我国不同产区核桃油组成成分与氧化稳定性研究

选取我国西南、西北和东部三大产区的 16 种薄皮核桃分别压榨制油,测定核桃油的脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯组成、总酚、生育酚、植物甾醇和氧化稳定性指数。结果表明,不同产区核桃油的脂肪酸组成主要为亚油酸 C18∶2(51.21%~68.97%),油酸 C18∶1(12.56%~26.04%),亚麻酸 C18∶3(6.82%~15.01%)和棕榈酸 C16∶0(3.05%~8.27%),甘油三酯包含三亚酸甘油酯 LLL(27.87%~39.47%)和油酸亚油酸亚麻酸甘油酯 OLLn(17.07%~24.18%)。微量伴随物植物甾醇,生育酚和总酚含量分别为 540~1 594 mg/kg,10~1 303 mg/kg,345~2 579 mg/kg。根据与其他国家和地区的核桃油比较,可以推断出不同的种植区域地理位置和气候的差异,导致了核桃油成分的差异。在此基础上将氧化稳定性指数与脂肪酸组成、微量伴随物含量进行多元线性回归分析后,得出亚油酸,α-生育酚和总酚是影响核桃油氧化稳定性的主要因素。     

我国不同产地核桃油与铁核桃油营养成分的分析比较

为揭示不同品种核桃油营养成分的差异,以我国9个产地核桃样品和7个产地铁核桃样品为原料制备油脂,测定核桃油和铁核桃油的质量指标、脂肪酸组成及VE、甾醇、角鲨烯含量;对不同产地核桃油与铁核桃油的营养成分进行分析比较。结果表明：两种核桃油的酸值和过氧化值均符合国家标准要求;两种核桃油的脂肪酸组成均符合核桃油国家标准,以亚油酸、油酸、α-亚麻酸为主,陕西汉中、云南楚雄的核桃油和吉林白山的铁核桃油中α-亚麻酸含量较高,均在11%及以上;核桃油和铁核桃油总VE含量分别为30.81~42.21 mg/100 g和31.00~57.52 mg/100 g,均以γ-生育酚为主,其中云南临沧铁核桃油的γ-生育酚含量最高,为51.60 mg/100 g; 核桃油和铁核桃油总甾醇含量分别为346.91~485.20 mg/kg和403.34~656.15 mg/kg,均以β-谷甾醇为主;核桃油和铁核桃油角鲨烯含量分别为6.7~11.3 mg/kg和6.9~8.3 mg/kg。铁核桃油油酸、总VE、总甾醇含量平均值高于核桃油,但角鲨烯含量平均值低于核桃油。     

牡丹籽油和亚麻籽油化学组成分析与比较

牡丹籽油和亚麻籽油均属于亚麻酸型油脂。分析比较了牡丹籽油和亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯组成、生育酚、角鲨烯以及甾醇等化学组成。结果表明:牡丹籽油主要脂肪酸为亚麻酸(45.41%~45.92%),其次为亚油酸和油酸,分别占23.72%~26.34%、20.32%~23.20%;亚麻籽油主要脂肪酸为亚麻酸(54.93%)、油酸(19.92%)以及亚油酸(16.26%);牡丹籽油占主要组分的甘油三酯均为LLLn+OLn Ln、LLL+OLLn与LLn Ln,其含量分别为21.37%~21.67%、14.88%~15.44%以及13.56%~14.98%;Ln Ln Ln(23.10%)、LLLn+OLn Ln(18.44%)与LLn Ln(13.41%)是亚麻籽油的主要甘油三酯;牡丹籽油及亚麻籽油均以γ-生育酚为主;牡丹籽油γ-生育酚含量为823.61~963.17 mg/kg,而亚麻籽油的仅为487.75 mg/kg;牡丹籽油角鲨烯含量为28.60~62.66 mg/kg,而亚麻籽油的仅为18.00 mg/kg。安徽及山东产凤丹牡丹籽油甾醇总量最高,超过了4 600 mg/kg,而亚麻籽油甾醇总量为3 269.49 mg/kg;牡丹籽油主要甾醇组分为谷甾醇,占甾醇总量的55.50%~62.17%,其次为Δ5-燕麦甾烯醇(25.28%~28.01%);同样,谷甾醇是亚麻籽油中含量最高的甾醇组分,占甾醇总量的52.59%,其次为24-亚甲基胆甾醇+芸薹甾醇以及Δ5-燕麦甾烯醇。     

典型木本油料油脂的特性分析

本文研究了油茶籽油、核桃油、橄榄油、杏仁油、文冠果油、长柄扁桃油6种木本油料种仁油脂的脂肪酸组成、微量营养成分含量以及荧光特性。研究表明,油茶籽油、橄榄油、杏仁油、长柄扁桃油的脂肪酸以油酸为主(杏仁油65.61%~油茶籽油80.58%),核桃油的脂肪酸以亚油酸(64.19%)为主,文冠果油的脂肪酸以油酸和亚油酸为主;6种油脂中,橄榄油微量营养组分中总酚含量最高,为725.64 mg没食子酸/kg,长柄扁桃油中生育酚和植物甾醇含量均最高,分别为61.06 mg/100 g和314.53 mg/100 g;6种毛油中,长柄扁桃油的氧化稳定性最佳(OSI值13.87 h);荧光扫描显示6种木本油料油脂具有不同的荧光光谱特性,一定程度上可以作为木本油料鉴伪的手段。     

7种食用植物油物性及氧化稳定性评价

对国内7种食用植物油的脂肪酸组成、总酚、生育酚、植物甾醇、苯并(a)芘、黄曲霉毒素B1、3-氯丙醇酯含量、氧化稳定性指数(OSI)等指标进行测定分析。结果表明:这7种食用植物油不饱和脂肪酸含量均较高(78.29%~91.92%),但不同油的脂肪酸组成比例各不相同,不饱和脂肪酸、其中单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高的分别为菜籽油(91.92%)、油茶籽油(80.44%)和葵花籽油(61.18%);微量活性成分中,菜籽油的总酚含量最高,为139.83 mg/kg;大豆油、菜籽油、玉米油中γ-生育酚含量较高,葵花籽油、米糠油中α-生育酚含量较高,大豆油生育酚含量最高,为1 129.21 mg/kg;不同油中植物甾醇均以β-谷甾醇为主,米糠油、玉米油中植物甾醇含量较高,分别为10 705.8 mg/kg和8 596.7 mg/kg;危害因子中,只有少数食用植物油检出苯并(a)芘和黄曲霉毒素B1,且含量均符合国家相关标准规定;菜籽油、葵花籽油、大豆油、花生油中3-氯丙醇酯总量较低,均小于1.0 mg/kg;菜籽油、大豆油的氧化稳定性指数(OSI)较高,葵花籽油、油茶籽油的较低,且与总酚含量呈极显著正相关。     

3种不同加工工艺汉麻仁油营养组分研究

对水酶法、压榨法以及浸提法制得的汉麻仁油的脂肪酸组成、甘油三酯组成、生育酚和生育三烯酚、角鲨烯以及多酚含量进行了分析研究。汉麻仁油中共分析出10种脂肪酸,其中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(56.37%~56.52%)、亚麻酸(19.03%~20.32%)以及油酸(12.38%~13.03%);汉麻仁油中甘油三酯含量最高的为LLn Ln,占19.86%~20.96%,其次为LLLn(19.39%~19.72%)、PLLn(12.41%~12.87%)和LLL+OLLn(10.27%~10.82%);维生素E组成为α-生育酚、γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚,其中γ-生育酚含量最高,为754.21~1 043.80 mg/kg;汉麻仁油中角鲨烯含量介于174.32~204.54 mg/kg。水酶法制得的汉麻仁油中多酚含量最高(53.86 mg GAE/kg)。     

玉米油中主要营养因子在精炼与储存过程中的变化

分析了国内主要市售品牌玉米油中主要营养因子的含量,探讨了精炼工艺和储藏时间对玉米油中主要营养因子的影响。结果显示:不同品牌市售玉米油中脂肪酸含量差别较小,而生育酚和植物甾醇含量差别较大,其中生育酚含量范围为56.2~98.3 mg/100 g,植物甾醇含量范围为105.8~216.4 mg/100 g;精炼工艺脱臭对玉米油中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、生育酚和植物甾醇含量有显著降低的效果(P0.05),脱皂能显著降低植物甾醇含量(P0.05),其他工艺均无显著影响(P0.05);精炼后常温储藏6个月后的玉米油中除油酸含量显著降低外,其他脂肪酸含量无显著变化(P0.05),生育酚和植物甾醇含量均显著减少(P0.05);复配添加维生素E和迷迭香提取物对玉米油的氧化稳定性具有显著的提升作用(P0.05)。     

油茶籽油及茶叶籽油特征组分分析与比较

研究比较了油茶籽油和茶叶籽油的脂肪酸组成、三酰甘油组成、甾醇、生育酚、角鲨烯等特征组分。结果显示:油茶籽油主要脂肪酸为油酸、棕榈酸和亚油酸;其单不饱和脂肪酸占77.50%~84.44%;茶叶籽油主要脂肪酸为油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸;其饱和脂肪酸含量为18.86%~23.04%,单不饱和脂肪酸为56.53%~58.54%。2种油脂主要三酰甘油均为OOO、SLO、LOO,但相对比例各不相同;甾醇含量分别为1 099~2 298,499~927 mg/kg,主要组分为β-谷甾醇和Δ7-豆甾烯醇,占甾醇总量80%以上。油茶籽油和茶叶籽油中生育酚以α型为主,占总生育酚90%以上;前者角鲨烯含量为21~336 mg/kg,后者为108~198 mg/kg。研究可为油茶籽油和茶叶籽油的开发和应用提供基础数据支持。     

超临界CO2法萃取树莓籽油的成分分析

采用超临界CO_2技术萃取树莓籽油,利用GC法测定脂肪酸组成,GC-MS联用法测定甾醇组成,HPLC测定生育酚含量,紫外可见分光光度计测定多酚含量。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取树莓籽油的平均出油率为17.90%±0.3%;共检测到10种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸相对含量(57.44%)最高,其次是α-亚麻酸(26.58%)、油酸(11.94%)和棕榈酸(2.10%);脂肪伴随物中,共检测出7种甾醇,总甾醇含量为861.85 mg/100 g;γ-生育酚、α-生育酚和δ-生育酚含量分别达到799.248、602.996 mg/kg及13.371 mg/kg;多酚平均含量为(341.19±8.94)mg GAE/kg。此研究为树莓籽油及其他蔷薇科植物油的进一步开发利用奠定了基础。     

漆树籽油脂肪酸组成及其油脂伴随物分析

本研究对陕西秦巴山区漆树籽油脂肪酸组成、植物甾醇、维生素E及多酚类化合物等油脂伴随物成分进行了系统分析,比较了精炼过程中脱色工艺对漆树籽油成分的影响。结果表明：漆树籽油是一种高亚油酸植物油,达62.8%。油脂伴随物中,检测出8种植物甾醇,β-谷甾醇含量最高,脱色前为(343 8.67±35.56) mg/kg,脱色后为(250 6.46±28.96) mg/kg,损失率为27%,此外,检测出漆树籽油中特有的β-扶桑甾醇,柠檬二烯醇;检测出3种生育酚和1种生育三烯酚,生育酚(维生素E)总量为(645.06±16.12) mg/kg,其中δ-生育酚含量为(435.12±10.94) mg/kg,γ-生育酚含量为(202.89±4.72) mg/kg,还有少量的δ-生育三烯酚和β-生育酚,分别为(2.16±0.34) mg/kg、(4.89±0.12) mg/kg。经过脱色工艺后维生素E总量降到(241.80±21.20) mg/kg,δ-生育酚含量降到(190.61±16.60) mg/kg,γ-生育酚降到(47.25±4.29) mg/kg,维生素E总损失率为62.5%。漆树籽油中总酚含...     

Identification of bioactive compounds and total phenol contents of cold pressed oils from safflower and camelina seeds

The compositions of fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, sterols, and the total phenol contents of cold pressed oils obtained from five varieties of safflower seeds and ten varieties of camelina seeds cultivated in Turkey were determined. Total phenol contents of safflower oils were higher (272.20–525.30 mg GAE/kg) than camelina seed oils (25.90–63.70 mg GAE/kg). Apigenin, luteolin, tyrosol, syringic acid, 3-hydroxytyrosol, p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid were detected in seed oils. Camelina seed oils were rich in tocopherol (144.11–168.69 mg/100 g). γ-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in camelina seed oils consisting of averagely 80% of total tocopherol, while α-tocopherol was the main compound of safflower seed oils, representing 97.85–98.53% of total tocopherols. β-Sitosterol was the major sterol in both type of seed oils. Its concentration ranged between 92.51–121.83 mg/100 g and 80.52–25.54 mg/100 g in safflower seed and camelina oils, respectively. Camelina seed oils contained 22.31–26.57% linolenic acid, 21.25–24.05% linoleic acid and 19.46–21.47% oleic acid, whereas safflower seed oils mainly consisted of linoleic (28.03–76.85%) and oleic (13.01–62.61%) acids.     

Composition and oxidative stabilities of oils extracted from hybrid hazelnuts grown in Nebraska,USA

Recently, hybrid hazelnuts have emerged as a potential oilseed crop in Nebraska for food and value‐added industrial applications. As with all hazelnuts, Nebraska hybrid hazelnuts were characterised by the high oil content with the average oil content of 54.3%. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid. Oleic acid and linoleic acid accounted for more than 90% of the total fatty acid composition, whereas small quantities of palmitoleic and linolenic acids were found. Four major tocopherols (α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols) were identified with α‐tocopherol as the most dominant isomer. The average total tocopherol content was 235.4 mg kg^?1 oil with α‐tocopherol constituting approximately 97.5% of the total tocopherols. β‐sitosterol was the most abundant sterol of the three identified sterols representing, on average, 93.1% of total sterols, followed by campesterol and stigmasterol. The oil oxidative stability was affected by the presence of high levels of natural antioxidants and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Genotype 16–177 was superior to the other genotypes, when combining high levels of MUFA, tocopherols and phytosterols, and high oxidative stability.     

大豆豆脐油脂品质特性的研究

为促进大豆豆脐资源的高效利用、延长大豆加工产业链,本文以大豆加工副产物——大豆豆脐为原料,采用超声辅助溶剂浸提法提取油脂,研究豆脐油脂的品质特性。结果表明：以石油醚为萃取溶剂,所得豆脐油脂酸价、过氧化值、总酚含量、角鲨烯含量、生育酚含量、植物甾醇含量分别为2.10 mgKOH/g油、0.026 g/100g、7.72 mg GAE/kg、87.63 mg/kg、4.44 mg/g、43.03 g/kg,其中,角鲨烯、生育酚和植物甾醇含量分别约为大豆油的3倍、4倍和34倍;豆脐油脂中亚麻酸含量高达22.2%,约为大豆油的2~5倍;豆脐油脂的主要甘油三酯及含量分别为LLLn(17.89%)、LLL(13.12%)、PLL(11.85%)、PLLn(11.36%)、LLnLn(9.66%)。通过对豆脐油脂品质特性分析,以期为大豆豆脐综合开发利用提供数据支撑。     

泡核桃无性系油脂脂肪酸组成和营养成分的比较分析

核桃是我国重要的木本油料树种。为评选出脂肪酸及营养成分优良的核桃无性系,为油用型核桃良种选育奠定基础。本研究对11个泡核桃（Juglans sigillata）无性系的油脂脂肪酸组成、生物活性物质和矿质元素含量进行了测定,采用ASReml-R进行统计分析,并估算遗传力、遗传变异系数等遗传参数。结果表明,泡核桃油脂脂肪酸组分主要为不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸（49.60%～62.25%）、油酸（12.46%～22.31%）、亚麻酸（7.89%～10.03%）和棕榈油酸（0.55%～1.18%）为主;饱和脂肪酸主要为硬脂酸（3.77%～10.03%）、棕榈酸（4.53%～8.04%）和花生酸（2.32%～3.67%）。硬脂酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸和花生酸相对质量分数在无性系间差异显著,矿质元素中铜、锰和铁元素含量在无性系差异显著,黄酮和多酚含量在无性系间也存在显著差异。8个性状（棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸、多酚、黄酮、铜、锰和铁元素）遗传力均在0.7以上,表现出较强的受无性系遗传控制。各性状遗传变异系数和表型变异系数分别在0.10～0.83和0.05～0.51之间。硬脂酸、花生酸、棕榈酸、和黄酮含量具有较高的遗传相关和表型相关系数（0.527～0.979）,且都显著相关。采用BLUP法估算综合育种值,初步评选出高脂肪酸品质（C86、C72和C65）和高品质微量营养（C001、C72和C301）油用无性系各3个。本研究结果可为进一步开展核桃油营养功能评价、油用型良种选育、育种亲本选配以及核桃油开发利用等提供依据。     

Macronutrients and Micronutrients of Soybean Oil Bodies Extracted at Different pH

In this study, the macronutrients and micronutrients of pH 6.8, 8.0, 9.5, and 11.0 extracted soybean oil bodies (OBs) were examined, revealing that soybean OBs might be used as a natural carrier for bioactive components (unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipid, tocopherol, and phytosterol). pH 6.8 extracted OBs (dry basis) contained 85.88% neutral lipid, 8.18% protein, and 5.85% polar lipid (mainly phospholipid) by gravimetric analysis. The percentage of neutral lipid was increased, while those of protein and polar lipid were decreased with increasing pH. Tocopherol (about 75 mg/100 g neutral lipid of OBs) was not affected, while phytosterol was decreased (136 to 110 mg/100 g neutral lipid of OBs) with increasing pH. The detectable total monosaccaride (galactosamine, glucosamine, and glucose) content of extracted OBs was low and also decreased (35.80 to 6.13 mg/100 g neutral lipid of OBs) with increasing pH. The protein of extracted OBs had higher percentage of essential amino acids than soybean protein isolate with tryptophan and methionine as limited amino acids. The fatty acid composition of extracted OBs was rich in linoleic acid (about 59%), oleic acid (about 20%), and α‐linolenic acid (about 7%).     

萝卜籽油特性及其对小鼠的通便作用

本文研究了萝卜籽油的组成及其对小鼠的通便作用。通过化学方法测定了萝卜籽油的各项理化指标、脂肪酸组成及多种活性物质含量;以高、中、低三个浓度的萝卜籽油喂食小鼠及便秘模型小鼠,检测小鼠排便重量、粒数、首粒排黑便时间、墨汁推进率。结果表明:萝卜籽油含多种脂肪酸,其中芥酸含量为36.18%,亚麻酸20.22%、油酸19.80%、亚油酸12.35%,其余脂肪酸含量很少;油脂中的不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的88.74%。萝卜籽油中含有维生素E 1.5984 mg/g、莱菔素55.35 mg/kg、甾醇14.3201 mg/g。用25%~100%的萝卜籽油取代基础饲料中的大豆油,有明显促进小鼠排便的作用。灌胃1.0 g~3.0 g/(kg·bw)萝卜籽油,具有明显改善便秘小鼠通便及推动便秘小鼠小肠蠕动的作用。2.0 g~3.0 g/(kg·bw)萝卜籽油几乎可以达到治愈小鼠便秘的目的。萝卜籽油品质优良,具有通便作用,开发前景广阔。     

钠基膨润土对富含酚酸菜籽油的吸附脱磷效果及品质的影响

以微波-压榨富含酚酸菜籽油为研究对象,考察了钠基膨润土的吸附脱磷效果以及处理过程中菜籽油酚酸和其他品质的变化.首先考察了吸附温度、钠基膨润土添加量和吸附时间对脱磷率和菜籽油中酚酸的影响,然后通过正交实验,以脱磷率、总酚保留率和canolol(2,6-二甲氧基-4-2烯基苯酚)保留率的综合加权得分为考察指标,得出钠基膨润...     

PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, TOCOPHEROLS AND OTHER MINOR COMPONENTS IN VIRGIN OLIVE OILS OF SOME TUNISIAN VARIETIES

The phenols, α‐tocopherols, fatty acids and oxidative stability of six monovarietal virgin olive oils (VOOs) were determined. Fourteen phenolic compounds were detected and quantified by solid phase extraction and reversed phase‐high performance liquid chromatography. Dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and ligstroside aglycones were the main components in all samples. Pinoresinol was the most abundant component in lignan fraction. The total phenol content of these monovarietal oils varied from 66.82 mg/kg in “Neb Jmel” oil to 662.74 mg/kg in “El Hor” oil. A wide range of α‐tocopherol contents was also noticed; it varied from 141.94 mg/kg in “Semni” variety to 364.23 mg/kg in “Jdallou” variety. With regard to pigments, chlorophylls and carotenoids were found at variable concentrations: with median values of 11.33 and 3.10 mg/kg, respectively. Among the studied varieties, “Oueslati” and El Hor were characterized by the lowest levels of palmitic and linoleic acids and the highest values of oleic acid.