核临界安全中的源倍增法研究

文章对核临界安全研究中通常采用的现场测量技术———源倍增法进行研究。从有源扩散理论出发,导出了与keff不同的有源次临界中子有效增殖因子ks的表达式,并在次临界系统上进行了验证研究。验证实验研究证实了所导出的ks 的正确性。源倍增法测量的参数实际上是次临界系统在外源作用下的有源次临界中子有效增殖因子ks,而不是以往的中子有效增殖因子keff,这就解决了长期困扰人们的有关源倍增法测量的参数问题。文章讨论了ks 与keff间的差别和关系以及它们对核临界安全的影响。     

核临界安全中的监督现场测量技术--源倍增方法的某些问题

给出了核临界安全中监督现场的测量技术——源倍增法的实验理论和实验方法。源倍增法实际测量的是有源次临界中子有效增殖系数k2而不是中子有效增殖系数Keff。在铀溶液核临界装置上进行了实验研究用源倍增法测量了次临界系统在外中子源作用下铀溶液不同液位的有源次临界中子有效增殖系数k2;用周期法测量了单位铀溶液位的反应性系数,然后用临界液位与次临界液位之差乘以单位铀溶液位的反应性系数,给出系统次临界液位时的反应性．由反应性给出传统观念上的中子有效增殖系数keff 。讨论了它们的差别及对核临界安全的影响。     

ADS启明星1号次临界度测量研究

次临界反应堆的反应性测量问题,一直是实验反应堆物理中的一个难题,且近年来越来越迫切。文章针对ADS次临界系统的特征,提出了用脉冲源法结合源倍增法测量系统次临界度的新思路,并在ADS启明星1号次临界实验装置上进行了测量实验。根据几组不同次临界度的测量结果来看,与理论计算结果偏差一般在600 pcm左右,确认了该方法的有效性。     

高次谐波滤除方法在ADS次临界堆瞬发中子衰减常数计算中的应用

欧盟开展的外源倍增(MUSE)系列实验表明:脉冲中子源(PNS)方法是一种适用于深次临界堆中子增殖系数(keff)测量的方法,在PNS方法中,瞬发中子衰减常数α的准确与否是精确测量keff的关键.本文针对“快热”耦合次临界装置——“启明星1#”上的α测量进行分析,采用高次谐波滤除方法,得到拟合α值的时间区间,在该时间区间内得到的α与探测器位置无关.同时将由α计算出的次临界系统的瞬发中子倍增系数kp与蒙特卡罗程序(MCNP)计算结果进行对比分析,两者符合较好.研究表明:高次谐波滤除方法可有效避免α值测量依赖于探测器位置的问题,由该方法得到的α值可用于加速器驱动洁净核能系统(ADS)次临界反应堆keff离线监督.     

近临界系统中子倍增时间行为的实验测量

为确定近临界系统内中子倍增因子随时间的变化与系统的反应性的关系,为反应堆启动提供参考,实验测量了中心中子在1个快中子临界装置3个次临界状态的中子倍增的时间行为,在反应性ρ=-2.27×10^-3和-4.79×10^-4的两个次临界状态下,阶跃加入反应性,分别等待180和450s后,中子密度（正比于中子倍增因子）才达到稳定值。与单群缓发中子假设计算的变化曲线比较表明,实验测量的中子倍增因子的变化比理论预估的变化快。即使如此,在反应堆启动中,仍需考虑中子倍增的延迟,以便推算正确的反应性。     

跳源法在启明星1#次临界装置中的应用

简要介绍了跳源法在启明星1#次临界装置上测量次临界度的原理、外源驱动的次临界中子学实验装置、堆芯布置及中子源驱动系统。主要研究了中子源在堆芯轴向中心位置、不同装载情况下的反应性变化,并给出不同的有效倍增系数keff。实验测量结果与理论计算结果进行了比较,结果符合较好。     

用摄动方法解点堆动力学方程组

简要介绍了多重尺度摄动方法的原理，并运用多重尺度摄动法来解点堆中子动力学方程，导出新的次临界堆中子倍增公式，通过比较分析，证明新倍增公式包括了以前的公式，因而更精确、更实际地描述了中子倍增的物理过程。     

溶液堆气泡效应测量

在次临界堆（如ADS次临界堆）物理实验中,反应堆动态参数的测量很重要,通常测量瞬发中子动态参数伍的值。反应堆在各种不同次临界装载下的α值可反映堆的次临界深度及相关的中子动力学特征。自主开发的费曼方差平均比方法测量系统是基于计算机数据采集和处理分析的系统,为建设数字化反应堆物理实验室起到一定的促进作用。     

由中子注量率空间分布形状测量确定反应堆次临界度的方法研究

从堆物理的基础理论出发,提出了通过堆内中子注量空间分布的测量来确定反应堆次临界度的一种新方法,并通过对我国启明星1 号次临界实验装置的数值模拟,初步说明了该方法的可行性.     

一种测量缓发中子有效份额β_(eff)的方法

本工作通过实验与理论计算相结合,给出了测定缓发中子有效份额βeff的新方法。用实验方法确定反应堆临界状态,并测量次临界状态时以βeff为单位的次临界反应性,应用理论程序计算临界时的中子有效增殖因数keff,确定keff的计算偏差,然后理论计算次临界状态下的keff,并用确定keff的计算偏差对次临界状态下计算的keff进行修正,给出次临界状态的反应性。将实验测量结果与理论计算结果相比较,从而给出βeff。这种方法由于是实验确定的反应堆状态,因此,按实验结果计算的keff与理论描述反应堆状态的计算模型关系不大。分析表明,βeff测量结果的精度高于以往测量方法的精度。     

ADS启明星1#次临界反应堆缓发中子有效份额的测量

本文提出了利用改进的源倍增法测量次临界系统的绝对反应性与跳源法测量的相对反应性相比获得缓发中子有效份额β_eff的方法。用改进的源倍增法测量了ADS启明星1#次临界反应堆某次临界状态下的绝对反应性为-2.235×10^-3。在相同的次临界状态下,用跳源法测量了以β_eff为单位的反应性ρ/β_eff为-0.291 5 $,二者相比得到ADS启明星1#次临界反应堆的缓发中子有效份额为0.007667。利用MCNP建模计算的结果为0.007 783,两者在2%内符合。     

Detected-neutron multiplication factor measured by neutron source multiplication method

An alternative definition of neutron multiplication factor measured by the neutron source multiplication (NSM) method is newly proposed. This newly defined neutron multiplication factor, k_det, is derived on the basis of neutron detection process in a subcritical system with an external neutron source. The definition of k_det is expressed as a ratio of total number of detected fission-neutrons to total number of detected all neutrons. In this paper, a heuristic derivation of k_det is presented, and another interpretation of k_det is explained by using the detector importance function. Based on the idea of k_det, the measurement principle of NSM method is reinterpreted, and the correction factors in the NSM method are clarified. In order to verify our proposed NSM method, numerical analysis of the NSM method is carried out. The numerical results suggest that target neutron multiplication factors of the NSM method can be well estimated even without any corrections by putting a neutron detector where the effective neutron multiplication factor k_eff is well approximated by k_det.     

Automatic Plotting of Isoflux Contours with On-Line Printer

The effect of neutron streaming upon the neutron multiplication factor in a fast critical assembly FCA-VI is estimated by considering the anisotropy of the diffusion coefficient. In this paper, the Benoist formula is adopted to obtain the diffusion coefficient. In his original expression, many effects such as those of neutron angular distribution, multiple collision (correlation of different neutron passes) and finiteness of lattice system are included. In order to estimate these effects, the generalized first-flight collision probability method is adopted as in the previous paper, and an improvement is brought over the previous method so as to calculate the effective diffusion coefficient in a practical slab lattice cell which is asymmetric about the center of the cell.

Using the method of calculation described above, the anisotropic effect of neutron streaming in the lattices TA, TB, TC and TD used in the FCA VI-1 assembly is estimated. The effect of anisotropy of the diffusion coefficient upon the multiplication factor for the TA, TB, TC and TD lattices is found to be ?0.156, ?0.181, ?0.242 and ?0.330% δk/k, respectively.

Usually, the effects of neutron distribution, multiple collision and anisotropic scattering are neglected in evaluating the diffusion coefficient when using the Benoist formula. Among these factors, the effect of multiple collision of neutrons has the largest effect upon the diffusion coefficient and upon the neutron multiplication factor. For the TA lattice, 30% of the overall effect of anisotropy is attributable to multiple collision.     

启明星1#次临界装置内不同位置探测器的中子计数率变化

在启明星1#次临界装置上进行了次临界外推实验,外中子源分别采用Am-Be中子源和252Cf中子源,放置在启明星1#次临界装置中心,中子探测器放置在次临界装置内不同位置,研究相对中子计数率的变化。实验测量结果表明:在启明星1#次临界装置不同位置的探测器测量得到的中子计数率变化不同,但对外推结果影响不大。     

Subcriticality Measurement by Neutron Source Multiplication Method with a Fundamental Mode Extraction

A new neutron multiplication method has been proposed for an accurate measurement of subcriticality. The proposed method consists of two correction processes for (1) extraction of the fundamental mode from measuring data of a neutron detector that contains higher modes as well as the fundamental mode feeding from an external neutron source and (2) spatial corrections for perturbations induced by a reactivity addition in the distributions of the fundamental mode and a neutron importance field. Feasibility of the proposed method has been verified from a numerical study, although under some limitations such that the neutron multiplying system to be analyzed is small-sized and a reactivity change takes place homogeneously in a fuel loaded region. With extraction of the fundamental mode and the spatial corrections, the subcriticality can be estimated accurately even with measuring data highly contaminated with higher modes due to a detector position near to an external point neutron source. For a future application to measurement of control rod bank worth of a nuclear power plant from measuring data during a reactor physical testing, some useful guidelines have been obtained.     

快热耦合系统的中子学计算工具——采用确定论方法

对于既具有高能量外中子源又包含热中子区域的快热耦合系统，本文将离散坐标法Sn与栅格计算程序相结合，给出可用于快热耦合系统的中子学确定论计算工具。用该方法计算了启明星1号次临界装置的k_eff，并给出了计算结果。     

Study of the neutron multiplication effect in an active neutron method

The neutron multiplication effect appears when an item contains large amounts of nuclear material. The neutron multiplication effect in this paper means the effect of subsequent fission reactions which are caused by fission neutrons produced by interrogation neutrons from a neutron generator. The previous active neutron method could not distinguish between first-fission and subsequent-fission neutrons and might overestimate the amount of nuclear material. However, the neutron multiplication effect in the active neutron method has not been adequately investigated. We discuss the evaluation method of the multiplication effect in the fast neutron direct interrogation method, one of the active neutron methods, using simulations with the Monte Carlo code MVP and experiments involving uranium waste drums. The first-generation neutrons from an external neutron source generate fission neutrons called second-generation neutrons, the second-generation neutrons generate third-generation neutrons, and so on. This study supposes that the neutron multiplication effect is mainly caused by the third-generation neutrons under the condition that the fourth-generation neutrons are much fewer. This paper proposes a correction method for the neutron multiplication effect in the measured data.