高性能低噪声数字读出电路

红外焦平面的数字读出是信息化发展的必然方向,其关键技术是数字读出电路。介绍了数字读出电路的发展现状和主要架构,重点分析了时间噪声和空间噪声的来源和影响,并给出低噪声设计指导。同时对线性度、动态范围和帧频等主要性能进行了讨论,设计了两款数字读出电路。采用列级ADC数字读出架构设计了640×512数字焦平面探测器读出电路,读出噪声测试结果为150 μV,互连中波探测器测试NETD为13 mK。基于数字像元读出架构设计了384×288数字焦平面探测器读出电路,互连长波探测器测试NETD小于4 mK,动态范围超过90 dB,帧频达到1 000 Hz。所设计的两款读出电路有效提升了红外焦平面的灵敏度、动态范围和帧频等性能,表明数字读出电路技术对红外探测器性能的提升具有重要作用。     

数字化红外焦平面技术

数字化红外焦平面技术是从探测器起所有信号处理都在数字域完成的红外热成像技术,是目前国际上最先进的新一代红外焦平面技术。通过将模拟-数字转换器(ADC)集成到读出电路中实现数字读出,配合数字传输和数字图像处理形成数字化红外焦平面技术。通过中波640×512数字化红外焦平面探测器读出电路、成像组件以及数字化红外焦平面热像仪的设计和测试,表明数字化红外焦平面技术具有接口简单、高抗干扰、高通道隔离度、低读出噪声、高传输带宽、高线性度、高稳定性等特点,是红外热成像系统的技术发展趋势。     

红外焦平面探测器数字读出电路研究

读出电路是红外焦平面探测器组件的重要组成部分,其性能对探测器乃至整个红外成像系统的性能有重大影响。随着硅CMOS工艺的发展,数字化读出电路以及读出电路片上数字信号处理等功能得以实现,能够大幅度提高红外焦平面探测器的性能。以红外焦平面探测器对读出电路的要求入手,分析了读出电路各性能参数对红外焦平面探测器性能的影响,介绍了读出电路的数字化技术及各种实现方式以及数字积分技术。CMOS技术的发展使得数字积分技术在红外焦平面探测器读出电路中得以实现,有效解决了读出电路的电荷存储容量不足的问题,极大地提高了探测器性能。     

大动态范围、高灵敏度红外焦平面数字像元读出电路技术（特邀）

长波红外探测器一直以来受到读出电路电荷存储容量的限制,导致信噪比、动态范围和灵敏度都难以提升,制约了长波红外成像系统的发展和应用。文中对比分析了模拟像元和数字像元读出电路技术,介绍了数字像元焦平面的发展现状和主要架构。采用脉冲频率调制方案设计了384×288（25 μm）和256×256 （30 μm）两款数字像元读出电路,其中比较器设计提高了功耗效率和强壮性,并耦合碲镉汞探测器形成长波数字焦平面探测器组件进行测试,结果与国内外相关工作进行比较分析,峰值噪声等效温差分别达到3.4 mK和1.9 mK,动态范围达到96 dB。测试结果表明,数字像元技术显著提升了长波红外焦平面的灵敏度和动态范围,是提高红外探测器性能的有效途径。     

第三代红外焦平面探测器读出电路

对红外探测器不断增长和提高的需求催生了第三代红外焦平面探测器技术。根据第三代红外探测器的概念,像素达到百万级,热灵敏度NETD达到1 m K量级是第三代制冷型高性能红外焦平面探测器的基本特征。计算结果表明读出电路需要达到1000 Me-以上的电荷处理能力和100 d B左右的动态范围(Dynamic Range)才能满足上述第三代红外焦平面探测器需求。提出在像素内进行数字积分技术,以期突破传统模拟读出电路的电荷存储量和动态范围瓶颈限制,使高空间分辨率、高温度分辨率及高帧频的第三代高性能制冷型红外焦平面探测器得到实现。     

数字化红外焦平面噪声分析研究

基于自行设计的TDI线列红外焦平面数字化读出电路,设计一款带有驱动IRFPA器件和数字化数据采集功能的红外焦平面测试系统,分别进行数字化线列读出电路电注入方式、中波红外焦平面和长波红外焦平面的噪声分析以及红外探测器比较关心的NETD的分析,并对积分时间、焦平面阵列注入区和偏置电压对红外探测性能的影响做了区分论证。     

红外焦平面列级ADC数字读出电路测试技术研究

数字化红外焦平面器件是焦平面发展的重要方向,其核心是读出电路集成高性能模数转换器(ADC)。分析了读出电路数字化输出后焦平面性能参数的评价方法,阐述了红外焦平面列级ADC的静态测试和动态测试方法,提出了基于斜坡电压输入的过采样原理测试ADC静态性能,提升无误码分辨率测试正确性。针对ADC静态测试和动态测试要求,结合Labview软件和数字采集卡搭建了软硬件测试平台,并通过一款数字焦平面芯片的测试,验证了测试方法和平台适用于行列级ADC数字化读出电路的测试评价。     

红外探测器背景抑制读出结构设计研究

长波红外焦平面探测器一般工作在高背景下,信号电流小于背景电流,器件本身暗电流也较大,信号读出时积分电容极易饱和,这都不利于获得理想的信噪比.通过在读出电路输入级中增加电流抑制结构,可有效提高积分时间,改善动态范围和对比度.本文介绍了红外焦平面读出电路中几种典型的背景电流及暗电流抑制技术,依次叙述不同结构背景及暗电流抑制的实现原理,并比较各个结构的优缺点,针对不同电路结构的特点,通过典型电路仿真分析,确定了它们在各种红外焦平面读出电路输入级中的应用范围.     

红外焦平面读出集成电路噪声分析研究

信噪比和动态范围是衡量红外焦平面读出电路性能的两个重要指标,读出电路的随机噪声与这两个指标直接相关。本文对红外焦平面读出电路链路里的随机噪声进行了深入分析研究,同时给出每个噪声源的理论计算方法以及整个读出链路噪声的理论计算方法。最后用Matlab仿真计算出了各个电路参数对读出电路噪声的影响以及信噪比和动态范围的影响。     

红外焦平面读出电路技术及发展趋势

从红外焦平面技术的发展背景出发,论述了读出电路在红外焦平面信号传输中的作用并介绍其基本框图,讨论了CCD读出电路和CMOS读出电路各自的特点,并分析了国内外红外焦平面读出电路的现状,最后提出了红外焦平面阵列读出电路今后的研究方向.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.