Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0—Inception,conception and perception

Industry 4.0, an initiative from Germany, has become a globally adopted term in the past decade. Many countries have introduced similar strategic initiatives, and a considerable research effort has been spent on developing and implementing some of the Industry 4.0 technologies. At the ten-year mark of the introduction of Industry 4.0, the European Commission announced Industry 5.0. Industry 4.0 is considered to be technology-driven, whereas Industry 5.0 is value-driven. The co-existence of two Industrial Revolutions invites questions and hence demands discussions and clarifications. We have elected to use five of these questions to structure our arguments and tried to be unbiased for the selection of the sources of information and for the discussions around the key issues. It is our intention that this article will spark and encourage continued debate and discussion around these topics.     

Airborne traffic monitoring in large areas using LiDAR data – theory and experiments

This article investigates the theoretical background for airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging) and ALS (airborne laser scanning) systems that are used to monitor traffic from airborne platforms. An object moving with a velocity deviating from the assumptions incorporated in the scanning process will generally appear both stretched and sheared – motion artefacts. To study the impact of these deformations on the ALS data, the analytic relations between an arbitrarily moving object and its conjugate in the ALS data have been examined and adapted to concrete airborne specifications. Furthermore, a complete scheme is proposed to analyse urban traffic in real-life situations, which combines vehicle detection successively with the motion classification method, which is the main focus of this article. Finally, the velocity of the moving vehicle can be derived with knowledge about the vehicle shape. The experimental results obtained by using real ALS data were assessed with respect to the reference data concurrently acquired by a video camera to validate the theory.     

Living Book – Deduction, Slicing, and Interaction

Living Book is a system for the management of personalized and scenario-specific teaching material. The main goal of the system is to support active, explorative, and self-determined learning in lectures, tutorials, and self-study. Living Book includes a course on logic for computer scientists, with uniform access to various tools such as theorem provers and an interactive tableau editor. It is routinely used in teaching undergraduate courses at our university. This paper describes Living Book, together with its use of theorem-proving technology as a core component in the knowledge management system (KMS) and the use of this new concept in academic teaching. The KMS provides a scenario management component in which teachers may describe those parts of given documents that are relevant in order to achieve a certain learning goal. The task of the KMS is to assemble new documents from a database of elementary units called slices (definitions, theorems, and so on) in a scenario-based way (such as, I want to prepare for an exam and need to learn about resolution). The computation of such assemblies is carried out by a model-generating theorem prover for first-order logic with a default negation principle. Its input consists of metadata that describes the dependencies between different slices and logic-programming style rules that describe the scenario-specific composition of slices. Additionally, users may assess what units they know or dont know. This information is stored in a user model, which is taken into account to compute a model that specifies the assembly of a personalized document. This paper introduces the e-learning context we are faced with, motivates our choice of logic, and sketches the newly developed calculus used in the KMS. Furthermore, the application and evaluation of Living Book are presented. P. Baumgartner: This work has been carried out within the research programme New Media in Education funded by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany.     

Use cases – Yesterday,today, and tomorrow

To my knowledge, no other software engineering language construct as significant as use cases has been adopted so quickly and so widely among practitioners. I believe this is because use cases play a role in so many different aspects of software engineering.Although I first used the term in 1986, I had actually been working on and evolving the concept of use cases since 1967. So many people have asked me how I came up with this concept that I decided to write this article to explain the origins and evolution of use cases. Ill also summarize what they have helped us achieve so far, and then suggest a few improvements for the future.     

Digital technologies and artificial intelligence’s present and foreseeable impact on lawyering,judging, policing and law enforcement

‘AI & Law’ research has been around since the 1970s, even though with shifting emphasis. This is an overview of the contributions of digital technologies, both artificial intelligence and non-AI smart tools, to both the legal professions and the police. For example, we briefly consider text mining and case-automated summarization, tools supporting argumentation, tools concerning sentencing based on the technique of case-based reasoning, the role of abductive reasoning, research into applying AI to legal evidence, tools for fighting crime and tools for identification.     

Sensor management – what,why and how

This paper presents a comprehensive discussion and systematic classification of the sensor management (SM) with respect to its roles, concepts, architectures and techniques. The SM is put in perspective with the discussion of the sensing system framework. The role of SM was presented based on the different level of its functionality. The architectures discussed in this paper include centralized, decentralized and hierarchical methods. SM techniques such as scheduling and decision-making techniques are discussed. A generic SM framework is also presented.     

A note on the relationship between market efficiency and adaptability – New evidence from artificial stock markets

We developed various artificial stock markets populated with different numbers of traders using a special adaptive form of the Strongly Typed Genetic Programming (STGP)-based learning algorithm. We then applied the STGP technique to historical data from three indices – the FTSE 100, S&P 500, and Russell 3000 – to investigate the formation of stock market dynamics and market efficiency. We used several econometric techniques to investigate the emergent properties of the stock markets. We have found that the introduction of increased heterogeneity and greater genetic diversity leads to higher market efficiency in terms of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), demonstrating that market efficiency does not necessarily correlate with rationality assumptions. We have also found that stock market dynamics and nonlinearity are better explained by the evolutionary process associated with the Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH), because different trader populations behave as an efficient adaptive system evolving over time. Hence, market efficiency exists simultaneously with the need for adaptive flexibility. Our empirical results, generated by a reduced number of boundedly rational traders in six of the stock markets, for each of the three financial instruments do not support the allocational efficiency of markets, indicating the possible need for governmental or regulatory intervention in stock markets in some circumstances.     

WEC-C: a distributed,deterministic catchment model — theory,formulation and testing

WEC-C is a distributed, deterministic, catchment-scale water flow and solute transport model containing a number of innovations not present in comparable models. For example, it allows for the imposition of catchment topological changes resulting from land uses such as surface mining. In addition, it features preferential vertical flow in the vadose zone modelled using a dual continuum approach. Numerically, it differs from many existing models in that it employs a direct linkage between the vertical and lateral solvers of its split-solver scheme and, due to its use of explicit solvers, is stable regardless of the form of the soil moisture characteristic curves. The WEC-C model framework is a rectangular grid of uniform cell size in the lateral plane combined with a system of soil layers, of variable thickness, in the vertical direction. Within this structure, the governing equations for flow and transport are discretised and solved. All parameters are defined locally in each computational cell so that all available data on catchment variability can be incorporated directly into the model. This paper describes the formulation of WEC-C, which is based on operator splitting with first-order accurate solvers for both the vertical and lateral flow and transport models. WEC-C was subjected to four stringent, synthetic tests designed to evaluate its accuracy by comparison with available analytical and numerical solutions. These showed that there were scale issues associated with the model, and that induced numeric dispersion of solutes could be significant. Nonetheless, it is suggested that WEC-C is still useful as a distributed catchment model.     

Understanding knowledge sharing between IT professionals – an integration of social cognitive and social exchange theory

The research includes various constructs based on social exchange theory and social cognitive theory. This study mainly explored the relationships among organisational justice, trust, commitment and knowledge-sharing cognition and verified their mediating effects through two variables of trust and commitment. A survey utilising a questionnaire was used with 252 IT professionals from IT companies and departments in Taiwan. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data and to evaluate the research model. The results showed that the research model fitted the data well, and the main determinant of knowledge-sharing intention was the building of organisational justice between knowledge intensive workers, confirming our hypotheses that trust and commitment foster organisational commitment. In turn, organisational commitment will help to build individual knowledge-sharing self-efficacy and both directly and indirectly affect intentions to share knowledge.     

Small satellite remote sensing and applications – history,current and future

The small satellite renaissance began in the 1980s and is changing the economics of space. Technological trends have supported the advancement of small satellites in the 1–500 kg range. The number of countries actively participating has grown substantially during the past years. Satellite constellations (groups of satellites working in concert) are emerging as a powerful and effective application. In this paper, we focus on the small satellites than can perform remote sensing or Earth observation tasks. An overview is presented of the small satellite literature on Earth observation. The aim of the survey is threefold: an introduction for those new to the field, an overview for those working in the field and a reference for those searching for literature on a specific application for Earth observation. Small satellite programmes are classified according to the geographic regions. The small satellite industry and small satellite systems are addressed. In terms of applications, small satellite constellations are discussed in more detail. Finally, future developments are put forward. Telegeoprocessing combined with grid computing will provide the infrastructure and technologies for the development of Processing on Demand for Small Satellite Constellation systems.     

The catastrophe theory,Petrov’s algebraic classification and gravitational phase transitions

A close relationship is demonstrated between the catastrophe theory, Petrov’s algebraic classification of the gravitational fields and the theory of phase transitions.     

Modeling the leadership – project performance relation: radial basis function,Gaussian and Kriging methods as alternatives to linear regression

The purpose of this paper is to analyze alternative forecasting methods that produce results at least similar to or better than linear regression (MLR) that can be used in the modeling of social systems. While organizations may be considered as typically non-linear systems, the common feature of most models found in literature continues to be the use of linear regression techniques. From a case study, advanced statistical methods of Gaussian and Kriging are evaluated, as well as an artificial intelligence (AI) tool, the radial basis function (RBF). The results show the best performance of the suggested methods compared to MLR, especially RBF, because of its uniform prediction behavior throughout all ranges of evaluation. These techniques, although somewhat unconventional in social systems modeling, present a potential contribution in increasing the accuracy and precision of the predictions allowing a more accurate assessment of the impact of certain strategies on the project performance to be made before the allocation of material, human and financial resources.     

Microclimate in ski boots – Temperature,relative humidity,and water absorption

Ski boot quality is determined by mechanical properties and comfort. Comfort is strongly affected by cold feet. The purpose of this study was to determine the microclimate in ski boots. Climate chamber tests with five male subjects and field tests with two male subjects were conducted. Temperature and relative humidity were measured using four sensors placed on the foot and one on the liner. Absorbed water in liners and socks was measured with a precision balance. The subjects gave subjective ratings for comfort. The toe sensor temperature dropped below 20 °C at an ambient temperature of 0 °C, −10 °C, and −20 °C. Relative humidity values at the foot were as high as 78% in the climate chamber and 93% in the field. Water absorption in socks and liners ranged from 4 to 10 g in the climate chamber and 19 to 45.5 g in the field. The results reveal the importance of keeping the feet and in particular the toes warm during skiing. One possible improvement may be to construct the liner so that sweat and melted snow are kept as far away as possible from the foot. Liner material with high water absorption capacity and hydrophobic socks were suggested to prevent wet feet.