食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂来源和风险控制措施研究

对食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)塑化剂的来源和风险控制进行了研究。针对植物油加工企业实际情况,分别从油料及其包装、加工,油脂接触的塑料制品进行全面排查和分析PAEs来源。结果表明:油料在种植过程中吸收了塑化剂导致其本身含有一定量的塑化剂;采用PP编织袋不会对油料造成塑化剂污染;油料在预榨之前有效地清理塑料杂质,可减少毛油中PAEs含量;油脂生产过程中接触的输油软管和垫片、垫圈等塑料制品的PAEs含量、温度、时间与PAEs在食用植物油中的迁移量成正比,是植物油中塑化剂污染的主要因素。脱臭工艺可脱除一定量的塑化剂。结合植物油中塑化剂来源和防治措施,可降低植物油中塑化剂风险。     

基于近红外光谱技术的沙棘籽油鉴伪方法研究

针对市场上沙棘籽油质量参差不齐的情况,结合近红外光谱技术研究沙棘籽油快速鉴伪的方法。采用234份沙棘籽油、其他植物油、掺假沙棘籽油的近红外透反射光谱,结合簇类独立软模式法(SIMCA)、偏最小二乘判别法(PLS-DA)、支持向量机法(SVM)3种化学计量学方法,在4 000~6 000 cm-1波段范围内分别建立这3类油的判别模型,并用117份独立样品对模型进行验证。结果表明:3种建模方法均得到了满意的结果,其中SVM在训练和验证过程中均得到100%的正确率,判别效果最好;近红外光谱技术应用于识别纯沙棘籽油和区分沙棘籽油掺假类别具有实用性,近红外光谱技术应用于沙棘籽油鉴伪是可行的。     

多环芳烃脱除方法及其在维生素E油中的应用

文章简要介绍了多环芳烃的性质、来源和危害，以及油、污水、土壤中多环芳烃的脱除方法，如：物理富集法、化学反应法、牛物反应法、超临界流体萃取法等。文章比较了各种脱除方法的优缺点，分析了维生素E油中苯并芘的来源。试验表明，采用硅胶柱层析法、微波萃取法、人造纤维blue rayon富集法等均能达到脱除苯并芘的效果。     

脱色工艺中不同脱色剂对油茶籽油中苯并芘脱除效果的影响

研究了在优化的脱色条件下,脱色剂对油茶籽油中苯并芘的脱除作用。结果表明:活性炭对油茶籽油中苯并芘脱除效果显著,加入油质量3%的活性炭可以完全脱除样品中的苯并芘(苯并芘含量为7.12μg/kg);活性白土基本不具备脱除苯并芘的能力,但在活性炭中加入活性白土后,活性白土优先脱除油茶籽油中色素等杂质,为活性炭对苯并芘的脱除保留了吸附能力,使得活性炭对苯并芘的脱除效率提高,在3%活性白土的存在下,加入油质量0.3%的活性炭即可达到单独使用3%活性炭对苯并芘的脱除量,相当于将脱除苯并芘的能力提高10倍左右。     

微波预处理对沙棘油得率和品质的影响

在2 450 MHz、560 W的微波条件下,分别对沙棘籽、沙棘果肉和沙棘全果进行0~5 min预处理,研究微波不同时间对溶剂法所提沙棘籽油、沙棘果油及沙棘全果油的得率和品质的影响。结果表明,微波预处理能提高沙棘籽油、沙棘果油和沙棘全果油的得率,最高增加比例分别为9.49%、28.35%、18.21%;随着微波时间的延长,沙棘籽油中维生素E含量呈下降趋势,而沙棘果油和沙棘全果油则相反;3种油中植物甾醇含量先增加后减少;沙棘籽油总酚呈先增加后减少的趋势,沙棘果油和沙棘全果油则呈上升趋势;微波也会导致过氧化值和酸价的升高,而微波预处理对脂肪酸组成的影响不大。由此可见,合适的微波预处理时间能同时提高沙棘籽油、沙棘果油和沙棘全果油得率及改善其营养品质。     

超高压辅助提取沙棘籽油的工艺优化

为提高沙棘籽油得率,以沙棘籽为原料,研究了超高压辅助提取沙棘籽油的工艺。通过单因素实验考察了溶剂类型、超高压压力、保压时间、料液比对沙棘籽油得率的影响,在此基础上采用Box-Behnken响应面法对影响沙棘籽油得率的主要因素进行优化。结果表明：超高压辅助提取沙棘籽油最优工艺条件为以石油醚为溶剂、超高压压力458 MPa、保压时间6.2 min、料液比1∶ 37,在此条件下沙棘籽油得率为15.68%。     

沙棘油功效成分及药理功能研究进展

沙棘具有悠久的药用历史,沙棘油根据来源不同分为沙棘籽油和沙棘果油。沙棘果油和沙棘籽油均含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸、生育酚、β-类胡萝卜素和甾醇类物质。研究表明,沙棘油具有丰富的药理功能,对心脑血管和胃肠道的保护作用,滋润皮肤、促进皮肤组织再生和上皮组织愈合、改善皮肤衰老现象的作用,缓解干眼症和辅助保护化学性肝损伤的作用。除此以外,沙棘油还具有一定的抗炎、抗氧化、增强免疫力的功能。通过对沙棘果油和沙棘籽油的功效成分、药理功能及其开发利用现状等进行综述,以期为沙棘油功能产品开发提供一定的理论基础和依据。     

制油、吸附工艺以及煎炸实验对亚麻籽油苯并芘的影响研究

针对亚麻籽油加工不当所引起苯并芘超标的不安全性，探讨了制备工艺（籽炒时间和温度）对亚麻籽油中苯并芘含量的影响，同时还考察了混合吸附剂用量、吸附温度、吸附时间对亚麻籽油中苯并芘的去除效果，并采用模拟煎炸实验对亚麻籽油苯并芘形成规律进行研究。结果表明：炒籽温度和时间对亚麻籽油中苯并芘含量有显著影响，随着炒籽温度的升高以及炒籽时间的延长，压榨亚麻籽油中苯并芘含量逐渐增加；另外，混合吸附剂去除亚麻籽油中苯并芘的最佳条件是活性炭和活性白土用量分别为0.3%和2.0%（质量分数）、吸附温度90℃以及吸附时间25 min，苯并芘的去除率高达（90.83±1.06）%。煎炸实验表明：亚麻籽油在180℃下煎炸馒头、豆腐、苹果块及瘦肉等食材12 h后苯并芘含量大幅增加，且煎炸豆腐上升速度最快，上升幅度依次是豆腐>瘦肉>苹果块>馒头。     

沙棘籽油指纹图谱的研究

目的:通过对沙棘籽油脂肪酸的分析,建立沙棘籽油的指纹图谱,为其鉴别伪劣提供参考,并对沙棘籽油的品质评价与质量控制提供依据。方法:采用气相色谱-质谱分析仪测定沙棘籽油的脂肪酸组成和含量,利用国家药典2004A"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统"进行分析和评价。结果:不同地区的沙棘籽油脂肪酸组成和含量具有高度的相似性,共筛选出9个共有峰,通过分析建立了标准的沙棘籽油脂肪酸指纹图谱。     

植物油料和食用油脂加工质量安全控制

食用油质量安全是食品安全的重要内容和组成部分。多环芳烃(PAHs)、真菌毒素(玉米赤霉烯酮ZEN、黄曲霉毒素AFB1)、塑化剂(PAEs)、反式脂肪酸(TFA)和3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)是食用植物油中的主要质量安全风险成分。课题深入系统研究了食用植物油中主要风险成分的成因、控制及脱除技术。毛油中PAHs成因是油料带入和油籽不当的高温焙炒,控制原料质量和适度炒籽是减少油脂中PAHs的关键,采用适度炒籽技术可使PAHs风险降低80%以上,优化的吸附技术能高效脱除油脂中的PAHs并减少油脂香味和营养成分损失(吸附剂用量为油重0.2%~0.5%,Ba P脱除率达到99%,油脂损耗降低90%);毛油中PAEs的成因主要是油料带入和加工助剂带入,采用优化的高温蒸馏脱除技术PAEs脱除率可达90%~95%,同时反式酸形成和维生素E损失降低50%以上;毛油中真菌毒素的成因主要是油料带入,不同真菌毒素向油脂中的迁移率不同,ZEN显著高于AFB1,根据毛油中真菌毒素含量不同,分别采用优化的碱炼脱除技术或碱炼-吸附-蒸馏三级深度脱除技术,可实现油脂中95%~99%真菌毒素的实质性脱除,同时明显减少油脂损耗和营养成分损失;毛油品质、毛油和加工助剂中的氯离子及长时间高温脱臭是3-MCPDE和GE形成的关键因素。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.