磷酸二氢钾结晶介稳区性质研究

在磷酸二氢钾的生产中,为得到理想的晶体粒度及其分布,要求结晶在磷酸二氢钾水溶液的介稳区内进行,因此研究了不同温度、不同降温速率及不同搅拌速度下磷酸二氢钾水溶液的介稳区宽度,同时研究了铁离子杂质对磷酸二氢钾水溶液介稳区宽度的影响.结果表明:温度升高,介稳区宽度变窄;降温速率增大,介稳区宽度变宽;搅拌速度增大,介稳区宽度变窄,低温区变化幅度为2 ℃左右,高温区变化幅度小于1 ℃;铁离子的存在使介稳区宽度变宽,并得到介稳区宽度与铁离子质量分数的定量关系.     

硝基胍结晶过程介稳区宽度研究

为了测试硝基胍在硝酸溶液中的介稳区宽度,采用重结晶仪测试溶液的浊度和温度,经计算得到溶解度,分析了硝酸含量、降温速率、饱和温度和搅拌速率对介稳区宽度的影响。结果表明,在硝基胍结晶过程中,介稳区宽度随降温速率的增加和硝酸含量的升高而变宽;随搅拌速率的增加,介稳区宽度变窄;不同饱和温度下,温度越高,介稳区宽度越窄。在实际操作过程中,硝酸质量分数为45%,搅拌速率为150r/min,饱和温度为0℃,降温速率为0.8℃/min时,结晶较宜。用经典成核理论推导了介稳区宽度的模型方程,结果与实验值符合较好,成核级数为0.56。     

绿原酸结晶介稳区宽度的测定

采用激光装置测定不同条件下绿原酸在乙醇和水中的溶解度及超溶解度,并比较了不同温度、降温速率和搅拌速率下绿原酸的介稳区宽度。结果表明介稳区宽度随温度降低,降温速率升高及搅拌速率减小而变宽,乙醇和水体系中进行结晶的最优条件均为降温速率12℃·h~(-1)和搅拌速率300 r·min~(-1),其介稳区宽度分别介于3.7~6.3℃和3.7~8.0℃。     

高氯酸铵结晶介稳区的研究

研究了温度、降温速率、搅拌速率及Na+存在下对高氯酸铵(AP)在水中介稳区的影响,同时用最大过冷度△Tmax表示了介稳区宽度。结果表明,AP介稳区宽度随温度升高和搅拌速率增大而变窄;随降温速率增大而变宽。研究发现,向原料AP中加入少许杂质Na+,AP在水中的介稳区稍微变宽。AP的介稳性质为其结晶过程选择适宜的操作过饱和度提供了依据。     

降温速率对磷酸二氢铵介稳区影响的研究

采用聚焦光束反射测量（FBRM）技术测定了磷酸二氢铵溶液介稳区宽度。测定了不同降温速率下磷酸二氢铵溶液的成核温度,得到对应的磷酸二氢铵结晶介稳区宽度。结果表明：在降温速率一定时,磷酸二氢铵溶液过冷度随温度降低而增加,介稳区变宽;在不同降温速率下,介稳区宽度随降温速率增加而增加,其中降温速率为 1.0 ℃/min时介稳区宽度最大,降温速率为0.2 ℃/min和0.1 ℃/min时介稳区宽度不变。     

磷酸二氢钠结晶介稳区宽度的研究

溶液的介稳区宽度是结晶过程的基础研究之一。实验测定了纯磷酸二氢钠溶液在不同饱和温度下的介稳区宽度及25℃时含有杂质的磷酸二氢钠溶液的介稳区宽度,同时考察了pH值和降温速率对溶液介稳区宽度的影响。介稳区宽度的测定结果对指导磷酸二氢钠的结晶过程有参考价值。     

磷酸结晶介稳区性质的研究

本研究利用激光散射法研究了不同浓度下磷酸介稳区宽度的变化,同时还系统地考察了降温速率、搅拌强度、晶种加入量及典型杂质离子对介稳区宽度的影响关系。结果表明,介稳区宽度随降温速率的增加而相应变宽,由此根据不同浓度和不同降温速率的磷酸介稳区数据得到磷酸的表观二次成核级数为3.3;搅拌强度的增加和晶种加入量的减小,均使得磷酸介稳区宽度呈现逐渐变窄的变化。几种典型的杂质离子对磷酸介稳区宽度加大的影响作用不同,Fe2+对介稳区宽度的作用最为明显,F-的影响效果相对最弱,按照影响效果的强弱区分为:Fe2+SO42-F-。     

硝酸钙结晶介稳区的研究

溶液的介稳区宽度是结晶过程的基础研究之一。考察Fe3+、Al3+、Mg2+杂质在不同浓度下对硝酸钙结晶介稳区宽度及结晶形态的影响,以及饱和溶液温度对介稳区宽度的影响。结果表明:3种杂质对硝酸钙的结晶形态未产生影响;随着各杂质离子浓度的升高,硝酸钙介稳区宽度变宽;随着饱和溶液温度升高,其介稳区宽度先变窄后变宽。介稳区宽度对指导硝酸钙结晶过程有参考价值。     

七水氯化镧结晶介稳区的测定和初级成核分析

通过静态平衡法测定七水氯化镧在水中的溶解度，分别用Apelblat经验方程和λh方程对溶解度数据进行拟合与评估。利用激光散射法测定氯化镧水溶液冷却结晶的介稳区宽度，在推导出初级成核速率基础上，通过实验分析操作参数温度、搅拌和降温速率等对氯化镧冷却结晶介稳区宽度、成核级数的影响。结果表明，两个溶解度模型均能很好地拟合七水氯化镧在水中的溶解度；氯化镧的介稳区宽度比一般无机盐的要大很多，随着降温速率的增大和搅拌速率的减小而变宽，且成核级数的大小受温度的影响， 随温度的升高而变大。     

磷酸二氢铵结晶介稳区宽度的研究

溶液的介稳区宽度是结晶过程的基础研究内容之一,本文用激光散射法测定了纯磷酸二氢铵溶液和含有杂质或添加剂的磷酸二氢铵溶液在不同饱和温度下的结晶介稳区宽度,并用多元线性回归拟合得出磷酸二氢铵介稳区宽度与饱和温度及添加剂用量的回归方程.结果表明:磷酸二氢铵溶液的介稳区宽度随溶液饱和温度的升高而线性下降:添加剂硫酸铵、柠檬酸钠和硫脲均能使磷酸二氢铵溶液的介稳区变宽.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。