500kV变电站厂界低频噪声控制指标适用性调查分析

随着电网设施的发展,变电站的低频噪声问题越来越受到关注。为分析500 kV变电站厂界低频噪声控制指标的适用性,基于实测数据对9座变电站厂界低频噪声进行了分析,并选取2座变电站分别对其实体围墙上下方和主变附近采取降噪措施前后的厂界噪声进行了比较。结果表明,变电站厂界低频噪声在中心频率为100 Hz的1/3倍频带上的峰值最为明显。厂界低频噪声样本低频段声能量比例θ_low和L_Ceq-L_Aeq平均值分别为87.2%和11.0 dB,并且呈现出L_Aeq较低的声样本的θ_low和L_Ceq-L_Aeq却较大的规律。围墙下方的厂界噪声L_Aeq和L_{100 Hz}通常小于围墙上方,但θ_low和L_Ceq-L_Aeq却可能更大。通过主变附近采取降噪措施使厂界噪声L_Aeq和L_{100 Hz}得到有效控制的情况下,θ_low和L_Ceq-L_Aeq也可能比原来更大。可见,直接引入θ_low和L_Ceq-L_Aeq指标来评价变电站厂界低频噪声存在一定缺陷。分析结果可为变电站厂界低频噪声排放控制指标选取和限值确定提供参考。     

基于栅格节距中心峰值检测的扫描探针显微镜校准方法

为了解决扫描探针显微镜（Scanning Probe Microscope, SPM）现有校准方法复杂程度高且存在局限性的问题,提出了一种基于二维标准微尺度正交栅格的SPM校准方法,通过对扫描获取的栅格图像进行互相关 / 卷积（Cross?correlation / Convolution, CC）滤波,实现对栅距中心坐标的峰值检测。校准的运动几何误差包括x轴和y轴位置偏差Δx和Δy、沿x轴和y轴扫描的直线度偏差δy和δx以及两轴之间的正交性偏差γ_xy。根据x轴和y轴扫描像素数、扫描范围、标准栅格计量检定节距平均值、栅距平均值计算得出校准因子C_x和C_y。采用标称节距为10 μm的正交栅格样板对原子力显微镜（Atomic Force Microscope, AFM）进行校准实验,结果显示C_x和C_y分别为0.925和1.050,γ_xy为0.015°,该台AFM的校准扩展不确定度为0.33 μm（k = 2.56）。研究成果对于推动SPM校准标准文件的具体实施和执行具有积极意义,并为SPM仪器研制及性能评估提供了技术参考。     

复合材料层板的拟协调罚单元*

本文在文献提出的多变量拟协调元和罚函数相结合的方法基础上构造了考慮耦合和剪切效应的十五自由度三角形层合板单元。此单元适用于薄和中厚层合板的强度分析,具有收敛和应用范围广的优点。文中以各向同性和复合材料层合板多组数例证明了该单元的有效性,同时还讨论了跨厚比L/h和弹性模量比E₁/E₂与剪切效应的关系,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

带声学放大器的行波热声发动机声阻抗特性

通过分析带有声学放大器的行波热声发电系统中直线发电机的电-力-声类比图，发现直线发电机的最佳工作状态与行波热声发动机的输出声阻抗特性相关。采用DeltaEC软件计算带有声学放大器的行波热声发动机（以下简称系统）的输出声阻抗特性。计算结果发现，输出声阻抗虚部X_a为-1×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3时，系统的最大输出声功率545.47 W，最大热声转换效率为7.2%；当输出声阻抗虚部X_a在-3.9×10⁶~-1×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3之间变化，实部R_a在1.37×10⁶~2.31×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3之间时，等效位移在1.89~6 mm之间变化，符合直线发电机的位移要求；结合输出声阻抗对压力与体积流率的相位差及系统工作频率的影响，发现声阻抗实部R_a应在1.37×10⁶~2.31×10⁷ Pa·s·m^-3之间，声阻抗虚部X_a在-7.5×10⁶~-1.0×107 Pa·s·m^-3之间时，系统具有较好的工作状态。     

超短脉冲激光时域参数计量标准装置

长期以来,由于缺乏超短脉冲激光时域参数计量标准装置,导致超短脉冲激光器和超短脉冲激光测量仪器无法溯源。针对此问题,研制了超短脉冲激光光谱相位干涉测量仪,利用小波变换技术实现了飞秒脉冲激光光谱相位的自动准确提取,精确还原了超短脉冲光谱相位,重建了脉冲时域波形,测量范围覆盖10~500 fs,测量不确定度U_rel=8%（k=2）;研制了大量程自相关测量装置,实现了10 fs~50 ps量程超短脉冲宽度的准确测量和量值溯源,解决了超短脉冲时域参数测量仪器的溯源问题,测量不确定度U_rel=10%（k=2）;建立了“超短光脉冲自相关仪校准装置”国家计量标准,测量范围覆盖10 fs~12 ps,测量不确定度U_rel=10%（k=2）,为超短脉冲测量仪器提供了精确校准手段,对于保障超短脉冲时域参数测量结果精准统一具有重要意义。     

离心泵叶片缝隙对声场特性影响的研究

为进一步研究离心泵的声场特性，对离心泵叶轮叶片尾缘进行开缝测试。考虑开缝径向直径D_k和缝隙宽度B，设计了18组正交试验来探究叶片尾缘缝隙对声场的影响。针对离心泵噪声的发生机理，采用重整化群k-ε（Re Normalization Group，RNG k-ε）模型对离心泵进行全流场非定常数值模拟，并根据FW-H方程提取蜗壳壁面的湍流脉动作为偶极子声源，基于声学边界元法进行离心泵声场计算，将声学计算结果与流场压力脉动结果进行综合分析。研究结果表明：压力脉动可在一定程度上反映声压级的大小，隔舌区压力脉动波动剧烈，此处是噪声的主要发生源。开缝叶片可以有效改善叶轮出口的不均匀流动，对内外声场噪声的降低有一定的积极作用，且在径向开缝位置γ=0.90时降噪效果最佳。     

Al与γ－Al2O3润湿角的计算

本文应用金属的形核理论对目前无法用实验进行准确测定的易氧化金属Al与γ-Al₂O₃的润湿角进行了计算。计算结果发现Al与γ-Al₂O₃的润湿角在30°到50°这一范围之间,即30°<θ≤50°。     

热负载条件对SiO2气凝胶组成及微观结构的影响

通过阶梯升温并结合傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征手段,研究了不同温度所得SiO₂气凝胶的组成和微观结构,在程序升温条件下通过TG-DTG曲线和无模式函数法研究了SiO₂气凝胶热重行为的变化.结果表明：SiO₂气凝胶主要由7~9 nm球状颗粒构成类线形团簇,进而以团簇为骨架构成三维网络多孔结构;阶梯升温下,随着热处理温度的升高,气凝胶中Si—O—Si基团的摩尔分数逐渐增加,Si—OH和Si—OC₂H₅的摩尔分数逐渐降低,1 073 K时Si—OH基本消失,但存在6.59%的Si—OC₂H₅基团;气凝胶颗粒逐渐长大,部分骨架坍塌,温度达到1 273 K时,颗粒长大至约50 nm,团簇彻底消失,材料发生明显烧结.程序升温下,升温速率越高,气凝胶的热稳定性越好;材料的失重过程分为3个阶段：当反应转化率α < 30%时,主要发生硅羟基(Si—OH)间的缩合;当30% < α < 70%时,主要是硅羟基(Si—OH)与/或硅乙氧基(Si—OC₂H₅)之间的缩合;当α>70%时,主要是硅乙氧基(Si—OC₂H₅)之间的缩合.     

电学计量中的量子标准与自然常数

介绍了库仑定律和安培定律在电学单位制中发挥的作用,依据机械功率与电功率等效的原理,选择电流单位安培（A）作为基本物理单位,并介绍了实用单位制和电学实物计量标准。阐述了三种电学计量的量子标准原理和溯源到自然常数的途径,分析了真空磁导率在安培定律公式中发挥的作用,探讨了电学量子三角形与欧姆定律兼容的问题。指出基本电荷量常数不是简单地从约瑟夫森常数K_J?90和冯·克里青常数R_H?90推导而来,而是由精细结构常数公式计算出来的,能量守恒原理是单位制中的第一性原理,是力学和电学计量单位的纽带。提出量子点之间的位移电流对单电子隧道泵有一定的影响,真空磁导率不再是理想的常数,真空磁导率的变化将成为后来理论界研究的重点。     

一类机械噪声对全身振动不舒适度的正负掩蔽效应

船舶、车辆或飞机舱室内往往同时存在振动和噪声。振动会引起人体不舒适,而噪声可能会增大或减小振动引起的不适感。通过对比实验,研究了无声波激励（60dB （A）背景噪声）以及舱室内一类典型机械振动噪声激励（幅值为70、85 dB （A））下,低频随机垂直全身振动（加速度均方根值为1.5、2.0和2.5 m·s^-2）引起的不舒适度。每组振动和声波持续时间为2 min,12名被试每隔30 s判断振动不舒适度的幅值。结果表明,相对于无声波激励的条件,幅值为70dB （A）的噪声增大了振动不舒适度,而85 dB （A）的噪声却减小了振动不舒适度。该现象说明噪声对振动引起的不适感具有抑制或者增强的“正负”掩蔽作用：较高幅值的噪声对振动不舒适度具有正掩蔽（抑制）效应,较低幅值的噪声对振动不舒适度具有负掩蔽（增强）效应。该掩蔽效应随人体暴露于噪声和振动环境中的时长增大而逐渐减小。     

青岛近海航船相关海洋环境噪声谱级特性分析

为了了解航船以及禁渔政策对我国近海海域低频环境噪声特性的影响,文章分析了青岛近海航道区域和非航道区域的海洋环境噪声在25～500 Hz频段实测数据的1/3倍频程功率谱密度。结果表明,在30～100 Hz频段,航道附近海域海洋环境噪声谱级比非航道海域高大约5～10 dB;非禁渔期在150～400 Hz频段的海洋环境噪声谱级比禁渔期高大约4～5.5 dB。文章获取的近海低频环境噪声谱级特性,对了解和利用我国以及世界范围内近海环境噪声低频特性具有较重要借鉴意义。     

基于光纤矢量水听器的浅海噪声矢量场特性研究

基于简正波理论分析了浅海噪声矢量场声压和质点振速的强度特性,仿真了浅海声压和质点振速的噪声强度在深度和频率上的变化特性,噪声矢量场强度特性仿真结果与实验测量结果一致。针对声场测量的有效性,给出了加速度通道自噪声谱级和灵敏度必须满足的关系式,并提出了降低自噪声对接收系统影响的两种措施。最后分析并对比了系统自噪声谱级和海洋环境噪声谱级,结果表明,声压通道的自噪声比环境噪声谱级低20 d B左右,Y通道和Z通道的自噪声比环境噪声低3.5 d B以上,X通道的自噪声谱级在200 Hz附近与环境噪声谱级最为接近,约比环境噪声低1.5 d B。     

A Numerical Treatment of the rf SQUID: I. General Properties and Noise Energy

We investigate the characteristics and noise performance of rf Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) by solving the corresponding Langevin equations numerically and optimizing the model parameters with respect to noise energy. After introducing the basic concepts of the numerical simulations, we give a detailed discussion of the performance of the SQUID as a function of all relevant parameters. The best performance is obtained in the crossover region between the dispersive and dissipative regimes, characterized by an inductance parameter β′ _L ≡2π LI ₀/Φ ₀≈1; L is the loop inductance, I ₀ the critical current of the Josephson junction, and Φ ₀ the flux quantum. In this regime, the lowest (intrinsic) values of noise energy are a factor of about 2 above previous estimates based on analytical approaches. However, several other analytical predictions, such as the inverse proportionality of the noise energy on the tank circuit quality factor and the square of the coupling coefficient between the tank circuit and the SQUID loop, could not be well reproduced. The optimized intrinsic noise energy of the rf SQUID is superior to that of the dc SQUID at all temperatures. Although for technologically achievable parameters this advantage shrinks, particularly at low thermal fluctuation levels, we give examples for realistic parameters that lead to a noise energy comparable to that of the dc SQUID even in this regime.      

Superconductivity in Mesoscopic Metal Particles

Recently, it has been possible to construct single-electron transistors to study electronic properties, including superconductivity, in metallic grains of nanometer size. Among several theoretical results are suppression of superconductivity with decreasing grain size and parity effect (i.e., dependence on the parity of the number of electrons on the grain). We study how these results are affected by degeneracy of energy levels. In addition to the time-reversal symmetry, for certain energy spectra and more generally for lattice symmetries, energy levels degenerate strongly near the Fermi energy. For a parabolic dispersion, degeneracy d is of the order of k _F L, whereas the typical distance between the levels is of the order of _F/(k _F L)², where k _F and _F are the Fermi wave-vector and energy, respectively, and L is the particle size. First, using an exact solution method for BCS Hamiltonian with finite number of energy levels, for the well-studied nondegenerate case we find a new feature. In that case, parity effect exhibits a minimum instead of a monotonic behavior. For d-fold degenerate states, we find that the ratio of two successive parity effect parameters _p is nearly 1 + 1/d. Our numeric solutions for the exact ground-state energy of negative U Hubbard model on a cubic cluster also give very similar results. Hence we conclude that parity effect is a general property of small Fermi systems with attractive interaction, and it is closely related to degeneracy of energy levels.     

东中国海夏季海洋环境噪声特性分析

海洋环境噪声不仅是水中目标探测的背景干扰声场之一,还可用以反演海洋物理参数。文章基于实测东中国海某海区夏季海洋环境噪声数据,分析其时频特性、统计特性以及风关特性。研究结果表明,试验期间该海区100 Hz以下频段的海洋环境噪声级约为110 dB,频率为100和300 Hz的海洋环境噪声级分别服从自由度为8和6的卡方分布,频率为1 kHz和3 kHz的噪声级服从正态分布;海况对低频海洋环境噪声级概率分布无明显影响,但是对高频段噪声级正态分布的均值和方差会产生一定影响;随着频率的增加,海洋环境噪声级与风速对数间的相关系数逐渐增大,1 kHz以上相关系数在0.6～0.7之间;100 Hz以上频段的噪声谱级基本不随深度发生变化。文中的结果可以为水中目标的探测以及浅海海洋环境噪声的应用研究提供技术支持。     

超声协同微球型Bi2O2CO3降解罗丹明B的研究

Bi_2O_2CO_3是一种Bi类半导体催化剂,文章研究了它的超声催化性能。首先,采用水热法制备了微球型的Bi_2O_2CO_3,利用X射线衍射(X-ray Diffraction, XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱对样品的晶体结构、微观形貌、光学特性进行了表征。然后,以罗丹明B(Rh B)作为模型污染物,通过研究超声催化降解罗丹明B来评测Bi_2O_2CO_3的超声催化性能。研究了催化剂的浓度(Ccatalytic)、初始罗丹明B染料的浓度(CRhB)和超声功率(P)等实验因素对超声催化降解效率的影响。得出在Ccatalytic=3 g·L-1,CRhB=10 mg·L-1和P=400 W条件下降解罗丹明B的效率最高,其最高降解效率可以达到91.7%。     

基于感知的城市开放空间声环境评价指标研究

文章从人群主观感知角度出发，针对人口、交通密集型城市开放空间声环境质量评价进行研究，以期从大量的物理、心理声学特征中提取出“有效特征参量”，拓展现有声环境评价指标。该研究基于对上海市开放空间复合混杂的整体声环境特征分析以及实验室主观评价实验，构建了“特征参量”-“主观满意度”样本集，进而提出双重相关系数评估方法，定量评估17种物理、心理声学特征参量间的内在相互影响，以及它们对人群声主观感知的影响，筛选出适应于城市整体声环境主观评价的“有效特征参量”：等效连续A声级LA、噪声中值与环境本底值的差值L50-L90以及尖锐度S，其中，LA是影响声环境主观满意度的决定性因子，它与满意度Sat的负相关性达到88%,L50-L90对Sat的负相关性为25%,S与满意度Sat的正相关程度为33%。进一步，基于它们与满意度Sat的相关系数，计算出3个“有效特征参量”影响“主观满意度”权重系数：0.6,0.17以及0.23。     

Noise assessment inside the Greater Cairo Underground second-line Metro

Underground metro trains, which connect different terminals of big crowded cities, are the best means of public transportation. The metro is environmentally friendly because the trains are electrically driven and so do not emit chemical air-pollutants. The number of people using the Greater Cairo Underground Metro approaches two million per day, beside about one thousand workers in the different activities related to the metro. Metro users and workers complain about the high noise levels emitted by metro units travelling in the tunnels, especially at the turns, the entrance of tunnels and at stations while braking. Exposure to high noise levels for a long time causes many health hazards: either auditory, such as temporary and permanent hearing loss, or extra-auditory such as effects on the cardiovascular system, blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, central nervous system. Noise also leads to stress problems such as lack of concentration, leading to accidents. Noise has adverse effects on psychological, biological, immunological and hormonal systems of the body. Due to the above mentioned reasons, suggestion has been made to start this research to assess and diagnose these problems, and to find the proper methods for early detection and proper management of these health hazards; in addition to the engineering solutions for the noise problem. Measurements of noise levels have been made inside the units while travelling and outside the units at the stations platforms to evaluate the noise problem and to suggest some kind of solutions to the problem. The calculations of different noise indices have been made and compared with international criteria and national laws. The comparison shows that the noise levels are clearly unacceptable, for indicesL ₁,L ₉₉, and LNP, both inside the metro units and outside the units at station platforms along the passage.     

Violation of Schmid's law and tension–compression asymmetry in L12 alloys: role of ordered structure

Abstract

Hypostoichiometric Ni₃Al(B) undergoes a structural transformation from its initial L1₂ structure to DO₂₂ structure during cold rolling. It has been found that this DO₂₂ structure reverts back to L1₂ structureduring annealing. The transformation to DO₂₂ structure as well as back to L1₂ at higher temperature is very much dependent on the degree of cold reduction. Based on thesefindings, the possible reason for abnormal behaviour of these L1₂ordered alloys, i.e. violation of Schmid's law and orientation dependence of flow stress is hypothesised.     

Peculiarities of the formation and thermal stability of barrier contacts in high-sensitivity silicon carbide detector diodes

The effect of rapid thermal treatment at T=1000°C on the formation of \textTiB_x - n-\textSiC6H(00\text1^-- ){\text{TiB}}_x - n--{\text{SiC6H(00}}\mathop {\text{1}}\limits^-- ) barrier contacts and Ni-n-SiC6H(0001) ohmic contacts was studied. In the former case, thermal treatment neither disturbs the layer structure nor reduces the thermal stability of the barrier contacts. The rapid annealing of an Ni-n-SiC6H(0001) structure results in the formation of a stable ohmic contact. At the same time, this treatment does not change the parameters of the static current-voltage characteristics of the \textAu - \textTiB_x - n-\textSiC6H(00\text1^-- ){\text{Au}} - {\text{TiB}}_x - n--{\text{SiC6H(00}}\mathop {\text{1}}\limits^-- ) Schottky diodes. These thermally stable diodes are characterized by a sensitivity of ∼3300–3500 mV/mW at an incident radiation power of 10–7 W and are capable of operating at a microwave power of up to 1 W. The dynamic range of a linear portion of the conversion characteristic reaches up to 50 dB.