基于时延优化的三维成像声呐视野展宽方法研究

针对平面阵,研究并探讨了一种近场聚焦波束形成中时延参数的优化方法,以扩大三维成像声呐的有效视野范围。该方法是在方位角和俯仰角重新定义时,将精确的近场时延表达式按泰勒公式展开,取前三项,并对每一项进行加权。然后,通过求三个加权系数的偏导,再令其等于0,得出最优加权系数,此时优化的时延表达式与精确的近场时延表达式的误差最小,即优化的时延表达式更接近于精确的时延表达式,能够有效地用于扩大成像声呐的有效视野。最后,通过计算机仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于FPGA的多波束实时动态聚焦波束形成方法

提高多波束测深系统的综合精度,不仅需要提高远场精度,近场精度也不可忽视。针对常规多波束测深系统中采用远场近似模型,使得近场精度急剧下降的不足,研究了基于FPGA的多波束实时动态聚焦波束形成(RT-DFBF：Real-time Dynamic Focused Beam-forming)方法。该方法引入相移聚焦波束形成,论证其在多波束测深系统中解决近场问题的可行性,同时深入分析各个影响因素的实时处理情况,提出了一种基于FPGA的实时处理结构,该结构在输入通道为80个、采样率为28kHz、波束数为128个的条件下完成RT-DFBF。水池实验结果验证了该方法的实时性、有效性和实用性,具有重要工程应用价值。     

基于二阶锥规划的稳健低旁瓣自适应波束形成

针对水下成像时圆弧阵常规波束旁瓣级较高,当存在强干扰时容易带来较多虚警的缺点,提出一种基于二阶锥规划的稳健低旁瓣自适应波束形成方法。该方法通过对波束旁瓣进行优化设计,可以将波束旁瓣级进行严格控制,并进一步结合协方差矩阵重构法,使波束形成器的稳健性得到提高,最后将该波束优化问题转化为二阶锥规划问题进行求解。计算机仿真结果表明,相较于其他算法来说,文中算法在波束旁瓣级得到严格控制的同时,可以在存在各类失配的情况下获得更高的输出信干噪比,稳健性更高。水池实验进一步验证了该方法的有效性,该研究成果可以在声呐成像领域应用。     

近场波束形成的约束最小平方和法

文章研究了近场情况下的波束形成问题。对于任意结构阵列,提出了近场波束形成的一种约束最小平方和法,用近场信号模型来设计近场波束。该方法借助于优化工具箱,在对波束旁瓣施加约束的条件下,使波束主瓣的误差平方和最小。该方法在主瓣区域和旁瓣区域都能得到满足设计要求的波束性能,可以方便地控制期望响应,简单易行。基于32元均匀离散圆阵的仿真设计结果表明了文中方法的有效性。     

采用约束最小平方和法实现近场波束形成

本文研究了近场情况下的波束形成问题。对于任意结构阵列,提出了实现近场波束形成的一种约束最小平方和法,由近场信号模型来设计近场波束。该方法在对波束旁瓣施加约束的条件下,使波束主瓣的误差平方和最小,可借助于优化工具箱实现。该方法在主瓣区域和旁瓣区域都能得到满足设计要求的波束性能,不仅可以方便地控制期望响应,而且简单易行。基于32元均匀离散圆阵的仿真设计结果表明了本文方法的有效性。     

基于最大似然估计的辐射噪声源近场定位方法性能分析

如何利用较少的阵元个数得到比较理想的空间分辨力,准确找到噪声源位置,一直是人们比较关心的问题,因此介绍了基于最大似然估计的辐射噪声源近场定位方法,并利用遗传算法寻求最大似然估计的全局最优解,从而实现噪声源近场定位,其具有比常规聚焦波束形成更高的空间分辨力,且可以有效实现相干声源近场定位。通过计算机仿真详细分析了信噪比、测量距离及基阵孔径对本文算法定位性能的影响,说明了仅利用小孔径基阵就可实现辐射噪声源近场高分辨定位,最后通过湖试实验验证了该方法的有效性,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

波束锐化技术在多波束测深声呐中的应用

针对常规波束形成器的分辨性能和旁瓣性能间的矛盾,研究了超波束形成器的波束特征以及空间分辨性能。通过计算机仿真验证了加权超波束形成器既有较高的空间分辨力,又有良好的旁瓣特性。通过对外场实验数据的处理,验证了该算法对于多波束测深声呐测量结果中存在的"隧道效应"假象具有明显的抑制作用。针对算法实现结构进行了优化,进一步减小了算法复杂度。利用DSP进行了算法实现,算法具有较好的实时性和工程实用性。     

基于最小一乘的虚拟阵元波束形成仿真研究

水下多波束成像系统成像质量的关键主要在于波束形成的质量。在信号频率一定时,常规相移波束形成只有通过增加基阵的孔径来得到更窄的波束,但是在有限的应用条件下,这种方法又受到实际工程的限制。因此,提出一种基于最小一乘估计的虚拟阵元波束形成方法。在低信噪比的情况下,利用最小一乘估计的稳健性可以得到更加准确的估计信号,从而在不增加基阵尺寸的情况下获得更窄和抗干扰性更强的波束,提高阵增益和声呐图像的角度分辨率。通过Matlab仿真并与其他方法比较验证,证明了上述方法的优越性。     

二维MUSIC近场被动定位方法

介绍了一种高精度的近场被动定位方法——二维MUSIC被动定位方法。它是一种在距离和方位上进行二维联合搜索的高精度被动定位方法。将MUSIC（多重信号分类）算法与近场聚焦波束形成方法相结合,能大大提高对近场目标的定位精度。先推导了基于均匀线列阵的二维MUSIC近场被动定位方法的定位原理,通过仿真比较了二维MUSIC被动定位方法与常规聚焦波束形成的定位性能,仿真表明,二维MUSIC被动定位方法的定位性能要明显高于常规的聚焦波束形成被动定位方法。并仿真了该方法在不同的阵元间距以及不同的目标距离时的定位性能,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

一种高精度水下成像声呐性能实验研究

多波束测深声呐作为一种用于水下成像的声呐,已经成为国内外海洋科学研究、海底资源开发、海洋工程建设等海洋活动中最主要的海洋调查勘测仪器之一,所介绍的多波束合成孔径声呐是结合了合成孔径声呐技术和多波束测深技术的一种新型成像声呐,可以更好地满足水下地形地貌的探测需求。基于多波束合成孔径声呐理论,构建该声呐模型系统进行相关实验验证。实验中将直径13 cm的空心双球分置于基阵单侧入水,发射信号是中心频率为180 k Hz,脉宽为1 ms,带宽为8 k Hz的线性调频信号,在航迹向的不同采样位置以无指向性的声源对其进行照射,经过合成孔经处理得到高精度的多波束合成孔径声呐图像,通过与多波束测深声呐及侧扫合成孔径声呐的成像结果进行对比,验证了多波束SAS成像理论的有效性和正确性,并在此基础上分析多波束合成孔径声呐的优缺点,为进一步研究提供参考依据。     

Experimental study of plasmonic structures with variant periods for sub-wavelength focusing: analyses of characterization errors

Characterization issues of plasmonic structures are highlighted and investigated in detail in this paper. Combining with the plasmonic structures functioning for sub-wavelength focusing, optical characterization was carried out using a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) system. Characterization errors that originated from both the nanofabrication using a focused ion beam (FIB) direct milling technique and misalignment of the NSOM system were analyzed in comparison to the theoretical computational results. Our experimental results demonstrated that the focusing function of the structures is in agreement with that of the designed structure. However, the measured beam spot size is larger than the designed value due to the direct measurement error originating from the NSOM and the indirect error from the FIB fabrication process.     

Spatio-temporal operator formalism for holographic recording and diffraction in a photorefractive-based true-time-delay phased-array processor

We present a spatio-temporal operator formalism and beam propagation simulations that describe the broadband efficient adaptive method for a true-time-delay array processing (BEAMTAP) algorithm for an optical beamformer by use of a photorefractive crystal. The optical system consists of a tapped-delay line implemented with an acoustooptic Bragg cell, an accumulating scrolling time-delay detector achieved with a traveling-fringes detector, and a photorefractive crystal to store the adaptive spatio-temporal weights as volume holographic gratings. In this analysis, linear shift-invariant integral operators are used to describe the propagation, interference, grating accumulation, and volume holographic diffraction of the spatio-temporally modulated optical fields in the system to compute the adaptive array processing operation. In addition, it is shown that the random fluctuation in time and phase delays of the optically modulated and transmitted array signals produced by fiber perturbations (temperature fluctuations, vibrations, or bending) are dynamically compensated for through the process of holographic wavefront reconstruction as a byproduct of the adaptive beam-forming and jammer-excision operation. The complexity of the cascaded spatial-temporal integrals describing the holographic formation, and subsequent readout processes, is shown to collapse to a simple imaging condition through standard operator manipulation. We also present spatio-temporal beam propagation simulation results as an illustrative demonstration of our analysis and the operation of a BEAMTAP beamformer.     

稳健的波束优化设计及FPGA实现

在分析二阶锥规划(Second-Order Cone Programming,SOCP)算法的基础上,设计了声呐阵列并采用SOCP方法对其波束图进行了优化;根据SOCP的波束优化设计方法,设计了基于FPGA的16元均匀圆阵的波束形成器。目的在于提高波束优化设计的稳健性以及信号处理系统的运算实时性、运算精度等。对FPGA波束形成器的仿真性能进行了分析,主要分析了以下两个方面:首先分析了当权值位数不同时对波束形成器输出的影响,其次分析了波束优化设计方法的抗阵列流形误差的性能。仿真设计结果和实验表明本文方法的有效性。二阶锥波束优化设计的波束图有着良好的稳健性,采用12位权值的FPGA波束形成器,抗阵元位置误差性能也比较好。     

聚焦波束形成声图法误差分析

聚集波束形成声图测量方法可以实现近场目标的被动定位．利用该方法接收数据或进行数据处理的过程中必定会有各种误差产生,本文从聚焦峰尺度、阵元偏差、波长等方面对聚焦波束形成声图测量方法的影响进行了分析,经仿真研究与实验数据分析可以得出聚焦波束形成声图法受距离与波长的影响较大,但对于阵元的位置要求不高,利用该方法可以实现近程目标的高精度定位。     

MVDR自适应波束形成技术在水声中的研究进展

高分辨波束形成器比常规波束形成具有更好的方位分辨力与干扰抑制能力。该波束形成器能够提高阵列输出信干噪比,从而提高声呐的探测性能。与多重信号分类、旋转不变子空间等方法相比,最小方差无畸变响应(Minimum Variance Distortionless Response,MVDR)波束形成器输出真实反映了观察方向的信号功率,同时可提供波束时间序列做后置处理,在水声阵列处理领域得到了快速发展和深入研究。对高分辨MVDR技术在水声阵列处理中的研究进展进行了回顾,重点介绍了其宽带处理、稳健性、运动补偿、解相干等国内外的研究热点和最新成果,同时给出其在各种水声阵列处理领域的应用前景。     

一种基于横摇稳定的多波束测深方法

针对阵列姿态变化造成深水多波束测深声纳测深误差问题,给出了一种基于横摇稳定的多波束测深方法。其基本思路是利用姿态数据实时地改变接收波束相控角,使得合成波束指向角稳定在较小的变化区间内,确保了波束形成后信号来自有效的波束宽度覆盖范围。通过发射时刻三维姿态和接收时刻横摇姿态解算得出波达时刻对应的合成波束指向角,进行声速修正和归位计算得到最终测深点的深度与位置。MATLAB仿真和实际海试数据处理结果表明,该方法能够获得期望方向附近的海底脚印覆盖并且达到较好的精度。     

Elevation performance of 1.25D and 1.5D transducer arrays

Present 1D phased array probes have outstanding lateral and axial resolution, but their elevation performance is determined by a fixed aperture focused at a fixed range. Multi-row array transducers can provide significantly improved elevation performance in return for “modest” increases in probe and system complexity. Time domain simulations of elevation beam profiles are used to compare several types of multi-row probes. The elevation aperture of a 1.25D probe increases with range, but the elevation focusing of that aperture is static and determined principally by a mechanical lens with a fixed focus (or foci). 1.25D probes can provide substantially better near- and far-field slice thickness performance than 1D probes and require no additional system beamformer channels. 1.5D, probes use additional beamformer channels to provide dynamic focusing and apodization in elevation. 1.5D probes can provide detail resolution comparable to, and contrast resolution substantially better than, 1.25D probes, particularly in the mid- and far-field. Further increases in system channel count allow the use of 1.75D and 2D arrays for adaptive acoustics and two-dimensional beam steering. Significant improvements in clinical image quality can be expected as multi-row probes become increasingly available in the marketplace     

An approach to multibeam covariance matrices for adaptive beamforming in ultrasonography

Medical ultrasound imaging systems are often based on transmitting, and recording the backscatter from, a series of focused broadband beams with overlapping coverage areas. When applying adaptive beamforming, a separate array covariance matrix for each image sample is usually formed. The data used to estimate any one of these covariance matrices is often limited to the recorded backscatter from a single transmitted beam, or that of some adjacent beams through additional focusing at reception. We propose to form, for each radial distance, a single covariance matrix covering all of the beams. The covariance matrix is estimated by combining the array samples after a sequenced time delay and phase shift. The time delay is identical to that performed in conventional delay-and-sum beamforming. The performance of the proposed approach in conjunction with the Capon beamformer is studied on both simulated data of scenes consisting of point targets and recorded ultrasound phantom data from a specially adapted commercial scanner. The results show that the proposed approach is more capable of resolving point targets and gives better defined cyst-like structures in speckle images compared with the conventional delay-and-sum approach. Furthermore, it shows both an increased robustness to noise and an increased ability to resolve point-like targets compared with the more traditional per-beam Capon beamformer.     

Wave-front design algorithm for shaping a quasi-far-field pattern

To design a fully continuous wave-front distribution suitable for focused beam shaping by a deformable mirror, we modify the phase-retrieval algorithm by employing a uniformly distributed phase as a starting phase screen and spatial filtering for the near-field phase retrieved during the iteration process. A special phase unwrapping algorithm is not required to obtain a continuous phase distribution from the retrieved phase since the boundary of the 2pi-phase-jumped region in the designed phase distribution is perfectly closed. From the computational result producing a uniform square beam transformation from a circular defocused beam, this algorithm has provided a fully continuous wave-front distribution with a lower spatial frequency for a deformable mirror. The transformed square beam has a normalized intensity nonuniformity of varsigma(rms) = 0.14 with respect to a desired flat-topped square beam pattern. This beam-shaping method also provides a high energy-concentration rate of more than 98%.