离轴照明强度不对称性对投影曝光光刻系统成像影响分析

本文对离轴照明强度不对称性对投影曝光光刻系统成像影响进行了分析。离轴照明相对传统照明来讲可以提高光刻系统成像的分辨率,是光刻系统常用的照明模式。但是离轴照明光源相对光轴的强度和位置不对称性,会对光刻成像产生较大影响。因此,本文一种利用自建的一种光刻成像仿真模型,利用此模型分析了离轴二极照明下,照明光源强度不对称对193nm深紫外光刻机90nm线宽的成像影响。仿真结果表明,照明光源强度均匀对称时,离焦对成像的影响很小,照明强度不对称时,离焦对成像的影响非常大。因此,光刻时要确保掩膜照明强度均匀,减小离焦对成像线宽的影响。     

光刻照明系统中复眼透镜的设计及公差分析

在超大规模集成电路中,为了实现NA=1.35,波长193 nm处分辨率达到45 nm的目标,需要对影响光刻照明均匀性的误差源进行详细分析最终确定公差范围。复眼透镜是使光束在系统掩膜面上形成矩形均匀照明区域的关键元件。采用CODE V软件设计了复眼透镜对引起照明不均匀性的因素进行分析,结合复眼透镜组的设计方案和实际加工能力,给出X和Y向复眼曲率公差为±10%,后组曲率公差为±5%,前后组间隔公差为±50 μm,位置精度偏心公差为±1 μm,装配精度公差为±3 μm。制定公差合理、可行,满足了浸没式光刻照明系统高均匀性、高能量利用率的要求。     

采用双自由曲面整形的无掩模光刻照明系统

为了实现无掩模光刻系统所需求的矩形准直平顶激光光束照明,提高照明系统的能量利用率,提出了一种利用双自由曲面整形的照明系统设计方法。根据光程守恒原理和折射定律,推导了积分形式的双自由曲面面形方程;采用数值解法求解积分方程,分别设计了含有双自由曲面的双透镜整形单元和单透镜整形单元的照明系统,使用光学设计软件对两种照明系统进行模拟,得到两种照明系统的照明均匀性在93%以上,能量利用率大于91%。结果表明,两种照明系统均能实现无掩模光刻系统的高均匀性、高能量利用率照明。     

离轴照明对ArF浸没式光刻的影响

研究了离轴照明对65nm分辨率ArF漫没式光刻的影响。在3／4环形照明和3／4四极照明方式下,研究65nm线宽的密集线条、半密集线奈、孤立线条在较大曝光系统参数范围内的光刻性能,并对不同照明方式的光刻性能进行了比较。结果表明,在可用焦深(depth of foeus,DOF)范围内,满足光刻性能要求可以有较大范围的曝光系统参数配置。离轴照明的焦深比传统照明提高100％～150％,采用四极照明对孤立线条进行曝光,可以获得更好的光刻性能。     

365 nm光刻照明系统中变焦系统的设计及公差分析

照明系统是投影光刻曝光光学系统的重要组成部分,它实现的功能是为掩模面提供高均匀性照明、控制曝光剂量以及不同照明模式。变焦系统作为光刻照明系统的重要组成部分,对提高整个光刻机的性能起着至关重要的作用。文中针对紫外光刻照明系统的特点,采用CODE V软件完成了波长365 nm,入瞳直径Φ33 mm,像方远心度≤10 mrad,畸变≤±2%近紫外光刻照明系统中变焦系统的设计,分析了变焦系统的误差源对系统光瞳性能的影响,结合变焦系统的设计方案和实际加工能力,给出单面厚度公差需小于20 μm,动件移动精度小于0.5 nm,各透镜偏心公差小于0.02 mm,各透镜倾斜公差控制在1′之内。制定公差合理、可行,满足了紫外光刻照明系统高均匀性、高能量利用率的要求。     

基于101.6mm(4英寸)砷化镓晶圆的相移掩膜光刻技术研究

首次在国内开展基于101.6mm(4英寸)砷化镓晶圆的0.13μm相移掩膜光刻工艺研究。通过与传统的二进制掩膜技术比较,分析讨论了相移掩膜技术提高光刻系统分辨率以及改善光刻形貌的原理。通过光刻仿真软件模拟相移掩膜和二进制掩膜工艺,结果表明相移掩膜工艺对应的光学成像质量明显优于二进制掩膜工艺。进一步的实验表明,相移掩膜的曝光范围要高于二进制掩膜,同时相移掩膜工艺的线宽均匀性以及光刻剖面形貌也是要优于二进制掩膜。通过以上的研究,表明相移掩膜技术可以提高光刻系统分辨率以及改善光刻形貌。     

基于离散抽样加密算法的衍射光学元件设计

为满足浸没式光刻照明系统对掩模面高均匀性和不同照明模式的要求,对照明系统中的照明模式变换器进行了研究。采用衍射光学元件（Diffractive Optical Elements,DOE）来产生各种照明模式,从光栅结构出发,经两步变换分析了光栅转变为DOE的过程。并提出一种离散抽样加密算法,以抽样线宽1~5 m的四极照明DOE为例,揭示了DOE特征尺寸、衍射效率和光强分布非均匀性的实际对应关系。设计结果表明:随着抽样线宽的减小,整形光束的衍射效率和均匀性将得到较大提高。利用接触式光刻工艺完成了特征尺寸为1.76 m1.76 m的16台阶照明模式变换DOE的制作,通过搭建光学测试平台对不同照明模式下DOE的光强非均匀性和衍射效率进行了测试,结果满足设计要求,验证了离散抽样加密算法能够有效指导照明模式变换系统DOE的设计。     

浸没式光刻照明系统的照明模式变换器

研究了NA1.35浸没式光刻照明系统中照明模式变换模块的设计和测试。采用衍射光学元件实现包括传统照明、二极照明、四极照明的照明模式变换系统的设计和分析。给出了不同照明模式的衍射光学元件的设计结果,并对设计结果进行了模拟分析和实验分析,证明了设计的可行性。研究结果表明:当输入光场被分割的阵列数为2020单元时,二极和四极照明模式下衍射元件台阶数为32,传统照明模式下台阶数为128的情况下,衍射光学元件作为照明模式变换器的均匀性及衍射效率都能够满足设计要求。从原理、实验上验证衍射光学元件激光模式变换器设计的正确性及可行性。研究结果能够应用于浸没式光刻照明系统中照明模式变换结构中,具有一定的理论价值和工程意义。     

非球面技术在浸没式光刻照明系统中的应用

NA1.35浸没式光刻照明系统是超大规模集成电路的核心设备,为了实现从ArF激光器发出的光束经过一系列模块传输后到达掩模面的能量满足光刻曝光系统的要求,需要在系统中引入非球面透镜,以减少镜片数量,提高能量利用率。为解决现在非球面透镜具有的加工难度和控制精度不足的缺陷,设计出一种优化控制保证非球面加工和检测的方法。在光学系统设计中优化非球面的形状,保证非球面度,满足非球面变化率在可加工和检测的范围内,并控制非球面拐点的产生。照明系统中镜片数量最多的模块是耦合镜组,通过非球面的优化,镜片数量从12片减少到9片,系统能量利用率提高近25%。此外,提高了系统像质NA一致性,像方远心度,弥散斑直径和畸变,满足了曝光光学系统对掩模面的能量要求,故该非球面控制技术具有良好的可加工性和可检测性。     

基于傅里叶合成技术的光刻照明系统研究

离轴照明技术是光刻工艺中提高成像分辨率的关键技术之一。本文提出了一种基于傅里叶合成技术的照明系统，该系统能够实现任意照明模式，并可以提高成像数值孔径，同时具有灵活高效、能量利用率高、易于实现等优点。本课题组通过计算仿真和搭建的实验装置验证了傅里叶合成技术实现任意照明模式的可行性，掌握了傅里叶照明系统所需的数值孔径合成方法，实现照明所需的发散度。基于优化的照明程序版图在实验中实现了圆盘、二级、四极、环形等照明模式，这些照明模式光强分布较均匀且照明形状无畸变。当MEMS二维振镜的扫描角度为±1°且选用收集镜成像倍率为10时，在收集镜上可以实现最大扫描照明尺寸超过30 mm，焦点面上的4×NA值超过0.6，这一结果可以匹配当前及下一代光刻工艺及掩模检测应用的照明需求。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks