植物蜡及液态植物油构建油凝胶的物性研究

以米糠蜡、棕榈蜡、蜂蜡3种食品级植物蜡为凝胶剂,葵花籽油、油茶籽油、亚麻籽油、棉籽油为基料油,构建了植物油基油凝胶,系统分析了油凝胶的外观形态、持油能力、微观结构、硬度、晶型及熔化结晶行为。结果发现,棕榈蜡基油凝胶涂抹性能优良,蜂蜡基油凝胶在三者中具有最高的持油能力。微观分析表明,米糠蜡形成的油凝胶晶体结构较为清晰,呈细长的针状;蜂蜡形成的油凝胶晶体结构最为细小,呈细小的针状;棕榈蜡形成的油凝胶,针型细密,并呈絮状结晶。晶体密度及样品硬度均随凝胶剂质量分数增加而增加。油凝胶的晶型与凝胶剂质量分数、基料油的种类无太大关系,主要取决于凝胶剂的种类。熔化结晶行为表明,凝胶剂种类相同时,随着其质量分数的增加,油凝胶的结晶/熔化峰值温度均升高。     

基于三种植物蜡构建大黄鱼鱼油凝胶体系及其微观结构的研究

以食品级蜡米糠蜡、蜂蜡、巴西棕榈蜡为凝胶剂,以大黄鱼鱼油为基料油,构建了3种油凝胶体系,系统地分析了3种凝胶体系的外观形态、持油率、流变行为、凝胶晶型及熔化结晶曲线,并对微观结构进行了表征。结果表明：3种凝胶剂临界凝胶浓度为3%。蜂蜡持油率98%以上,棕榈蜡最差;油凝胶的储能模量(G′)大于损失模量(G″),但G′随着角频率的增加而增加;3种油凝胶均存在α、β、β′晶型结构,并以α和β′型为主;熔化结晶曲线显示,随着凝胶剂质量分数的增加,其结晶过程中结晶温度和熔化过程中熔化峰值温度均提高;结构表征发现,米糠蜡的小晶体以簇状结构形式存在,蜂蜡形成的晶体在一维方向上形成少量的“絮状”结构,棕榈蜡油凝胶中晶体以“放射状”形态聚集成小球状结构。该研究结果表明在鱼油中添加适量的天然蜡可以形成结构稳定性、热稳定性良好的油凝胶。     

米糠蜡添加量对亚麻籽油基油凝胶结构及性质的影响

为探究亚麻籽油基油凝胶作为替代传统塑性脂肪的潜力,以米糠蜡为凝胶剂,探究不同米糠蜡添加量对亚麻籽油基油凝胶外观形态、微观结构、持油率、理化性质及热力学性质的影响。结果表明：在室温条件下,米糠蜡添加量不小于6%时才会使亚麻籽油凝胶化;随着米糠蜡添加量的增加,油凝胶的结晶网络结构由簇状逐渐转变为针状,结晶密度增大;油凝胶的持油率、酸值以及熔融峰/结晶峰峰值温度均随着米糠蜡添加量的增加而增大;油凝胶的过氧化值随着米糠蜡添加量的增加呈现先增后减的趋势。综上,在亚麻籽油中添加适量的米糠蜡可形成热塑性好、结构稳定、理化性质良好、持油率高的油凝胶。     

油茶籽油基复合油凝胶的制备工艺研究

以油茶籽油为基料油,通过添加单甘酯与蜂蜡制备复合油凝胶,探讨复合凝胶剂添加量、单甘酯与蜂蜡质量比、加热温度以及加热时间对油茶籽油基复合油凝胶持油性的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法优化试验条件,并对复合油凝胶体系的性质进行分析。结果表明,油茶籽油基复合油凝胶的最优制备工艺条件为:复合凝胶剂添加量9.9%,单甘酯与蜂蜡质量比4∶6,加热温度71℃,加热时间47 min。在最优工艺条件下,复合油凝胶持油性为98.70%,体系中存在α、β、β'3种晶型,并且与单一凝胶剂油凝胶相比,油茶籽油基复合油凝胶具有较好的持油性和适中的硬度。     

小烛树蜡油脂凝胶的性质及作用机理研究

本文主要以小烛树蜡为凝胶剂,制备低芥酸菜籽油油脂凝胶。研究小烛树蜡添加量对油凝胶的相变、持油性、固体脂肪含量（solid fat content, SFC）、凝胶晶型及硬度的影响。实验结果表明,小烛树蜡添加量≥4%时,掺入低芥酸菜籽油中可制得具有固体性质的油凝胶,添加量为8%时,小烛树蜡使得持油能力（oil binding capacity, OBC）最强;SFC均在2%～6%之间,随着温度的升高,SFC减小;晶型分析表明小烛树蜡低芥酸菜籽油油凝胶主要晶型均在4.70 ?和3.80 ?附近;油凝胶硬度随着小烛树蜡添加量增大而逐渐增大,添加量为10%时小烛树蜡油凝胶硬度适中。为日后小烛树蜡油脂凝胶替代传统起酥油,生产具有高含量不饱和脂肪酸的烘焙食品提供理论基础。     

油茶籽油对鱼糜凝胶特性及凝胶结构的影响

为探讨脂质对鱼糜蛋白凝胶功能特性的影响及其机理,研究不同油茶籽油添加量对鱼糜凝胶特性、水分分布、脂质及蛋白质结构等的影响。结果表明:随着油茶籽油添加量的增加,鱼糜凝胶强度、乳化稳定性和持水性显著增加(P0.05),当油茶籽油添加量增加到8%时各指标基本稳定,此时鱼糜凝胶强度为225.1 g·cm,游离出来的液体质量分数为2.60%。拉曼光谱分析发现,油茶籽油的添加改变了鱼糜凝胶体系中脂质和蛋白质的化学结构,主要表现为C—H谱带峰宽的增加、O—H谱带相对强度的下降,以及鱼糜蛋白中β-折叠、β-转角和无规卷曲结构相对含量的增加和α-螺旋结构相对含量的降低。同时,随着油脂质量分数的增加,水分以更加细小的状态分布在鱼糜凝胶体系之中。以上结果进一步揭示了油茶籽油的添加可增加鱼糜凝胶强度、乳化稳定性和持水性的内在原因。     

信阳地区茶油基油凝胶的制备及特性分析

以油茶籽油为基油，通过添加一定比例凝胶剂米糠蜡和甘蔗蜡，探讨凝胶剂添加量、水浴温度、放置时间对茶油凝胶持油性的影响。以持油性为评价指标通过单因素试验和正交试验优化茶油凝胶的最佳制备工艺参数，进而对茶油凝胶体系及特性进行分析。结果表明，茶油凝胶的最佳制备工艺条件为凝胶剂添加量10%、水浴温度85℃、放置时间20 d，该条件下制备的茶油凝胶持油性99.89%，硬度4.2 N；其由15种脂肪酸组成，纯度为99.96%，不饱和脂肪酸含量高达89.08%，油酸含量为78.2%；通过对油脂凝胶进行红外光谱扫描和流变学特性分析得出凝胶分子间形成了稳定的氢键和三维网络结构，性质较稳定，固化能力较强，为真凝胶。但茶油凝胶在食品行业的应用仍需进一步研究。     

米糠蜡对大豆油凝胶特性的影响研究

在大豆油中添加米糠蜡以制备凝胶油。考察了米糠蜡添加量和冷却温度对凝胶油的影响。结果表明:米糠蜡添加量为8%时,在常温下能形成凝胶油且口感较好,具有一定的塑性。随着米糠蜡添加量的增加,米糠蜡凝胶油在硬度增加的过程中,胶着度下降,弹性和咀嚼度也随之下降,回复性基本不变。此外,在弹性以及黏聚性方面,米糠蜡凝胶油和人造黄油接近。随着米糠蜡添加量的增加,凝胶油的熔融温度和结晶温度升高。     

甘蔗蜡制备稻米油基油凝胶及其相关性质

在稻米油中添加一定量的甘蔗蜡制成具有塑性的油脂凝胶。研究甘蔗蜡添加量对油脂凝胶硬度、热力学性质、固体脂肪含量（solid fat content,SFC）、X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,XRD）和微观结构的影响。结果表明：在20 ℃条件下,油脂凝胶中甘蔗蜡添加量不小于7%时,即可出现凝胶行为。油脂凝胶体系的硬度、SFC、融化焓和结晶焓均随甘蔗蜡添加量的增多而增加。XRD结果显示,甘蔗蜡油脂凝胶中同时含有α、β、β’三种晶型,其中以β晶型为主,随着甘蔗蜡添加量增多,α和β’晶型的量增多。晶体呈球状,分布均匀。随甘蔗蜡添加量的增加,结晶数量增加,尺寸减小,导致分布密度增加,即甘蔗蜡添加量越高,硬度越大,结构化植物油的能力越强,形成油脂凝胶结构稳定性越好,表明在稻米油中加入甘蔗蜡可以形成油脂凝胶,该油脂凝胶中无反式脂肪酸,富含天然营养成分,具有适宜的油脂凝胶硬度及良好的结构稳定性等优势。     

蜂蜡添加量对鱼油凝胶宏观性质及微观结构的影响

鱼油富含高营养价值的 山-3型多不饱和脂肪酸,由于其容易氧化,因此不利于产品的生产和加工。油凝胶具有良好的氧化稳定性、保油性、低脂肪的特点,既满足了降低动物脂肪的需求,又提高了产品品质和营养价值,是高营养、低热量的脂肪替代物。以蜂蜡为凝胶剂,沙丁鱼油作为基础油料制备油凝胶,分析蜂蜡添加量对沙丁鱼鱼油凝胶的外观形态、保油率、质构特性、流变性质及微观结构的影响。结果表明:峰蜡基鱼油凝胶为β''晶型,添加蜂蜡促使晶体结构的形成,也提高了蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶的保油率.硬度、凝胶强度,且蜂蜡添加量为8%及以上时保油率达到99%。G''不随频率的变化而发生改变,说明蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶是一种强凝胶,静态流变学图像显示该凝胶出现剪切稀化现象。蜂蜡添加量在6%-10%时。 蜂蜡基鱼油凝胶与猪油的质构特性与流变行为相似,研究结果为鱼油凝胶替代猪油提供了理论支持。.     

Contribution à l'étude expérimentale de la séborrhée. Implications éventuelles en cosmétologie

The sebaceous gland is an androgen-dependent structure and a major site for androgen metabolism. Androgens are involved in stimulation of sebaceous secretion in humans. The object of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the role of these hormones and their metabolites in seborrhea and to comment on the activity of certain inhibitors. Methods used are sebaceous secretion and ¹⁴C-lipogenesis in animals, ¹⁴C-testosterone or DHA metabolism in animal and human skin. Our results showed that: – by subcutaneous administration in rats, there was a relative specificity of weak androgens for sebaceous gland stimulation unlike potent androgens.     

Quality changes in soup from deboned chicken frames at refrigerated (4 ± 1 °C) and frozen (−18 ± 1 °C) storage

Chicken soup was made from the broth collected after the pressure cooking of deboned chicken frames (bones). The quality of stored chicken soup (S1) was compared with the soup prepared from the stored chicken broth (S2) at refrigerated (4 ± 1 °C) and frozen (−18 ± 1 °C) storage up to 12 and 90 days, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values and microbial counts were significantly ( P  < 0.01) higher in stored soup (S1) compared with fresh soup (S2). Psychrotrophs and coliforms were not detected. Appearance and odour scores of broth were satisfactory throughout the storage. Sensory attributes were rated better for fresh soup (S2) made from stored broth than stored soup (S1) but all the attributes were decreased with increasing storage period. The stored soup was acceptable up to 9 and 90 days in refrigeration and frozen storage respectively, while the soup made from refrigerated stored broth was acceptable for 12 days.     

无"décor接缝"的安全气囊

Reiner激光技术公司是世界上首家用激光切割纺织品的公司.先进的激光切割技术在织物上不留下任何切口.这种创新结合了具有节约成本潜力的设计理念.     

Propriétés antiélastasiques des propionylaminoacides

Antielastase activity of derivatives like 'propionylaminoacid'(C₃ prolin, C₃ hydroxyprolin, C₃ collagen) was examined for pancreatic elastase, and fibroblastic elastase production. Essential metabolic variations of normal dermal fibroblasts were evaluated: adhesion, proliferation capacity, total protein biosynthesis and collagen type I and type III production. Possible other factors such as cellular nutrients were examined by oxygen consumption evaluation.
Propionylaminoacid derivatives have antielastase activities. Pancreatic elastase showed dose related inhibition (20% to 50% inhibition for concentration from 5 to 80 mg ml⁻¹.
Moreover, fibroblastic elastase production was inhibited, cellular respiration was enhanced. A very good tolerance in vitro was observed for concentration 0–1 mg ml⁻¹ range: adhesion, proliferation capacity and collagen (type I and type III) production were not altered, and oxygen consumption was enhanced.     

Volatile flavor composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">gamguk</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysanthemum indicum</Emphasis>) flower essential oils

The volatile composition of the essential oil from fresh gamguk (Chrysanthemum indicum) flowers was investigated. The volatile constituents were extracted by the hydro distillation method. Volatile compositional changes of gamguk prepared via different drying methods (shade- and freeze-drying methods) were also determined. Total 36, 63, and 55 volatiles constituents were confirmed in the essential oil from fresh and shade-, and freeze-dried flowers. Ketones were predominant in the volatiles of gamguk flowers (%): fresh, 43.8; shade dried, 30.3; and freeze dried, 36.1. Camphor was the most abundant volatile component in all samples, and the content of borneol was also remarkable. The content of camphor was higher in fresh sample than those of dried samples while borneol concentration was significantly increased in the dried samples.