一种频分MIMO声呐的波达方向估计算法

为了使声呐阵列在有限的载体空间内获得较高的角度分辨率,设计了基于频率分集的多输入多输出（MultipleInput Multiple-Output,MIMO）声呐。该MIMO声呐采用N发M收的布阵方式,接收阵为M元均匀线阵,发射阵由N个阵元组成,且各发射阵元发射中心频率不同、包络相同的窄带信号。建立密集式频分MIMO声呐的回波模型,并以此模型为基础提出了波达方向估计算法方向-相位域多重信号分类（Direction and Phase Domain-Multiple Signal Classification,DPD-MUSIC）算法。仿真实验中以双频MIMO声呐为例,将频分MIMO声呐的DPD-MUSIC算法的估计性能与单输入多输出（Single-Input Multiple-Output,SIMO）声呐MUSIC算法的估计性能进行了对比。仿真结果表明,频分MIMO声呐利用DPD-MUSIC算法可以获得优于等接收阵元数SIMO声呐的角度分辨率和角度估计精度。     

FFT幅相联合的快速高精度频率估计方法

快速傅里叶变换（Fast Fourier Transform,FFT）常用于信号频率估计,采用填零的方法可降低幅度谱频率搜索间隔的量化误差,但是会使频率估计的计算量成倍增加。本文提出了一种FFT幅相联合的快速高精度频率估计算法,首先利用信号采样的频谱序列和尾首样本差确定幅度谱及峰值位置,然后由频谱序列在幅度谱峰值位置和信号采样的尾首样本差来确定频率搜索间隔的量化误差校正值。因此,所提方法同时利用了幅度谱峰值的位置信息与相位信息。分析结果表明,与仅基于幅度谱搜索的FFT算法相比,所提方法的计算复杂度更低,且定位精度更高。     

频谱校正的复比值法

为了抑制快速傅立叶变换(FFT)栅栏效应,已经发展了多种幅值比校正法.但是研究发现:这种方法对于实信号在有些条件下,甚至会比从FFT离散谱线直接读出的误差更大.其原因是由于实信号中负频率成分对正频率谱峰的干扰.为了抑制这种干扰,给出了复比值校正方法和复合复比值法.前者直接利用复数频谱进行校正,后者根据前者在最高谱线与其左右相邻的谱线各校正出一个频率,然后对这两个频率加权平均.仿真算例表明:复比值法对负频率成分的干扰不敏感;而复合复比值法性能优于Quinn算法.     

基于频域相位信息的声表面波谐振器回波频率估计

提出一种基于频域相位信息的频率估计算法,利用正弦信号傅里叶变换相位谱中相位与频率的关系实现对声表面波谐振器回波频率的估计,并采用自相关运算消除回波信号初相位对估计结果的影响。通过无线测试系统和仿真回波信号对该算法进行了验证,表明算法的频率估计精度不受激励信号频率变化的影响,并且在整个声表面波谐振器的谐振频率变化范围内都具有较高的精度和稳定性。     

含噪多频信号频率估计算法

为抑制多频信号中非待估计频率分量频谱泄漏对频率估计的影响,提出一种新的频率估计算法。利用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)算法对采样信号进行预处理,得到每个频率分量的频谱索引,从而得到各频率分量粗略的幅值和初相位估计值;采用频率搬移策略滤除多频信号中的非待估计频率分量,得到降频信号;对降频信号进行频谱分析,并经迭代计算得到各频率分量信号精确的频率、幅值和初相位估计值。在无噪声、不同信噪比等条件下进行了仿真实验,结果表明,所提算法具有良好的频率估计性能,有效抑制了多频信号中频谱泄漏的影响,提高了频率估计精度,优于现有优秀算法。     

基于PSO-ESPRIT算法的SAW温度传感器解调方法

目的 为了提高声表面波(Surface acoustic wave,SAW)温度传感器的测量精度,设计一种基于PSO-ESPRIT算法的高精度SAW温度传感器解调方法。方法 以ESPRIT谱估计方法为基础,把Hankel矩阵的时间窗长度与计算噪声方差时的K值作为粒子群优化(Particle swarm optimization, PSO)算法的输入变量,并以频率估计标准差作为粒子的适应度函数,利用PSO对ESPRIT算法中的参数进行优化,以改善频率估计精度,从而提高SAW回波信号频率估计的分辨率,实现SAW温度传感器的高精度解调。结果 仿真和实验结果表明,所设计的方法与其他谱估计算法相比,其对SAW回波信号估计的频率误差最小,标准差小于0.66kHz。把设计的算法用于SAW温度传感器的温度解调,得到的温度值与实际温度的误差小于0.4℃。结论 测试结果说明,设计的温度解调方法提高了SAW回波信号频率解调精度,可用于SAW温度传感器的解调,实现了对食品包装储运过程中温度的实时监测。     

一种激光多普勒信号的频率估计算法

分析了激光多普勒回波信号的特征,提出了一种激光多普勒信号的频率估计算法.用FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)技术求得信号的自相关函数,并由功率谱得到信号频率的粗估计,然后用粗估计值对自相关函数移频,并根据移频信号自相关函数在一点的相位,估计频偏,对粗估计进行频率校正得到频率估计值.在进行信号频率粗估计和求相位时,利用计算过程中得到的结果和FFT因子的对称性,减少运算量.仿真结果表明,本算法有较小的均方根误差和平均绝对误差,应用于激光多普勒测速实验,结果与仿真一致.     

Moore响度的三种计算方法

简单介绍了Moore响度模型的计算过程,针对该模型以参数化方式输入信号频谱的特点,提出了直接FFT(快速傅里叶变换)频谱算法、FFT校正频谱算法和1/3倍频程谱算法等3条Moore响度计算路线,分析对比了3种不同算法对典型信号响度计算精度的影响。分析结果表明:对纯音或复合音信号,可采用FFT校正频谱算法或点数为4096的直接FFT频谱算法计算响度;对带宽较宽的噪声信号,建议采用1/3倍频程谱计算响度。     

实复转换式衰减信号参数估计算法

为抑制衰减实信号中负频率成分对参数估计的影响,提出一种实复转换式参数估计算法。预估计采样信号频谱能量最大值点的索引值;构造只含有负频率成分的参考信号,并将采样信号和参考信号相减实现实复转换,以抑制负频率频谱泄漏的影响;利用频谱两点插值算法得到频率偏差、衰减因子和复幅值的粗估计值,并重新生成参考信号和复信号;通过迭代计算得到精确的频率、衰减因子、初幅值和初相位估计值。以频率估计为例的仿真实验结果表明:所提算法可有效地抑制负频率频谱泄漏的影响,提高中高信噪比条件下的频率估计精度,特别是信号频率较低时的频率估计精度,提升了频率估计的综合性能。此外,在科氏流量计中进行了实测实验,检验了所提算法的有效性。     

基于全相位FFT的油套环空中声速计算方法

油套环空中会产生各种噪声,使测得的接箍反射信号非常复杂,环隙中真实的声速则很难计算准确,可通过对原始接箍数据进行傅里叶变换的方法对声速进行估计,但是存在不可忽视的误差。全相位傅里叶变换是傅里叶变换的一种改进方法,能够获得更加准确的频率谱与相位谱。文章采用全相位快速傅里叶变换（all-phase Fast Fourier Transform,apFFT）得到原始接箍信号的频谱,然后通过该频谱进一步计算环隙声速,可得到更加准确的声速估计。通过对不同信噪比下的模拟接箍信号采用快速傅里叶变换（Fast Fourier Transform,FFT）和全相位快速傅里叶变换（apFFT）得到其频谱,可以验证apFFT具有很强的抑制频谱泄漏的能力,且抗噪性能比FFT更好。根据FFT谱和apFFT谱分别计算出声速并对比其精度,可以验证通过apFFT谱计算出的声速稳定性更好、精度更高。然后采用上述两种方法对不同深度井的实测接箍数据进行频谱分析与对比,验证了apFFT较之于FFT对谱峰位置的辨识能力更强,根据谱峰位置计算声速的准确性也将更高。     

Detecting and evaluating the signals of wirelessly interrogational passive SAW resonator sensors

The wireless sensing signal of a passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator sensor is the response of the SAW resonator in a passive circuit to wireless radio frequency interrogation. The response is produced only in the case that the interrogation covers the operational frequency band of the resonator. The wireless response is transient and can only be detectable in a proximity after switching off the interrogation. Due to the fact that, while used as a sensor, the resonant frequency of the resonator is related to and varying with the measurand, the interrogation to a passive SAW resonator sensor has to trace and follow the correspondent variation of the frequency band of the device. The energy evaluation of the response is applied to detect the availability of the sensing response and is used as a feedback argument to roughly localize the operational frequency range of the sensor. A modified frequency estimation is employed to estimate the sensing characteristic frequency in the transient wireless sensing signal with a low signal-to-noise ratio. The estimation is used to further adjust the interrogation frequency to follow the frequency variation of the sensor until the response becomes optimal. The evaluation of signal energy along with the statistical quantity of frequency estimation gives a reference for the confidence of the estimated frequency.     

Frequency encoding of resonant mass sensors for chemical vapor detection

Chemical vapors can be detected by a resonant mass sensor array with selective absorption coatings implementing a frequency encoding method. The sensor array consists of sensor elements with different frequencies for their identifications in the frequency response obtained with a pulse Fourier transform detection scheme. Zero-loading resonance frequencies are chosen so that frequency shift due to absorption is bounded within a predefined region so that there is no overlap of peaks and all peaks can be assigned to the correct elements at any operation conditions. Mechanical oscillations of all or selected numbers of the sensor elements are excited by application of an excitation signal. Free oscillation decay signals from all or selectively excited sensor elements are detected and digitized. The free oscillation decay signal is subjected to a spectral analysis routine converting into a frequency spectrum, in which frequency shifts due to absorption of chemical vapors can be obtained. The implementation of the frequency encoding method with pulse Fourier transform detection to resonant mass sensors allows simultaneous multisensor detection, fast data acquisition speed, high signal-to-noise ratio by coaddition of raw data, flexible excitation, reduced complexity of electronic hardware, application of advanced data/spectral analysis algorithms, and realization of many other advantages by the introduction of the pulse Fourier transform method. A practical chemical vapor sensing system is demonstrated experimentally by use of nine frequency-encoded and polymer-coated sensors.     

基于SVD-Rife算法的声表面波应变传感器高精度解调方法设计

目的提出一种可用于储运材料表面应变检测的声表面波(SAW)检测方法,设计一种基于SVD-Rife算法的高精度SAW应变传感器解调方法。方法利用SVD方法实现对SAW谐振器回波信号去噪,以提高解调精度;基于Rife算法设计一种谱细分估计方法,该方法可减少系统的硬件要求,提高谱估计精度。结果对设计的解调方法进行了仿真和实验,仿真结果表明估计方差得到改善,最大误差为0.25 kHz。对提出的SAW应变传感器进行了实验,得到的传感器线性度为1.45%,重复性为1.09%,与传统的解调方法相比线性度得到改善。结论实验结果显示所设计的解调方法可用于储运材料表面应变的检测。     

Chemical sensor based on surface acoustic wave resonator using Langmuir-Blodgett film

A one-port surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators incorporating Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films has been investigated. SAW sensors are one potential applications of SAW devices. Most of the work reported on SAW sensor concerns delay lines. In this paper we characterize the mass loading effects of one-port resonators by depositing successive monolayers of LB films onto the surface. A 90 MHz SAW gas-phase sensor has been fabricated on an ST cut quartz substrate, and one-port resonator configurations have been used as the sensing element. Ultra thin monolayers of arachidic acid and arachidic acid ethyl ester have been deposited using the LB method. The resonant frequencies and the Q values have been measured as sensor response. Experimental results show that the Q values and the resonant frequencies of the one-port SAW resonator vary with film mass loading on the SAW device surface.     

An interrogation unit for passive wireless SAW sensors based on fourier transform

The application of surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators as sensor elements for different physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, and force has been well-known for several years. The energy storage in the SAW and the direct conversion from physical parameter to a parameter of the wave, such as frequency or phase, enables the construction of a passive sensor that can be interrogated wireless. This paper presents a temperature-measurement system based on passive wireless SAW sensors. The principle of SAW sensors and SAW sensor interrogation is discussed briefly. A new measurement device developed for analyzing the sensor signals is introduced. Compared to former interrogation units that detect resonance frequency of the SAW resonator by comparing amplitudes of sensor response signals related to different stimulating frequencies, the new equipment is able to measure the resonance frequency directly by calculating a Fourier transformation of the resonator response signal. Measurement results of an experimental setup and field tests are presented and discussed.     

Harmonic Estimation Base on Center Frequency Shift Algorithm

Harmonic pollution has been a key issue affecting the safe operation of power system. But the traditional harmonic analysis methods are easy to be affected by the environmental factors. In order to reduce the impact of these disturbances, a novel harmonic analysis method based on center frequency shift is presented. The harmonic spectral lines located at the half frequency points is need for frequency shift in time domain. However, to considering the harmonic spectral lines after frequency shift will not be just in the ideal position, an offset factor is proposed for modifying the position of the harmonic spectral lines. At the same time, the corresponding formulas to estimate the magnitude, phase angle and frequency are deduced. The simulation results show that the FFT harmonic parameter estimation algorithm based on center frequency shift is effective. The parameters of harmonic signals can be accurately estimated by the algorithm. And the interference factors can also be suppressed.     

Theoretical Analysis of Wireless Passive Impedance-Loaded SAW Sensors

This paper concentrates on the theoretical analysis of wireless passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) impedance-loaded sensors. A general method is proposed for simulating the impedance-loaded SAW sensors. It is based on the combined finite-element method and boundary element method (FEM/BEM). A FEM is used to account for the mass loading effect of electrodes and a Green's function is used to model the piezoelectric substrate. Comparison between the simulations and measurements on SAW devices shows a good agreement. The calculated amplitude variation of the impulse response in time domain shows a resonant characteristic with the change of the loaded impedance. It is found that the return loss reaches the maximum value when the resonant frequency of the loaded circuits matches the center frequency of the short-circuited SAW transponder. This phenomenon is successfully explained by using the proposed model. Some high-performance sensors with greater amplitude modulation and larger sensitive range could be designed using this method.      

光纤光栅传感器在CFRP冲击载荷监测中的应用研究

提出了一种用光纤光栅传感器监测CFRP结构冲击载荷的方法,构建了冲击监测系统。将FBG传感器粘贴于CFRP试件表面构成传感网络,针对不同冲击点,同一传感器监测的冲击响应信号进行分析,CFRP试件的一阶、二阶谐振频率为53 Hz、100 Hz,不同谐振频率对应的幅值随冲击点的改变而不同。冲击CFRP试件,对FBG传感网络感知的冲击响应信号进行小波包分解,获得各传感器的小波包能量谱图。结果表明传感器信号的第6阶小波包能量变化明显,能量大小与冲击点和传感器之间的距离及其夹角有关。研究结果将为CFRP结构的动态监测领域提供了实验参考。