分子束外延用碲锌镉(211)B衬底湿化学预处理技术研究

主要分析了不同溴甲醇溶液腐蚀方法对分子束外延用碲锌镉(211)B衬底表面粗糙度及反射式高能电子衍射(RHEED)图样的影响。实验发现化学抛光后未使用溴甲醇腐蚀的CZT(211)B衬底虽然表面粗糙度较小(小于1.0 nm),但表面RHEED衍射图样无任何衍射点或者条纹;采用0.05%溴体积比的溴甲醇溶液腐蚀CZT(211)B衬底时,即使腐蚀极短的时间,衬底表面粗糙度也达到2.0 nm以上,且表面存在高密度的柱状物,衬底表面RHEED图样呈圆点状或条纹较粗且存在亮点;采用0.01%溴体积比的溴甲醇溶液腐蚀CZT(211)B衬底,表面粗糙度可控制在1.0 nm左右,同时RHEED图样为特征的CZT(211)B晶面短条纹衍射图样,条纹清晰,同时多片衬底重复实验结果一致。同时在其上分子束外延的未优化的中波碲镉汞材料半峰宽为(49.1±5.9)arcsec,组分为0.3083±0.0003,厚度为6.54±0.019 μm。     

CdZnTe(211)B衬底对MBE外延碲镉汞材料的影响分析

碲锌镉 CdZnTe（211）B 衬底广泛应用于碲镉汞（HgCdTe）分子束外延生长,其性能参数在很大程度上决定了碲镉汞分子束外延材料的质量。主要讨论了 CdZnTe（211）B 衬底几个关键性能参数对碲镉汞外延材料的影响,包括 Zn 组分及均匀性、缺陷（位错、孪晶及晶界和碲沉淀）以及表面状态（粗糙度和化学组成）,并且分析了对 CdZnTe（211）B 衬底进行筛分时各性能参数的评价方法和指标。     

分子束外延用碲锌镉(211)B衬底表面预处理技术

本文主要分析了作为分子束外延碲镉汞的碲锌镉衬底的表面预处理工艺.湿化学处理工艺主要目的是去除衬底表面损伤层,0.5%溴甲醇溶液的腐蚀速率为7 nm/s,但腐蚀的同时会形成表面富Te层和氧化层,氧化层的厚度随溴甲醇的浓度增加而增加;高温热处理工艺主要是消除湿化学腐蚀形成的富Te层和氧化层,340℃的高温处理可去除表面氧化层;也可以直接通过回旋共振等离子体处理衬底表面,形成化学计量比正常的干净表面.     

软脆碲锌镉衬底的新型化学抛光技术研究

碲锌镉(CdZnTe)是液相外延碲镉汞(HgCdTe)薄膜的最佳衬底材料。获得高质量的CdZnTe衬底表面对于提升红外探测器的性能有着十分重大的意义。针对CdZnTe表面加工技术进行了研究,开发出一种新的化学抛光技术,使得抛光后的CdZnTe表面粗糙度Ra可达0.3 nm。     

碲锌镉衬底晶向对碲镉汞薄膜表面形貌的影响

利用定向仪对原生晶片及加工后的碲锌镉衬底的晶向进行比较,观察不同晶向衬底液相外延碲镉汞薄膜的表面形貌,考察了衬底晶向偏差对液相外延碲镉汞薄膜表面形貌的影响。通过进一步的追踪碲锌镉衬底在加工过程中的晶向变化,研究衬底晶向变化的原因和解决方法。研究发现,碲锌镉晶体在初次定向切割后的加工过程中晶向会发生明显变化,而在厚度减薄较大的粗磨工艺后不会发生较大晶向偏差,因此,可将粗磨后衬底的再次定向结果作为进一步筛选碲锌镉衬底的依据,以保证液相外延碲镉汞薄膜的质量。     

(112)B碲锌镉衬底表面Everson腐蚀坑与材料缺陷的关系

通过研究碲锌镉衬底(112)B面缺陷腐蚀坑和(111)B面缺陷腐蚀坑之间的关系,揭示了(112)B面腐蚀坑与材料缺陷之间的关系.结果显示,Everson腐蚀剂在碲锌镉材料(112)B面上揭示的棒状腐蚀坑起源于材料中的体缺陷,或由延伸缺陷腐蚀坑在缺陷终止后演变而成,三种典型形状的锥形腐蚀坑分别来自延伸方向为<110>、<...     

CZT像素阵列核探测器的噪声分析

碲锌镉(CdZnTe)晶体是一种新型核辐射探测材料,在室温探测环境下对X射线及低能量伽玛射线具有较高的探测效率及能量分辨率.运用低噪声快速前放模块,分析晶体内部性能以及前置放大器对探测系统噪声的影响,建立了2×2碲锌镉像素阵列探测系统.实验结果表明,探测系统输出信号噪声小、脉冲无堆积,读出电路电子学噪声得到明显抑制,能...     

碲锌镉衬底表面在碲镉汞液相外延工艺中的热腐蚀效应

该研究以提高液相外延碲镉汞材料的质量为出发点,研究液相外延生长过程中碲锌镉衬底受到高温汞蒸气影响后的变化情况,并利用光学显微镜、白光干涉仪、能谱仪等分析测试手段对碲锌镉衬底表面进行分析.研究结果表明,液相外延生长过程中,高温汞蒸气对碲锌镉衬底中表面沉淀物尺寸无明显影响,但在衬底表面发现两种类型的腐蚀点,一种是尺寸为25μm左右的较大腐蚀点,分布较均匀;另一种是尺寸为7μm左右的圆形腐蚀点,分布不均匀.衬底经过液相外延薄膜成核生长前的温度变化过程以及高温Hg蒸气的作用,碲锌镉衬底表面形貌呈鱼鳞状,粗糙度增大了50%以上.     

抛光工艺对晶片表面粗糙度的影响

介绍了碲锌镉晶片抛光机的工艺过程和原理,研究了抛光工艺中抛光液粒度、抛光压力、抛光液流量和工作台转速对晶片表面粗糙度及平整度的影响,并提出了提高晶片抛光加工表面质量的方法和实际加工效果。     

衬底表面状态对碲镉汞薄膜表面起伏的影响

通过改变碲锌镉衬底的表面加工方法及溴-甲醇腐蚀液的浓度,研究衬底的表面状态对碲镉汞薄膜表面起伏情况的影响。利用傅里叶红外透射(FTIR)光谱议、晶片扫描成像系统、光学显微镜等工具对不同条件下的碲镉汞薄膜的表面起伏情况进行观察和比较。研究初步发现碲锌镉衬底不经过化学抛光,以及不经过腐蚀直接进行外延的情况下得到的碲镉汞薄膜的表面起伏状况会得到一定程度的改善,但是考虑溴-甲醇腐蚀液对机械抛光造成的表面应力的释放作用以及外延过程中的衬底回熔的相互作用会使得外延所得碲镉汞薄膜表面起伏情况更加复杂。因此,仍需要对衬底使用前的化学抛光对薄膜表面起伏的作用以及确定合适的溴-甲醇腐蚀液的浓度进行进一步的研究。     

Anisotropic Surface Roughness in Molecular-Beam Epitaxy CdTe (211)B/Ge(211)

We characterize the surface of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown CdTe(211)B/Ge(211) by atomic-force microscopy (AFM), optical interference microscopy, and generalized ellipsometry (GE). We find that, for substrate temperatures above 300°C, the surface is rough and hazy; the AFM root-mean-square roughness is of the order of 150 Å. It appears from GE that the optical response is anisotropic, the principal axes of anisotropy being along the $ [\overline{1} 11] We characterize the surface of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown CdTe(211)B/Ge(211) by atomic-force microscopy (AFM), optical interference microscopy, and generalized ellipsometry (GE). We find that, for substrate temperatures above 300°C, the surface is rough and hazy; the AFM root-mean-square roughness is of the order of 150 ?. It appears from GE that the optical response is anisotropic, the principal axes of anisotropy being along the and directions. For a substrate temperature of approximately 300°C, the surface is smooth and mirror-like and the AFM roughness is as low as 45 ?. The sample is still anisotropic, even though the magnitude of the cross-polarized reflection coefficients are very small in this case. It appears that the anisotropy originates from the surface roughness, not the bulk.     

Correlation of CdZnTe(211)B substrate surface morphology and HgCdTe(211)B epilayer defects

We present results on the surface morphology and recombination lifetimes of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown HgCdTe (211)B epilayers and correlate them with the roughness of the CdZnTe substrate surfaces. The substrate surface quality was monitored by in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The SE roughness of the substrate was measured after oxide desorption in the growth chamber. The RHEED patterns collected show a strong correlation with the SE roughness. This proves that SE is a valuable CdZnTe prescreening tool. We also found a correlation between the substrate roughness and the epilayer morphologies. They are characterized by a high density of thin elongated defects, “needle defects,” which appear on most samples regardless of growth conditions. The HgCdTe epilayers grown on these substrates were characterized by temperature-dependent, photoconductive decay-lifetime data. Fits to the data indicate the presence of mid-gap recombination centers, which were not removed by 250°C/24-h annealing under a Hg-rich atmosphere. These centers are believed to originate from bulk defects rather than Hg vacancies. We show that Te annealing and CdTe growth on the CdZnTe substrates smooth the surface and lower substantially the density of needle defects. Additionally, a variety of interfacial layers were also introduced to reduce the defect density and improve the overall quality of the epilayer, even in the presence of less than perfect substrates. Both the perfection of the substrate surface and that of its crystalline structure are essential for the growth of high-quality material. Thus, CdZnTe surface polishing procedures and growth techniques are crucial issues.     

分子束外延HgCdTe/CdZnTe(211)B表面缺陷研究

HgCdTe材料的表面缺陷是造成探测器性能下降的主要原因之一。采用聚焦离子束（Focused Ion Beam, FIB）、扫描电子显微镜（Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM）和能量色散X射线光谱仪（Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer, EDX）研究了碲锌镉（CdZnTe)基HgCdTe外延层的表面缺陷。通过分析不同类型缺陷形成的原因,确定缺陷起源于HgCdTe材料生长过程。缺陷的形状与生长条件关系密切。凹坑及火山口状缺陷与Hg缺乏/稍高生长温度、分子束源坩埚中材料形状变化造成的不稳定束流有关。金刚石状缺陷和火山口状/金刚石状复合缺陷的产生与Hg/Te高束流比、低生长温度相关。在5 cm×5 cm大小的CdZnTe(211)B衬底表面上生长出了组分为0.216、厚度约为6.06~7 μm的高质量HgCdTe外延层。同时还建立了缺陷类型与HgCdTe薄膜生长工艺的关系。该研究对于制备高质量HgCdTe/CdZnTe外延层具有参考意义。     

Suppression of strain-induced cross-hatch on molecular beam epitaxy (211)B HgCdTe

Because the performance of HgCdTe-based photodiodes can be significantly degraded by the presence of dislocations, we have systematically investigated and suppressed lattice-mismatch-induced cross-hatch formation and the associated generation of dislocations in (211)B HgCdTe/CdZnTe. A series of HgCdTe epilayers were deposited simultaneously on pairs of substrates with differing ZnTe mole fractions. Epilayers’ CdTe mole fraction and substrates’ ZnTe mole fractions were measured using optical-transmission spectra. Lattice mismatch and residual strain were estimated from room-temperature, x-ray diffraction, and double-crystal rocking-curve measurements (DCRC). It was found that cross-hatch patterns were suppressed in epilayers deposited on nearly lattice-matched substrates (|Δa/a_sub|<0.02%). Such epilayers exhibited excellent crystalline quality as revealed by defect-decoration etching (etch-pit density (EPD)<10⁵ cm⁻²) and x-ray diffraction (full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) ∼10 arcsec). In addition to determining the upper limits of lattice mismatch needed to eliminate cross-hatch, we investigated the use of reticulated substrates as a means to suppress cross-hatch. We found that growth on reticulated mesa structures (<100 μm) with edges parallel to [01-1] resulted in epilayers with substantially reduced cross-hatch-line densities despite large lattice mismatch (Δa/a_sub <0.04%). The use of reticulated substrates could suppress cross-hatch because of lateral-alloy variation in large substrates and complex multistack epilayers (e.g., multicolor detectors).     

3 in锑化铟晶片研磨工艺研究

随着现代光电器件工艺的不断改进以及焦平面器件像元数的不断增加,大尺寸晶片越来越受到工艺人员的重视,晶片研磨过程中的表面平整度或总厚度偏差(TotalThickness Variation,TTV)数值有所增加。为了满足工艺人员对大尺寸晶片的要求,降低了研磨工艺中晶片的TTV值。在对不同研磨条件下所得到的晶片的TTV进行研究后,制定了合理的研磨工序。     

Electron cyclotron resonance plasma preparation of CdZnTe (211)B surfaces for HgCdTe molecular beam epitaxy

CdZnTe wafers were inserted into a multi-chamber processing facility without prior preparation, cleaned by exposure to an electron cyclotron resonance Ar/H₂ plasma, and used as substrates for molecular beam epitaxy of HgCdTe. Changes induced in the wafer near-surface region during the cleaning step were monitored using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. Ellipsometric data were subsequently modeled to provide the time evolution of the thickness of a native overlayer. Auger electron spectra were consistent with surfaces free of residual contamination and which had the stoichiometry of the underlying bulk. Surface roughness values of 0.4 nm were obtained ex situ using interferometric microscopy. Electron diffraction patterns of plasma prepared wafers heated to 185°C (the temperature required for HgCdTe molecular beam epitaxy) were streaked. Structural and electrical characteristics of epilayers grown on these substrates were found to be comparable to those deposited on wafers prepared using a conventional wet chemical process. This demonstrates an important step in an all-vacuum approach to HgCdTe detector fabrication.