Identification of plant species by using high spatial and spectral resolution thermal infrared (8.0-13.5 μm) imagery

High spatial and spectral resolution thermal infrared imagery (8.0-13.5 μm) from the SEBASS airborne sensor was used to analyze and map tree canopy spectral features at the State Arboretum of Virginia, near Boyce, Virginia. Fifty tree species were analyzed and about half were directly identified with varying degrees of success on the basis of spectral matched filtering that utilized laboratory-measured leaf spectra as the target signatures. Spectral averages of pixels extracted from SEBASS emissivity data compared favorably with laboratory spectra of leaves collected from individual tree species. Best results were obtained from species having relatively strong spectral contrast, wide and flat leaves, closed planophile canopies, and/or large canopy areas. Tree species having small leaves or unfavorable leaf orientations showed spectral attenuation likely resulting from cavity blackbody effects. Increased spatial resolution and better image calibration and atmospheric correction might lead to further improvements in thermal infrared plant species identification.     

A 0.6 V 117 nW high performance energy efficient system-on-chip (SoC) CMOS temperature sensor in 0.18 µm CMOS for aerospace applications

This research article presents and describes a novel design with improved performance low power consumption threshold voltage based CMOS thermal sensor for aerospace applications. The proposed temperature sensor utilizes the change in behavior of threshold voltage of MOSFET with variation in temperature. The challenge while designing the temperature sensor was to achieve the linearize output voltage with respect to change in temperature. Process corner analysis has been done to check the robustness of the circuit while performance analysis and sensitivity of the temperature sensor have been verified in the occurrence of parasitic. The proposed temperature sensor is featured with low power consumption, less power supply voltage utilization, high performance and sensitivity with inaccuracy as low as possible. The presented temperature sensor utilizes an active area of 18 µm × 9.85 µm with 117 nW power consumption. An improved linear performance with an inaccuracy of merely − 0.01 to + 0.47 °C over a wide temperature range of − 20 to + 120 °C is presented here. The sensitivity of proposed temperature sensor is found to be as high as 0.77 mV/°C. The proposed temperature sensor is realized and tested in Cadence virtuoso mixed signal design atmosphere using 0.18 µm CMOS technology and further investigated with support of tool from Mentor graphics. The engaged area of pad-limited chip is measured to be 0.96 mm².

     

Phase-equilibria investigation of the Dy-Mo-Si ternary system at 1173 K (900 °C)

The phase equilibria of the Dy-Mo-Si ternary system at 1173 K (900 °C) was experimentally determined in the entire concentration range by using x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that there are 13 single-phase regions, 24 two-phase regions, and 12 three-phase regions in the studied isothermal section. Nine binary compounds, i.e., α-MoSi₂, Mo₅Si₃, Mo₃Si, α-DySi₂, β-DySi_1.67, Dy₃Si₄, DySi, Dy₅Si₄, and Dy₅Si₃ and one ternary compound Dy₂Mo₃Si₄ were confirmed to exist at this temperature. The highest solubilities of Dy in Mo₃Si and Mo in β-DySi_1.67 are both determined to be less than 1 at.%. While the solubilities of Dy in (Mo), Mo₅Si₃, and α-MoSi₂ and Mo in (α-Dy), α-DySi₂, Dy₃Si₄, DySi, Dy₅Si₄, and Dy₅Si₃ and Si in (α-Dy) and (Mo) are about 1–6.8 at.%. Combining both DSC analysis and XRPD results, it is concluded that the polymorphic transformation of α-DySi₂↔β-DySi₂ does not occur in the range of 573 K (300 °C) to 1323 K (1050 °C). DySi₂ phase exists as α-DySi₂ within the temperature range. β-DySi₂ is a metastable phase that exists in higher temperatures.     

N沟硅栅(6μm)E/D工艺探讨

本文以 LN6845(其面积较大,功能较复杂)为例,对 E/D 工艺中的若干问题,如:工艺路线、材料选取、参数规范、工艺环境、工艺条件控制以及成品率决定因素等有关方面均做了详细探讨与介绍,对器件性能的提高以及成品率的稳定也做了实际探讨与介绍,以使工艺条件逐步最佳化。     

Modeling directional-hemispherical reflectance and transmittance of fresh and dry leaves from 0.4 μm to 5.7 μm with the PROSPECT-VISIR model

Vegetation water content retrieval using passive remote sensing techniques in the 0.4-2.5 μm region (reflection of solar radiation) and the 8-14 μm region (emission of thermal radiation) has given rise to an abundant literature. The wavelength range in between, where the main water absorption bands are located, has surprisingly received very little attention because of the complexity of the radiometric signal that mixes both reflected and emitted fluxes. Nevertheless, it is now covered by the latest generation of passive optical sensors (e.g. SEBASS, AHS). This work aims at modeling leaf spectral reflectance and transmittance in the infrared, particularly between 3 μm and 5 μm, to improve the retrieval of vegetation water content using hyperspectral data. Two unique datasets containing 32 leaf samples each were acquired in 2008 at the USGS National Center, Reston (VA, USA) and the ONERA Research Center, Toulouse (France). Reflectance and transmittance were recorded using laboratory spectrometers in the spectral region from 0.4 μm to 14 μm, and the leaf water and dry matter contents were determined. It turns out that these spectra are strongly linked to water content up to 5.7 μm. This dependence is much weaker further into the infrared, where spectral features seem to be mainly associated with the biochemical composition of the leaf surface. The measurements show that leaves transmit light in this wavelength domain and that the transmittance of dry samples can reach 0.35 of incoming light around 5 μm, and 0.05 around 11 μm. This work extends the PROSPECT leaf optical properties model by taking into account the high absorption levels of leaf constituents (by the insertion of the complex Fresnel coefficients) and surface phenomena (by the addition of a top layer). The new model, PROSPECT-VISIR (VISible to InfraRed), simulates leaf reflectance and transmittance between 0.4 μm and 5.7 μm (at 1 nm spectral resolution) with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.017 and 0.018, respectively. Model inversion also allows the prediction of water (RMSE = 0.0011 g/cm²) and dry matter (RMSE = 0.0013 g/cm²) contents.     

The isothermal section of the La–Si–Mg system at 500 C

The isothermal section of the La–Si–Mg system at 500 ^°C was constructed in the whole concentration range by means of the SEM-EDXS and XRPD characterization of about forty alloys prepared by induction melting and then annealed. Phase equilibria are characterized by the following ternary phases: τ₁-La_2+xSi₂Mg_1−x (0≤x≤0.35,tP10-Mo₂FeB₂), τ₂-LaSi₂Mg₂ (tP5-CeSi₂Mg₂), τ₃-LaSi₂Mg (structure still unknown) and τ₄-La₆SiMg₂₃ (cF120-Zr₆SiZn₂₃). The high temperature binary phase LaMg₂ (cF24-MgCu₂) has been found to be stabilized at 500 ^°C probably by a small amount of Si. Phases in binary subsystems do not generally form extended ternary solid solutions except for (La_1−xMg_x)₃Si₂ (0≤x≤0.167,tP10-U₃Si₂). Crystal structures of phases τ₁-La_2+xSi₂Mg_1−x and (La_1−xMg_x)₃Si₂ are correlated, the former being a substitution derivative of the latter.     

A full linear 3 × 3 color correction between images

Journal of Real-Time Image Processing - This work presents a novel color correction algorithm between images (or image regions) depicting the same environment. Color transfer is achieved by a...     

多处理机系统中存贮器的有效频带 B_m~u=F(m,λ,μ)

本文以排队论为工具建立了紧耦合多处理机系统中存贮器的排队模型,并通过对存贮体忙期的分析,得出了存贮器有效频带的解析表达式,且深入地研究了在保证存贮器有效频带最大的情况下,处理机的访存请求率λ、存贮体的服务率μ和存贮体数m 三者之间的关系。     

Phase diagrams for liquid–liquid and liquid–solid equilibrium of the ternary poly ethylene glycol di-methyl ether 2000 + tri-sodium phosphate + water system at different temperatures and ambient pressure

Complete phase diagrams for the poly ethylene glycol di-methyl ether 2000 (PEGDME₂₀₀₀)+Na₃PO₄+H₂O system at T$T$ = (298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K were determined. Liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) for the aqueous PEGDME₂₀₀₀+Na₃PO₄ system were determined experimentally at T$T$ = (298.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K. The effects of temperature on the binodals and tie-lines of the investigated aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) were also studied. Furthermore, the modified local composition segment-based NRTL and Wilson models and also osmotic virial equation were used for the correlation and prediction of the liquid–liquid phase behavior of the studied system.     

A fourth order modified trigonometrically fitted symplectic Runge–Kutta–Nyström method

In this work we construct a modified trigonometrically fitted symplectic Runge Kutta Nyström method based on the fourth order five stages method of Calvo and Sanz-Serna (1994). We apply the new method on the numerical integration of the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator, the two-body problem, a perturbed two-body problem and two two-dimensional nonlinear oscillatory Hamiltonian systems.     

Evolution of structure,stability, and nonlinear optical properties of the heterodinuclear CNLin (n = 1–10) clusters

The lowest-energy structures and stabilities of the heterodinuclear clusters, CNLi_n (n = 1–10) and relevant CNLi_n⁺ (n = 1–10) cations, are studied using the density functional theory with the 6-311 + G(3df) basis set. The CNLi₆ and CNLi₅⁺ clusters are the first three-dimensional ones in the CNLi_n^0/+ series, respectively, and the CN group always caps the Li_n^0/+ moiety in the CNLi_n^0/+ (n = 1–9) configurations. The CN triple bond is found to be completely cleaved in the CNLi₁₀^0/+ clusters where the C and N atoms are bridged by two Li atoms. The CNLi_n (n = 2–10) clusters are hyperlithiated molecules with delocalized valence electrons and consequently possess low VIP values of 3.780–5.674 eV. Especially, the CNLi₈ and CNLi₁₀ molecules exhibit lower VIPs than that of Cs atom and can be regarded as heterobinuclear superalkali species. Furthermore, these two superalkali clusters show extraordinarily large first hyperpolarizabilities of 19,423 and 42,658 au, respectively. For the CNLi_n⁺ cationic species, the evolution of the energetic and electronic properties with the cluster size shows a special stability for CNLi₂⁺.     

Sub-μm structured lotus surfaces manufacturing

Sub-μm structured surfaces allow modifying the behavior of polymer films or components. Especially in micro-fluidics a lotus-like characteristic is requested for many applications. Structure details with a high aspect ratio are necessary to decouple the bottom and the top of the functional layer. Unlike to stochastic methods, patterning with a LIGA-mold insert it is possible to structure surfaces very uniformly or even with controlled variations (e.g., with gradients). In this paper we present the process chain to realize polymer sub-μm structures with minimum lateral feature size of 400 nm and up to 4 μm high.     

Phase equilibria of the Mg–Sn-Nd ternary system at 400 °C

The phase equilibria of the Mg–Sn-Nd ternary at 400 °C were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). Seven stable ternary compounds and one eutectoid decomposed structure (A₁) were observed in the section. The crystal structure for the phases: τ₁ (MgSnNd, I4/mmm, tI12) and τ₂ (MgSn₂Nd, I42 m, tI32) were confirmed. τ₃ (Mg₇₅Sn_3.5Nd_21.5) is the iso-structure of Mg₂₃SnLa₆ (Zn₂₃SiZr₆ prototype, cF120 Pearson's code) and τ₄ (Mg₄₀₊₃Sn_26.7-3Nd_33.3) has the same structure and homogeneity range of Mg_4-xSn_2+xLa₃(0.12 < x ≤ 0.4) (Cu₄Si₂Zr₃ prototype, hP9 Pearson's code). The crystal structure of τ₅ (Mg₄₄Sn₃₄Nd₂₂), τ₆ (Mg₄₀Sn₃₆Nd₂₄) and τ₇ (Mg₁₆₊₃Sn₄₅Nd_39-3) are not determined. Two binary compounds Nd₃Sn and Nd₂Sn₃, which were not included in the Nd–Sn binary phase diagram, were detected in this work. All detected Nd–Sn binary compounds show different amounts of Mg solubility, among which NdSn₃ and Nd₅Sn₄ dissolve up to 10 and 6.8 at.% Mg and the rest Nd–Sn binary phases contain 1–3 at.% Mg. The MgNd phase dissolves up to 6.0 at. % Sn.     

2μm万门门阵列设计技术

论述了2μmCMOS门阵列技术，特别着重介绍了门阵库、库单元和母片的建立，同时对门阵列布局布线流程进行了探讨。     

(4) 栽植深度;(5)

盖。通过试验证明,除栽植季节外,其它几方面对枣树栽植成活率都有影响。林业科技开发CHINA FORESTRY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY46-47S665.10     

Microparticle transfer onto pixel electrodes of 45 μm pitch on HV-CMOS chips—Simulation and experiment

Spatially selective deposition of electrically charged microparticles onto integrated circuits that generate electrical fields in programmable patterns using electrodes on their surface was previously limited to a pixel pitch of 100 μm. Now, we demonstrate spatially selective deposition onto pixels of 45 μm pitch in experiments on a test chip allowing arbitrary patterns, but being of limited size and of fixed characteristics, complemented by COMSOL simulations. Experiments on a prototype high voltage CMOS chip demonstrate the feasibility of miniaturisation in the first place, imply simulations of interest that cannot be tested experimentally and, conversely, complement the simplified simulation models by reality checks. Using COMSOL for the optimisation of the setup parameters, particles of decreasing average diameter in a number of aerosol and electrical field geometries are simulated with particular attention to minimising contamination (deposition of particles on undesirable locations). Combining these results, the average particle diameter is decreased from 10 μm to less than 3 μm and the deposition voltage is reduced from 100 V to 30 V, when using pixels with a pitch of 45 μm. Optimising these parameters allows for more than quadrupling the spot density compared to the previous chip, on which combinatorial particle deposition with minimal contamination is achieved. Peptide arrays, having been previously shown to be a major application for this method, benefit in particular, as the increase in density from 10,000 pixels/cm² to approximately 50,000 pixels/cm² promises a significant decrease in cost-per-peptide and amount of test specimens required.