斜入射平面声波由弹性圆盘引起的散射

在前一篇的报告中,作者们建立了表述平面声波在弹性物体上散射的数学模型,给出了平面声波垂直入射在一个圆盘上引起的散射的结果。在本文中,给出了平面声波斜入射到相同的圆盘上引起的散射的结果,把总散射截面计算成频率和入射角的函数。对入射角为60°的入射波,把圆盘上算得的位移分布分解成圆盘在所选频率上的自由振动的本征方式。在几个有意义的频率上,还给出了总声压和散射声压的散射指向性图以及近场声压分布的等声压线。     

带球壳微泡和空化气泡的超声特性研究

在临床应用中,微泡在低频超声作用下能比较成功地导致微血管的栓塞,从而切断对肿瘤的供血来达到杀灭肿瘤的目的,而通过实验的手段来获得其微泡的超声散射特性十分困难。根据经典的微泡模型,应用范德瓦耳斯绝热方程来进行修正,分别对带球壳微泡和空化气泡建立模型,模拟其运动过程,并对两种微泡的散射特性进行了分析与比较,研究了不同驱动声场的频率和微泡初始平衡半径对微泡运动的影响。结果表明,带球壳微泡在微泡初始平衡半径大于2.2μm时较空化气泡有较好的散射特性,其最大散射压力和散射截面随着频率的增大而减小,带球壳微泡在散射特性方面的优势使其能更有效地进行超声治疗和成像,为超声造影剂等微泡的研究和应用提供了理论指导。     

基于激光测振法的高强度超声声场测量

基于激光测振法对高强度聚焦超声换能器的辐射声场进行测量,与标准水听器测得的结果对比焦点处基波信号、二次谐波、三次谐波测得值基本一致,基波声压误差在10%以内,焦平面的声压分布基本一致。同时,基于多层介质阻抗传递法解决激光测振法中薄膜对声场测量的影响,计算不同频率下薄膜的声压透射系数。设计实验验证不同频率(1、5、10 MHz)下,激光测振法与标准水听器测量法得到的结果,结果表明通过声压透射系数对激光测振法测量结果进行修正可有效减小测量误差。     

考虑自由液面影响的有限长脉动圆柱远场声学分析

建立了水下有限长圆柱脉动振动时,考虑自由液面影响的声散射模型,并提出了求解其远场声压的解析方法。通过结合镜像原理和Graf加法定理,得到声压在波数域表达式,再利用稳相法即可求得远场声压。研究结果表明,由于自由液面影响,辐射声和散射声会产生类偶极子效应,一方面随着浸没深度或者频率的增大,远场声压指向性分瓣增多;另一方面场点声压随浸没深度周期波动,但散射声压呈波动衰减;此外,若频率较低且浸没深度大于五倍半径,互散射效应可以忽略不计,这给有限空间内如何合理忽略目标与界面互散射效应提供参考。     

声学多层结构介质的研究进展

首先回顾了声学多层结构介质的研究历史,在此基础上简要介绍了近几年在声学多层结构介质特异声传输调控和原型声学功能器件方面的一些工作进展。从声学的角度,系统介绍了多层结构介质的有效介质理论,系统声学参数的各向异性近似,在声波隐身斗篷中的应用。通过严格散射理论推导和有限元数值模拟研究了声斗篷系统的近场声压分布和远场散射强度,发现该设计可在低频较宽的频带范围内显著降低被遮蔽区域的声散射截面;在此频率区间内,声信号散射截面随着频率的提高而增加,其截止频率由薄层厚度决定。最后对该领域的研究作了若干展望。     

二维圆柱对旋转单极子点源的声散射

采用理论分析和数值计算方法研究二维刚性圆柱对旋转单极子点源入射声波的散射效应。齐次Helmholtz方程基本解在极坐标系内用自由空间格林函数的级数展开式表示。对任意形状的刚性散射边界,通过求解线性声学波动方程建立声场边界积分表达式。数值解可在频域下采用边界元方法获取。进一步利用贝塞尔函数的加法定理,分别推导点源与圆柱同轴、异轴旋转状态下的声场理论解析表达式。边界元方法的数值解与理论解析解吻合一致。点源向外辐射声波的频率由点源谐振频率、旋转频率和谐波阶次共同决定。点源与圆柱同轴旋转时,谐波阶次为0的声波以同心圆状向外辐射,不为0的声波则以螺旋状向外辐射,螺旋瓣的数量由谐波阶次的绝对值相同。点源与圆柱异轴旋转时,圆柱的声散射呈现显著的偶极子特征,且声场的指向性复杂。     

解弹性柱体声散射问题的有限元素法

本文给出一种近似方法,解弹性体被浸在无限流体介质中的声散射运动方程,此处发表的数字模型是用有限元素法来计算弹性体的振动响应及靠近弹性体周围的有限体积介质的声压场.使用解析方法来获得这种数字模型的边界条件,对于平面声波垂直入射到铝园盘上的情况发表了总的声散射截面,轴向声压,散射指向性图等结果.     

双层弹性-非弹性封闭腔体的内部声场研究

从球坐标中声波波动方程出发，利用本征函数展开方法和界面边界条件，导出了双层弹性封闭球壳的内部散射声场表达式。对于单位源强度的点声源，本文计算了分别由弹性/粘弹性和弹性/吸声材料组成的双层封闭球壳的内部散射声压随频率的变化关系。计算结果表明，粘弹性材料和吸声材料在某些频段对散射声压有十分明显的抑制作用。     

超声造影剂Optison的次谐波激励及阈值研究

1.引言: 超声造影剂大多是含包膜微气泡的液体,如Albunex,Optison,Levovist等.由于包膜微气泡可有效地增强散射回波强度,从而提高超声图像的对比度,因而超声造影剂在微血管血流显示、心脏灌注成像等得以广泛应用.近年来,超声造影剂的非线性特性受到广泛关注,包膜微气泡在超声作用下可产生非线性振动,激发二次谐波、次谐波和超谐波等.基于二次谐波及次谐波的超声非线性成像有重要的应用前景.     

矢量水听器的声压场特性研究

1引言 矢量水听器由声压水听器和质点振速水听器复合而成,声压水听器测量空间的声压,质点振速水听器测量声场中的质点振动速度,因此,矢量水听器共点、同步测量声场的声压标量和质点振速矢量.一般,矢量水听器是将声压水听器均匀布放在振速水听器(球型)周围.根据声学理论可知,由于振速水听器的声散射和二次辐射,会对声压水听器的测量结果产生影响.因此,需要对振速水听器的近场声压特性进行理论研究.本文从同振球型振速水听器的工作原理出发,对其声压场进行了理论计算,分析它对声压测量值的影响.     

介质扰动对声波的调制效应-参量接收阵及其他

文章从Lighthill方程出发,对介质扰动产生声传播非线性效应的国内、外研究情况进行了综述性介绍,重点介绍声波在被声场中同时存在的另一声波所扰动的介质中传播而产生的所谓“声散射声”现象,特别是由此而衍生的参量接收阵的理论、试验以及应用情况。绝大多数关于参量接收阵的理论和实验研究,都是着眼于其在小的径向(垂直于声传播方向)孔径条件下实现低频窄波束接收的特性,但这篇文章主要关注利用参量接收阵实现低频高增益接收的理论和试验研究;除重点介绍了国内、外的试验情况外,还特别关注将参量接收阵进行工程应用时面临的关键技术难点以及可能的解决思路。此外,文章还针对另一种介质扰动对声传播的调制效应,即“流散射声”,以及国外与此有关的工程应用、特别是苏联进行的号称超远程探潜应用进行了介绍和分析。     

悬臂式簧片哨发声特征的研究

采用计算流体动力学软件Fluent和前处理软件Gambit,分析射流速度在簧片附近压力、湍流强度等参数的影响。在实验室用水听器、信号分析系统等测量设备对不同规格的簧片在工作过程中的声信号进行采集、分析。结果表明,实验中所用的簧片在一定工作条件下都会产生相应的谐频信号,且射流具有一定的脉动性。由于射流中包含了较为丰富的频率成分,其中包括了簧片的固有频率和谐频相一致的频率,从而使簧片共振发声并产生谐频。     

水中规则波纹表面球回声特性研究

运用声呐目标回声特性预报的板块元方法,研究了平面波入射水中规则波纹(正弦平方曲线波纹)表面球体的目标回声特性。分析了表面波纹高度、周期、入射平面波频率和入射方位角对声目标强度空间分布和频率响应特性的影响规律。讨论了不同频段目标强度空间分布特性的形成机理,得到了表面波纹参数与目标强度频率响应和空间分布特性的近似定量关系。通过水槽实验测量得到了3D打印的规则波纹表面尼龙球目标强度的频率响应和空间分布特性,测量结果与理论计算结果吻合较好。掌握规则波纹表面球体回声特性,有助于开展利用声学超构材料对散射声场调控的研究。     

快速预估水下圆形角反射体散射声场的修正声束弹跳方法

针对水下圆形角反射体散射声场计算速度问题,在声束弹跳法基础上,提出了一种快速预估散射声场的修正声束弹跳法。对组成圆形三面角反射体的弧形边缘进行离散化,相邻离散点与角反射体顶点构成板块元,并与声源点构成入射声束,利用几何声学计算每条声束在角反射体反射面上的反射,同时得到反射面上每条声束"照射"后再次构成的板块元,用物理声学方法计算所有板块元的散射声场,叠加求和得到整个角反射的散射声场。通过与原始的声束弹跳法计算结果的对比,两者计算结果一致,修正声束弹跳法降低了计算量。     

膨胀石墨的毫米波二维平面散射截面研究

本文报道了不同平面密度下或不同长度的膨胀石墨蠕虫的毫米波二维平面散射截面的实验结果，并将其与镀铝玻璃纤维和铝箔条的相关实验结果作了对比研究。结果表明，膨胀石墨蠕虫虽然在物理形状上与镀铝玻璃纤维和铝箔条有相似之处，并且具有一定的导电性能，但其对毫米波的散射特性并不符合半波谐振子模型所推导的结论，且其毫米波散射截面远远小于镀铝玻璃纤维和铝箔条。     

Quantitative analysis of harmonic convergence in mosquito auditory interactions

This article analyses the hearing and behaviour of mosquitoes in the context of inter-individual acoustic interactions. The acoustic interactions of tethered live pairs of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, from same and opposite sex mosquitoes of the species, are recorded on independent and unique audio channels, together with the response of tethered individual mosquitoes to playbacks of pre-recorded flight tones of lone or paired individuals. A time-dependent representation of each mosquito''s non-stationary wing beat frequency signature is constructed, based on Hilbert spectral analysis. A range of algorithmic tools is developed to automatically analyse these data, and used to perform a robust quantitative identification of the ‘harmonic convergence’ phenomenon. The results suggest that harmonic convergence is an active phenomenon, which does not occur by chance. It occurs for live pairs, as well as for lone individuals responding to playback recordings, whether from the same or opposite sex. Male–female behaviour is dominated by frequency convergence at a wider range of harmonic combinations than previously reported, and requires participation from both partners in the duet. New evidence is found to show that male–male interactions are more varied than strict frequency avoidance. Rather, they can be divided into two groups: convergent pairs, typified by tightly bound wing beat frequencies, and divergent pairs, that remain widely spaced in the frequency domain. Overall, the results reveal that mosquito acoustic interaction is a delicate and intricate time-dependent active process that involves both individuals, takes place at many different frequencies, and which merits further enquiry.     

Volume scattering of distributed microbubbles and its influence on blood flow estimation

In recent years, microbubble contrast agents have become a potential adjunct in Doppler ultrasound diagnosis. In this paper, we show that volume scattering makes the effective band in Doppler spectrum shift downward after injection of microbubbles. Because the insonified volume comprises a collection of distributed microbubbles, the statistical properties such as the autocorrelation function and ensemble average power spectrum of the echoes from a collection of distributed microbubbles were derived first. It can be observed that, beyond a critical frequency, the theoretical volume backscattering cross section derived from the ensemble average power spectrum of microbubbles decreases with frequency. On the contrary, the volume backscattering cross section of red cells increases with frequency. Using two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier transform, the variation in Doppler spectrum caused by different volume backscattering cross section can be demonstrated, and the consequential downward shifts of the estimated Doppler parameters (e.g., the mean and maximum Doppler shifts, and the variance of Doppler power spectrum) after microbubble injection are shown. In addition, it can be observed that the variation gets larger as the transmitted bandwidth increases. And, the variations in Doppler parameters estimated with experimental data are presented to verify the theoretical deviations.     

Plasmonic enhancement of molecular fluorescence

Metallic nanoparticles are known to dramatically modify the spontaneous emission of nearby fluorescent molecules and materials. Here we examine the role of the nanoparticle plasmon resonance energy and nanoparticle scattering cross section on the fluorescence enhancement of adjacent indocyanine green (ICG) dye molecules. We find that enhancement of the molecular fluorescence by more than a factor of 50 can be achieved for ICG next to a nanoparticle with a large scattering cross section and a plasmon resonance frequency corresponding to the emission frequency of the molecule.     

The effect of pressure on spontaneous Rayleigh–Brillouin scattering spectrum in nitrogen

In order to study the effect of gas pressure on spontaneous Rayleigh–Brillouin scattering spectrum and verify the validity of Tenti S6 model at pressures up to 8 atm, the spontaneous Rayleigh–Brillouin scattering experiment in nitrogen was performed for a wavelength of 532 nm at the constant room temperature of 296 K and a 90° scattering angle. By comparing the experimental spectrum with the theoretical spectrum, the normalized root mean square deviation was calculated and found less than 2.2%. It is verified that Tenti S6 model can be applied to the spontaneous Rayleigh–Brillion scattering of nitrogen under higher pressures. The results of the experimental data analysis demonstrate that pressure has more effect on Brillouin peak intensity and has negligible effect on Brillouin frequency shift, and pressure retrieval based on spontaneous Rayleigh–Brillouin scattering profile is a promising method for remote of pressure, such as harsh environment applications. Some factors that caused experiment deviations are also discussed.     

Investigation on the generation mechanisms of acoustic streaming in a thermoacoustic prime mover

High-amplitude acoustic waves in thermoacoustic devices are responsible for the generation of a secondary flow called acoustic streaming. Superimposed on the oscillating flow, this secondary flow is an important source of energy dissipation. To remove acoustic streaming would result in substantial improvements in the energy performance of thermoacoustic devices. Understanding the control parameters and mechanisms of streaming generation is essential for controlling acoustic streaming.In this paper, streaming sources are investigated in a pressurized thermoacoustic prime mover. The device was designed and built at the LIMSI (Laboratoire d’Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l’Ingénieur) to investigate acoustic streaming. To calculate the theoretical velocity in the thermoacoustic device, the usual modelings were extended to take into account the cross section variation. Measurements of acoustic streaming velocity performed by Laser Doppler Velocimetry are compared to the theoretical results. Finally, the good agreements obtained led to the validation of the theory. The validated theory was then used to study the mechanisms of streaming generation in order to determine their influences in the thermoacoustic prime mover and therefore reducing the secondary flow. Thereafter, the investigation was extended to four channels with different widths and according to results of the literature, the proportion of outer streaming compared to inner streaming decreases when the channel width decrease. The investigation showed that the mechanisms of acoustic streaming generation differ for large and narrow channels.