含油酸培养基培养对重组解脂耶氏酵母全细胞催化合成反10,顺12-共轭亚油酸的影响

亚油酸异构酶(PAI)在解脂耶氏酵母细胞内成功表达,以添加外源c9,c12-亚油酸(c9,c12-LA)为底物,全细胞催化合成反10,顺12-共轭亚油酸(trans10,cis12-conjugated linoleic acid,t10,c12-CLA)。解脂耶氏酵母在分别含0.0(对照组)、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0 g/L油酸的培养基中生长,收集菌体转移至磷酸盐缓液中进行全细胞催化,比较各组菌体的t10,c12-CLA产率,含5.0 g/L油酸组产物产率最高,达到1.34 g/g,是不含油酸组的1.4倍左右。通过PAI酶活分析及Western blot检测PAI表达量,结果表明,培养基中油酸含量越高,重组解脂耶氏酵母的PAI表达量越低;对比不含油酸组和含5.0 g/L油酸组全细胞催化不同时间的t10,c12-CLA产量,含5.0 g/L油酸组t10,c12-CLA产量最高点的时间比不含油酸组提前约20 h;透射电子显微镜观察2组的菌体状态,含5.0 g/L油酸组细胞壁和细胞膜间隙扩大,该变化可能增加了全细胞催化过程中底物和产物进出细胞的速率,从而提高t10,c12-CLA的转化效率。     

植物乳杆菌p-8转化亚油酸为共轭亚油酸的分析

研究植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）p-8的菌体、菌体破碎液和重组亚油酸异构酶系转化亚油酸（linoleic acid,LA）为共轭亚油酸（conjugated linoleic acid,CLA）的能力和机制。结果表明：L. plantarum p-8在含有LA的MRS上清液和菌体破碎液体外催化LA时,都可以低效产生cis9,trans11-CLA（c9,t11-CLA）、trans10,cis12-CLA（t10,c12-CLA）和trans9,trans11-CLA（t9,t11-CLA）,但菌体中只有很少的t10,c12-CLA。实时聚合酶链式反应结果表明,亚油酸异构酶系的表达水平较低可能是CLA产量较低的原因。独立表达的重组亚油酸异构酶系成员、黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸（flavin denine dinucleotide,FAD）和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸都存在才可完成LA转化为c9,t11-CLA、t10,c12-CLA和t9,t11-CLA,转化途径与L. plantarum AUK1009一致。L. plantarum p-8的亚油酸水合酶经同源建模后有3 个结构域,底物结合位点与FAD位点位于3 个结构域连接处的疏水空腔中,M76和Y180是2 个必需基团。     

双歧杆菌源亚油酸异构酶的原核表达及功能分析

来源于短双歧杆菌CCFM683的亚油酸异构酶(Bifidobacterium breve isomerase, BBI)是目前唯一已知的乳酸菌源单酶转化亚油酸生成共轭亚油酸c9,t11-CLA单体的亚油酸异构酶。该文以pET-28a(+)为表达载体，构建组氨酸标签分别位于C端和N端的重组载体pET-28a(+)-bbi-His和pET-28a(+)-His-bbi,分别实现其在BL21(DE3)、BL21(DE3) pLysS和Rosetta(DE3) 3种类型的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)宿主中的异源表达和条件优化。结果表明表达BBI的最优重组菌为E.coli Rosetta/pET-28a(+)-bbi-His,最佳诱导条件为以1.0 mmol/L异丙基硫代半乳糖苷诱导8 h,且当用BBI粗酶转化脂肪酸时，相较于亚油酸和γ-亚麻酸，BBI更偏好转化α-亚麻酸。     

重组解脂耶氏酵母全细胞催化合成反10,顺12-共轭亚油酸的条件优化

采用重组解脂耶氏酵母全细胞催化合成反10,顺12-共轭亚油酸(t10,c12-CLA)单体,为了提高t10,c12-CLA的产量,对全细胞催化条件进行优化。通过含有油酸的培养基摇瓶培养36 h获得菌体细胞,经反复冻融处理制备全细胞催化剂。优化后的催化体系条件为:温度28℃,磷酸盐缓冲液(p H 7)浓度0.1 mol/L,转速200 r/min,无需限制氧气。在优化后的反应条件下催化反应40 h,t10,c12-CLA产量达到15.6 g/L,转化率为62.2%。     

外源底物亚油酸对解脂耶氏酵母重组菌株合成共轭亚油酸的影响

为了提高解脂耶氏酵母重组菌株的反-10,顺-12-共轭亚油酸(t10,c12-CLA)产量,采用YNBDL培养基进行摇瓶发酵,考察了在培养基中添加不同纯度的亚油酸对解脂耶氏酵母合成t10,c12-CLA的影响。结果表明:亚油酸纯度的提高对菌株的生长和产脂未产生影响,且t10,c12-CLA的产量随亚油酸纯度的增加而提高,最高产量可达3.7 g/L;用大豆油替代培养基中的亚油酸,t10,c12-CLA的转化率从20%提高至25%,菌株生长、产脂及t10,c12-CLA产量与添加纯度为65%亚油酸的结果相近。实验证明解脂耶氏酵母重组菌株能够高效转化富含亚油酸的植物油合成t10,c12-CLA。     

亲和层析法纯化重组大肠杆菌表达的亚油酸异构酶

亚油酸异构酶能够催化亚油酸(LA)生成不同类型共轭亚油酸(CLA),共轭亚油酸是一类由不同位置和几何异构体组成的有两个共轭双键的十八碳二烯酸,具有多种生理活性,且广泛存在于多种食物中。目前报道的丙酸杆菌虽能够生产t10,c12-CLA,但含量较低。为提高CLA的产量,以痤疮丙酸杆菌的亚油酸异构酶基因为研究对象,利用PCR扩增亚油酸异构酶基因到大肠杆菌中表达,采用亲和层析的方法分离纯化重组大肠杆菌发酵液中的亚油酸异构酶。优化的亲和层析条件:上样量10 m L,流速0.25 m L/min。酶被纯化了13.22倍,比活力达12.30 U/(mg蛋白),回收率为94.84%。经SDS-PAGE检测,该蛋白分子质量为55 ku。采用气相色谱检测该蛋白催化LA生成t10,c12-CLA,酶活为(34.775±0.07)U/m L,该酶为亚油酸异构酶。     

响应面法优化重组亚油酸异构酶产酶条件

共轭亚油酸(CLA)广泛存在于多种食物中,具有减肥、抗癌、抗动脉粥状硬化和抗糖尿病等诸多生理活性。为了获得活性CLA高产,本文将突变的亚油酸异构酶克隆到大肠杆菌中表达,单因素试验确定最优产酶条件为发酵时间18 h、IPTG诱导浓度0.2mmol/L、20%装液、培养基初始p H7、诱导前菌体生物量OD_(600)=0.4、LA浓度0.5mg/m L、离子浓度0.02%;在此基础上采用响应曲面法优化重组大肠杆菌培养条件提高生产亚油酸异构酶的能力,根据响应面法实验结果分析显示,发酵时间、诱导前生物量和LA浓度对重组亚油酸异构酶的表达有显著影响且均为正效应。三个影响因素最佳组合为发酵时间19.5h、诱导前生物量OD600=0.47和LA浓度0.57 mg/mL,此时预测亚油酸异构酶催化LA转化为CLA最大量为143.33μg/m L。验证显示,发酵CLA的产量为141.75±0.14μg/m L,与预测产量相符;通过优化设计,提高了107.5%。     

优化乳杆菌高产共轭亚油酸的研究进展

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是亚油酸(LA)的一组位置和空间异构体的总称,其中具有生理活性的异构体是c9,t11-CLA和t10,c12-CLA,它们具有丰富的营养价值和医药价值。在乳球菌属和链球菌属等乳酸菌、丙酸杆菌、瘤胃细菌以及其它菌属中,分离纯化得到的亚油酸异构酶,可催化LA异构化为CLA,利用酶法合成CLA可以有效弥补传统化学合成法的缺陷。本文概述了近年来国内外利用紫外、微波、等离子体诱变、离子注入等物理或化学方法诱变、改造亚油酸异构酶,优化产酶条件和酶学特性,还阐述利用定点突变、基因敲除等基因工程方法,对生产菌株进行改造和培养条件优化,提高CLA产量的相关研究,为进一步筛选出高产共轭亚油酸菌株和CLA的产业化应用提供理论依据。     

酶法拆分共轭亚油酸异构体的响应面优化

利用响应面法优化了酶法酯化拆分共轭亚油酸异构体的工艺条件,最佳条件为：乙醇添加量0．16g/g（以CLA为基准）,pH6．5,温度26℃。在此条件下,反应12h后,酯化率可以达到45．8％,其中乙酯中c9,t11-CLA含量达到56．22％,t10,c12-CLA的含量达到21．63％。     

响应面优化法尿素包合法分离共轭亚油酸2种异构体

目的优化尿素包合法,对共轭亚油酸2种主要异构体c9, t11-CLA和t10, c12-CLA进行分离(2种异构体比例近1:1)。方法在单因素实验基础上,以温度、尿素与油比例、乙醇与油比例3个因素为自变量,以t10, c12-CLA/c9, t11-CLA为响应值,利用响应面法优化了共轭亚油酸异构体的分离。结果优化后的实验条件为:在乙醇作溶剂的情况下,将共轭亚油酸、尿素和乙醇按1:2.5:5(V:V:V)配比,置于75℃水浴锅中水浴溶解,室温下搅拌冷却结晶。所得样品中t10,c12-CLA与c9,t11-CLA的比值高达2.47,且共轭亚油酸总量为97.3%。结论优化后的尿素包合法可有效分离CLA的2种异构体,提高t10, c12-CLA比例。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the