减小而增大;2)荷电喷雾能提高药液在目标物表面和背部的沉积量,同时改善均匀性;3)雾滴粒径在静电力作用下逐步减小,分布趋于均匀。     

基于圆锥管状电极的高压静电场对雾滴荷电的影响

静电喷头电极产生的高压静电场对雾滴荷电及沉积效果有重要影响,为此,根据航空静电喷雾的特点改进原有圆柱管状电极型式为圆锥管状电极。借助Ansoft Maxwell软件和试验测试方法对锥形管状电极的空间电场强度进行分析。建立了基于圆锥管状电极静电喷头的雾滴荷电效果测试系统,开展了模拟飞行条件下的充电电压对雾滴荷质比及沉积分布的影响效果试验研究。结果显示:电极空间电场模拟结果与测试计算结果基本符合,确定靠近锥形电极20~70 mm范围为最佳荷电区域。雾滴荷质比随着充电电压的增加有增加的趋势,与距离喷头的轴向位置关系不大,当电压达到10 kV时雾滴荷电饱和,并获得了最大荷质比2.13 mC/kg。相比0 kV条件,10 kV电压条件下的雾滴在中性靶标侧面、下面和背面的沉积量有明显提高,分别平均提高了18、19、18 cm-2;雾滴在正极靶标的沉积量明显多于负极和中性靶标,在正极靶标背面上的平均沉积量相比其正面和侧面增加的更多,达到86%。     

蒸汽喷雾不同荷电方式的荷电特性与静电场研究

为研究蒸汽喷雾的荷电特性和静电场特性，对饱和蒸汽喷雾分别展开3种荷电方式实验：电晕荷电、感应荷电和接触荷电。以针–板电极、环电极和针–环电极这3种电极结构作为研究对象，对充电电压、电极间距和电极位置对喷雾的荷质比和静电场的影响展开研究。结果表明：随着充电电压增加，对针–板电极，液滴受到电晕放电和离子风促进蒸发的共同作用，喷雾的荷质比先增加后降低；对环电极，喷雾荷质比先增加后降低；对针–环电极，喷雾荷质比单调增长。减小电极间距、增加电极与喷嘴距离可有效增加喷雾的荷质比；充电电压为负极性时荷电效率更高，相同充电电压下接触荷电产生喷雾荷质比和静电场均高于其他两种荷电方式，最大荷质比为1.61 mC/kg，喷雾产生的静电场由荷电液滴与液滴蒸发后向四周迁移的离子共同产生。     

高压脉冲负电晕荷电喷雾试验研究

为减少化学农药带来的污染,采用了荷电喷雾新技术。首先对负高压脉冲电晕荷电机理进行了理论分析,再用网状目标法通过调节电压、极距、电极直径、电极数目等参数进行电晕荷电试验,比较各因素对电晕放电伏-安特性影响及荷电后雾化效果;测量不同电压下雾滴的索太尔直径;并用高速摄影拍摄雾滴带电射流破碎时的状态,得到射流破碎时的雾滴形状。理论分析和试验结果表明,电压越高,雾滴谱较窄,雾滴粒径变细,均匀度越高;揭示了不同影响因素下的雾滴荷电特性,为负高压脉冲电晕荷电喷雾技术的应用和设计提供了理论基础和试验数据。     

等离子体射流雾滴的荷电特性研究

为了从理论上探讨等离子体荷电过程出现的瞬时不稳定和突变现象,在高压电场下用网状目标法测量雾滴群体电流,用荷质比评价雾滴的荷电效果,试验研究了电晕产生的等离子体射流喷雾荷电过程。电极间气体电离过程的伏安特性分析、荷电过程的电学模型理论分析和试验结果表明:等离子体荷电喷雾产生的突变现象是极间气体电离,阻抗变化,从而引起极间电压降低,电流(荷质比)增大,是等离子荷电过程的固有特性;等离子体荷电喷雾雾滴的荷质比与荷电电压间存在线性关系,其荷电效果受电极的结构形式和尺寸、极间气体介质的厚度、雾化液体的介电性能及喷头和喷雾参数等因素的影响;安全高效的荷电电压要高于起晕电压,宜为15-20 kV。     

Charging and behavior of a spherically conducting particle on a dielectrically coated electrode in the presence of electrical gradient force in atmospheric air

This paper discusses the charging and behavior of a spherically conducting particle on a dielectrically coated electrode in non-uniform dc and ac electric fields between non-parallel plane electrodes in atmospheric air. The charging mechanism of a particle resting on a dielectrically coated electrode is investigated by observing light emissions from partial discharges and by utilizing the dust figure technique. The charge acquired by a particle is estimated from the results of particle motion onset voltage measurement and direct measurement with a Faraday cage. The basic particle movement as well as particle-triggered breakdown characteristics under non-uniform electric field distribution along the electrode surface is also investigated. The results suggest that the effect of the electrical gradient force/dielectro-phoretic force on particle motion on a dielectrically coated electrode should be adequately considered in the design of gas insulated systems (GIS). This is because a particle can move laterally on the coated electrode toward increasing electric field regions by the action of the electrical gradient force which is independent of the charge on the particle. Also the possibility of the particle charging and lifting at high field regions or reaching and adhering onto an insulating spacer further increases the risk of breakdown.     

Modeling of electrostatic-based pesticide spray systems

A microscopic model for the electrostatic spraying system is presented to investigate the effect of the voltage applied to the induction nozzle on the droplet's charge, mobility, and charge-to-mass ratio. The variation of these parameters along the jet was also included. The model also lays particular emphasis on the effect of the applied voltage on the spray current and the charge density at the nozzle. A macroscopic model for the electrostatic spraying system is also presented. The objective of the model was to study the spatial distribution of the droplet charge density, transit time, and trajectory in the region between the nozzle and the target in terms of the flow velocity of the spray and the space-charge-produced electric field. On the macroscopic scale, both the droplet charge density and the spray current increase with the voltage applied to the charging electrode. With the decrease of the spray flow velocity, the space-charge-produced electric field becomes dominant and tends to: contract the droplet trajectories toward the axis of the spray system, and hence enhance the droplet deposition efficiency; and decrease the charge density at the target with the possibility of minimizing back-ionization. On the microscopic scale, induction charging eliminates the ion current from the current to the target and the associated back-ionization. The calculated droplet charge and charge-to-mass ratio which increase with the voltage applied to the charging electrode, agreed with the values reported previously     

纳秒级脉冲电压作用下聚丙烯膜反极性充电现象的研究

采用针-板电极系统，对无纺聚丙烯过滤膜纳秒级脉冲电压作用下电介质膜空间电荷形成过程进行研究。发现了聚丙烯膜积累的空间电荷与所加脉冲电压极性相反的聚合物膜反极性充电现象。正极性脉冲峰值越高越容易引起聚合物膜反极性充电。峰值足够高且脉宽足够窄的负极性脉冲也导致反极性充电。脉宽大于200ns的负极性脉冲作用下，聚合物膜充电过程为同极性充电，并且电荷积累量与脉冲峰值无关，随着脉宽的增大均趋于同一个稳定值。据此，文中提出了基于强场注入和反向注入两种充电过程并存的新理论模型，强调了针-板空气间隙固有放电特性对聚合物膜充电过程的影响。     

吸氧辅助电极的应用——用于低轨道卫星全密封镉镍蓄电池

在镉镍全密封蓄电池内部增加吸氧辅助电极———Ag Hg电极 ,同时采取两阶段充电控制等措施 ,从而成功地将地球同步轨道卫星镉镍蓄电池的第三电极信号电压充电控制方法应用于低轨道卫星上 ,不仅避免了低轨道卫星镉镍蓄电池大电流充电后期造成的极化对充电控制信号的影响 ,而且改善了充电后期效率 ,减少热量的产生     

The effect of electric field strength on the induction charge of freely levitating particles

Many industrial processes such as electrostatic separation, fluidization, and coating rely upon induction charging of fine particles. This paper considers the effects of electric field strength on the magnitude of the induction charge on freely levitating particles. The charging time and charge on a freely levitating particle depend on a number of properties, mainly the electric field strength, particle size, density, and resistivity. A charging model showing the dependence upon the electric field strength is presented and analyzed, along with a model of the levitation process. A high-speed digital imaging system was used to measure individual particle motion during levitation. Using these data along with the developed models, it was possible to determine the charge on the particle. Semiconductive particles with a mass mean diameter (MMD) of 156 /spl mu/m were used in these experiments and tested at electric fields of 6.8, 8.5, 15, and 21 kV/cm, respectively. In addition, some experiments using particles 97-/spl mu/m and 412-/spl mu/m MMD at an electric field of 15 kV/cm were carried out to confirm the results obtained for the 156-/spl mu/m particles. It was found that the particle charge was dependent upon both the charging time and electric field strength. In particular, for high electric fields the particle did not achieve its saturation charge before liftoff occurred. This shows that higher electric field strength is not necessarily the optimum condition for levitation of semiconductive particles.     

Discharge occurring at a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud

Electrical discharge phenomena from a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud have been investigated. Soil conditioning particles charged by corona charging were blown to form a space charge cloud. A grounded sphere electrode was placed at the center of the charged cloud to produce an electrical discharge. A positive pulse discharge extended from the sphere electrode toward the charged cloud with a strong luminescence. A brushlike streamer with a maximum length of 170 mm appeared at an interval of 30 ms. The maximum pulse height of the discharge was 2.4 A. The distribution of the electric field around the sphere electrode was obtained from field analysis using a concentric spherical model. It was found that the magnitude of the discharge depends on the radius of the grounded electrode and the size and charge density of the clouds. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 7–14, 2001     

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