棕榈油和棉籽油硬脂在油条煎炸过程中的品质评价

将棕榈油和棉籽油硬脂分别进行32 h 的连续深度煎炸,检测过程中的质量指标,评价其煎炸特性。结果表明,在32 h 连续深度煎炸过程中,随着煎炸时间的延长,棕榈油颜色加深更明显,其极性组分含量和酸价增加更多,碘值更低,两种油的过氧化值变化均不明显,但所有指标均在国标规定范围内。两种煎炸油的饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）的含量均增加,单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）和多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）的含量减少,棉籽油硬脂的SFA 增加更多。两种煎炸油的反式脂肪酸（trans fatty acid,TFA）含量均随煎炸时间的延长而增加,其中棕榈油的TFA 含量增加更多。棉籽油硬脂作为煎炸油煎炸后的食品酸价、极性组分含量、TFA 含量更低,颜色透亮,煎炸寿命长,稳定性好,食用安全,更符合现代消费者的消费观。     

煎炸油中极性化合物和3-MCPDE的形成及控制研究进展北大核心CSCD

食用油在长时间高温煎炸过程中,会发生氧化、聚合、水解等反应,产生不利于人体健康的安全危害因子如极性化合物(TPC)和3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)等。介绍了煎炸油中TPC与3-MCPDE的形成机制与危害,并重点介绍了煎炸过程中TPC和3-MCPDE形成的影响因素,及有效控制煎炸油中TPC与3-MCPDE形成的措施,旨在为揭示TPC和3-MCPDE形成机理、控制煎炸油中TPC和3-MCPDE的形成提供参考。     

影响煎炸油中极性组分含量的研究

目的为更好地根据不同煎炸时间和煎炸食材选择合适的煎炸油,并确定合理的煎炸油更换频率,以最大程度降低煎炸油的劣化程度,保持煎炸油的良好卫生质量。方法本实验采用食用油品质检测仪对常用植物油中的总极性组分含量进行测定,对影响煎炸油极性组分含量的几点因素进行考察研究。结果不同煎炸时间、不同煎炸食材对总极性组分含量影响不同;不同植物油品种在煎炸过程中极性组分含量变化趋势不同;当已知极性组分含量初始值的油品以一定比例相互混合时,其极性组分含量初始值会发生可预期的改变。结论不同油品在煎炸过程中的极性组分含量与煎炸时间、油品中单不饱和脂肪酸含量、煎炸食品中碳水化合物含量和煎炸数量正相关;选择合适的煎炸油需要综合考虑油品极性组分初始值、极性组分在煎炸过程中的变化情况;根据不同品种食用油极性组分含量初始值的不同,可初步判断油品是否与其声称成分相符。     

煎炸方式和煎炸食材对花生煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的影响

以花生油为煎炸油,采用不同煎炸方式（连续煎炸32 h、间歇煎炸15 h）对不同食材（油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐）进行煎炸实验,并对煎炸过程所取油样中3-氯丙醇酯（3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters,3-MCPDE）、缩水甘油酯（glycidyl esters,GEs）含量和极性组分（polar components,PC）质量分数进行检测,分析煎炸方式和煎炸食材对花生煎炸油中3-MCPDE和GEs含量的影响。结果表明：在32 h连续煎炸过程中,油条、薯条、豆腐、鸡翅及空白煎炸油中3-MCPDE含量由初始的0.84 mg/kg分别于煎炸12、4、12、16、8 h时达到最大值（分别为2.08、2.96、17.45、7.12、8.02 mg/kg）,之后呈现下降趋势;GEs含量从初始的2.43 mg/kg至连续煎炸32 h时分别升高至20.80、7.20、5.00、2.10、66.34 mg/kg;PC质量分数达到27%的限量时,不同食材煎炸油中3-MCPDE和GEs总量排序为：空白煎炸油（66.51 mg/kg）＞油条煎炸油（21.48 mg/kg）＞豆腐煎炸油（12.93 mg/kg）＞薯条煎炸油（8.51 mg/kg）＞鸡翅煎炸油（6.60 mg/kg）。在15 h间歇煎炸过程中,煎炸开始3 h后,油条、薯条、豆腐、鸡翅及空白煎炸油中3-MCPDE含量由最初的0.84 mg/kg分别升高至9.96、2.17、4.60、11.02、5.41 mg/kg,至15 h煎炸结束时,其含量又分别变化为3.51、1.58、12.88、11.81、3.72 mg/kg;GEs含量由最初的2.43 mg/kg分别增加至46.47、9.06、9.00、40.36、47.05 mg/kg;经15 h间歇煎炸,5 种煎炸油PC质量分数均未超标,此时3-MCPDE和GEs总量排序为：鸡翅煎炸油（52.17 mg/kg）＞空白煎炸油（50.87 mg/kg）＞油条煎炸油（49.98 mg/kg）＞豆腐煎炸油（21.88 mg/kg）＞薯条煎炸油（10.64 mg/kg）。同样的煎炸方式、不同食材煎炸油中3-MCPDE、GEs及PC 3 种组分的总相对含量增幅排序为：32 h连续煎炸时,空白煎炸油＞油条煎炸油＞薯条煎炸油＞鸡翅煎炸油＞豆腐煎炸油;15 h间歇煎炸时,鸡翅煎炸油＞油条煎炸油＞空白煎炸油＞豆腐煎炸油＞薯条煎炸油。同样的煎炸食材,煎炸时长相近（间歇煎炸15 h、连续煎炸16 h）时,连续煎炸油中3-MCPDE、GEs及PC 3 种组分总相对含量的增幅普遍低于间歇煎炸。综上,油脂煎炸过程中形成3-MCPDE和GEs的含量及其安全风险应引起高度关注。     

菜籽油和棉籽油餐饮煎炸过程中脂肪酸组成和极性组分变化规律研究

以菜籽油和棉籽油为煎炸油,薯条和鸡块为煎炸食物,餐饮条件下连续煎炸4 d,研究菜籽油和棉籽油餐饮煎炸过程中脂肪酸组成和极性组分的变化规律。结果表明:煎炸过程中菜籽油和棉籽油饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量、极性组分(TPC)含量随煎炸时间延长升高而不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量降低,指标无论增加或降低,变化速率都呈现先快后慢趋势;餐饮煎炸4 d后,菜籽油SFA含量达21. 04%～23. 37%,TPC含量达21. 6%～22. 9%,UFA含量低至72. 47%～74. 82%,棉籽油SFA含量达29. 69%～35. 37%,TPC含量达23. 3%～25. 5%,UFA含量低至60. 29%～65. 88%;公式y=alnx+b描述煎炸油品质随煎炸时间变化效果良好,推导得脂肪酸组成与极性组分含量的良好线性关系;双因素方差分析显示,油品和食物会显著影响煎炸油的脂肪酸组成(P 0. 001)和极性组分含量(P 0. 05),而交互作用不显著(P 0. 05)。     

煎炸过程中食品基质对体系内（E，E）-2，4-癸二烯醛含量及分布的影响

为研究煎炸过程中食品基质对煎炸体系内（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛含量的影响,选取大豆油为煎炸油,在175℃下以油条、鸡胸肉、豆腐和马铃薯为煎炸物料,煎炸油连续使用40 h,监测煎炸过程中煎炸油及物料中（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛含量、煎炸物料中油脂含量以及煎炸油氧化水平的变化,同时分析煎炸体系中（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛的变化与煎炸油氧化水平间的相关性,推测煎炸过程中影响（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛含量及分布的因素。研究结果表明：煎炸体系中（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛含量显著低于同温度下未添加煎炸物料的大豆油（空白加热）对照体系该成分含量,且煎炸食品中淀粉基质类食品中（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛含量显著高于蛋白质基质类食品中该物质的含量。这主要是由于煎炸过程中食材的引入能够促进体系中（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛的进一步分解与反应。同时,煎炸食品中（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛主要来源于煎炸油脂,因此,淀粉基质煎炸食品较高的吸油率及含油量导致其中（E,E）-2,4-癸二烯醛含量高于蛋白质基质煎炸食品中该物质含量。     

TESTO快速检测法在煎炸油质量监控过程中的应用

生产加工与餐饮企业为降低成本需要合理重复使用煎炸油,为保证煎炸食品的安全性,有必要建立快速有效的检测方法,以便于企业对煎炸油品质进行监控。选用目前生产加工及餐饮企业广泛使用的12种煎炸油为监控对象,包括大豆油、棕榈油、高油酸菜籽油等7种单品油和5种不同组成的调和油,煎炸处理薯条、鸡块和鱼排3种常见快餐食品,试验每12 h取样检测煎炸油中的总极性组分含量(TPC),对比研究柱层析法及TESTO 270快速检测法的结果相关性。试验结果表明,使用快速检测仪检测样品TPC,当TPC20%时,其结果与柱层析法具有显著相关性(Pearson系数为0.744~0.984,P0.01),但当TPC20%时,相关性减弱(Pearson系数为0.553~0.929,P0.01),R~2值为0.149 2~0.863 2。当TPC介于20%至27%之间时,TESTO 270快速检测法的结果有3.6%假阳性,TPC大于27%时,假阴性结果比率为10%。本研究为TESTO 270快速检测法在煎炸油质量监控中的应用提供了参考。     

国内外食物煎炸良好操作规范的实施要点

油炸食品提供了人体所必需的营养成分,但是煎炸油在煎炸过程中容易发生氧化、水解和聚合等反应,产物有害因子,影响煎炸油和煎炸食品的品质。食物煎炸的关键在于过程管理。本文综述了食物煎炸良好操作规范(GMP)6大实施要点,从选择合适的煎炸食用油(饱和度相对高或油脂伴随物丰富)、采用专用的油炸设备、控制油温(煎炸温度不超过190℃)、定期过滤油脂和清洗油炸设备(每天过滤一次)、及时补充新油和定期油品检测(检测极性组分含量的变化)6个方面来阐述如何保障煎炸油和油炸食品的品质。按GMP煎炸操作,即可在保证煎炸食品的营养和安全性,同时延长合格油脂的使用寿命,从而节约食物资源和成本,可为煎炸油国家标准的制订与相关科学研究提供参考。     

氧化甘三酯指标在煎炸油品质评价中的应用（网络首发、推荐阅读）

研究煎炸过程油脂各极性组分的变化规律,并从法定废弃点处极性物质组成及指标间相关性两个角度,评价各极性组分指标用于表征油脂煎炸废弃的可行性。煎炸过程,油脂劣变生成的总极性组分(TPC)随煎炸时间的延长而累积。在油脂法定废弃点处,当TPC为27%时,煎炸油脂含11.2%的氧化甘油三酯多聚物+氧化甘油三酯二聚物(oxTGO+oxTGD),与各国标准规定的TPC和ox TGO+oxTGD比例是接近的。当TPC为27%时,煎炸油脂的氧化甘油三酯单体(ox TGM)含量为3.5%,煎炸过程oxTGM含量变化呈上下波动而无明显规律。Pearson相关性分析表明,煎炸过程油脂oxTGM与TPC无显著相关(P>0.05),表明应用TPC评价煎炸油品质时,实际未能同时覆盖对oxTGM的有效控制。因此须用TPC和oxTGM两项指标方可评价油脂煎炸过程的劣变。考虑到oxTGM的潜在毒性最强,oxTGM值作为表征高温煎炸油脂氧化劣变的废弃指标有一定实际意义。     

气相色谱-质谱联用结合化学计量学分析棕榈油煎炸过程中化学成分的变化

为了探究棕榈油在煎炸过程中化学成分的变化与极性组分之间的相关性,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术获取了不同煎炸时间煎炸油的化学成分信息,结合化学计量学软件进行数据筛选、主成分分析与聚类分析。结果表明：经过筛选后的数据,不同煎炸时间煎炸油在主成分得分图上区分明显;聚类分析可将煎炸不同时间的煎炸油分成三类,每类之间化学成分差异明显,其中过度煎炸组极性组分含量基本大于27%;初步鉴别出9种煎炸过程中产生的差异性化合物,这些化合物的含量变化均与极性组分含量呈明显的线性关系（R2＞0.95）。研究表明,煎炸油在煎炸过程中化学成分会发生变化,部分变化与极性组分含量呈线性相关,极性组分含量可以作为评判煎炸油劣变程度的有效依据。     

Relationship between total polar components and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fried edible oil

ABSTRACT

Deep-fried dough sticks (a Chinese traditional breakfast) were fried individually in peanut, sunflower, rapeseed, rice bran, soybean and palm oil without any time lag for 32 h (64 batches fried, each for 30 min) and fried oil samples were obtained every 2 h. The frying-induced changes in the levels of total polar compounds (TPC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated by edible oil polar compounds (EOPC) fast separation chromatographic system and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. The correlations were analysed of TPC with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), TPC and PAH4 (benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene) as well as TPC with PAH16 (USEPA 16 PAHs). The results revealed that the levels of TPC and PAHs in fried oil considerably increased with frying time, and the type of oil affected their formation, which could inform the choice of oil for frying. The total BaP equivalents (∑BaPeq) concentrations in fresh oil and in oil whose TPC exceeded 27% were 2.14–13.48 and 5.78–10.80 μg kg^–1, respectively, which means that the carcinogenic potency of frying oil was more pronounced than that of fresh oil. In addition, the TPC concentration was significantly correlated with the concentrations of the sum of the 16 PAHs, PAH4 and BaP, so that the levels of PAHs could be predicted according to the levels of TPC in fried oil. In European standards, the rejection point for TPC in frying oil should be recalculated when considered PAHs. In all, the concentration of PAHs is a vital factor for ensuring the safety of frying oil.     

猪油煎炸过程中理化性质与低场核磁共振弛豫特性的相关性分析

以猪油为研究对象,以薯条为煎炸原料,研究不同物料比条件下,猪油理化性质与低场核磁共振（lowfield nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）弛豫特性的变化规律,并分析各理化指标与LF-NMR弛豫特性之间的相关性。结果表明：随着煎炸时间的延长,猪油的总极性化合物（total polar compounds,TPC）含量呈指数增长（R2＞0.992）,共轭二烯（K232）和共轭三烯（K270）呈线性增长（R2＞0.952）,过氧化值（peroxide value,PV）呈先增后减趋势,峰面积比例S21的升高规律符合二项式关系（R2＞0.974）,单组分弛豫时间T2W的降低规律符合二项式关系（R2＞0.901）,而峰面积比例S22、S23、峰起始时间T21、T22和T23则规律性不明显。随着物料比的增加,油样的TPC含量和K270显著增大,T2W显著减小。回归分析表明,TPC、K232、K270、PV与S21、T2W能够建立良好的相关模型（R2＞0.948）,模型验证合理可靠,说明可以通过猪油的LF-NMR弛豫特性快速、有效预测相关理化指标的变化。     

Active Treatment of Frying Oil for Enhanced Fry-life

Frying experiments were conducted simulating food service operation for 10 d, with and without active treatment of frying medium. Oil samples were analyzed for free fatty acids (FFA), color, food oil sensor (FOS) readings, chemiluminescence, and total polar compounds (TPC). Daily treatment of frying oil with adsorbent was found to extend the frying life of oil by reducing the accumulation of FFA, TPC, and AOCS ‘R’ color value by 72%, 30%, and 52%, respectively.     

Polar compounds: a quantitative indicator for life cycle assessment during protracted semi-continuous deep fat frying simulation

Total Polar Compound (TPC) analysis was used to evaluate fry life cycle of oils and shortenings with differing fatty acids compositions, and to understand if longer trisaturated material (Tribehenin), could influence total fry life, during protracted, semi-continuous deep frying simulations. Results showed, when TPC reached 25% max, the TOTOX and FFA revealed correlated values. However, both FFA and Totox were deemed unreliable indicators of oil quality. TPCs were more acutely accurate, especially during oil filtration and top-up procedures, where peak TPC onset showed stronger correlation for assessing oil degradation. Unsaturated frying oil, SBO (PUFA based), resulted with the shortest fry life of 132 fry-cycles; POL (MUFA based) 138 fry-cycles and MPS (MUFA based + Tribehenin) achieving up to 146 fry-cycles, suggesting Tribehenin may apparently extend fry life longevity.     

Quality changes of edible oils during vacuum and atmospheric frying of potato chips

Demand for safe and nutritionally rich fried products is gaining a momentum among consumers, leading to the increased consumption of vacuum fried products. The impact of vacuum frying (VF)(110 °C, 40 kPa) on chemical composition of food, fatty acid profile, microstructure, oxidative stability and sensory attributes was assessed and differentiated with that of atmospheric frying(AF) (180 °C). The potato slices were fried in mustard and soyabean oil used repetitively for 25 h. The oil content of VF potato chips was lower (15.18%) than AF chips (18.98%), however water loss in AF chips was higher than VF chips by 1.63-fold. VF significantly prevented the PUFA degradation, minimizes transfatty acid (TFA) formation and maintain a low C18:2/C16:0 ratio as compared to AF. VF Chips fried in soyabean oil show an increase in TFA content from 2.15 to 2.63% and a decrease in PUFA from 51.57 to 45.16% as compared to AF chips where TFA content increased from 2.15 to 3.72% and PUFA shows a higher reduction from 51.57 to 37.69% at the end of 25 h of frying. This indicate that in AF, oil is safe for use upto 10 cycles of frying, while as in VF, the same oil can be used for upto 40 cycles of frying without quality deteoriation. Sensorial analysis revealed that VF chips retain a better colour, taste and flavour but were less crispy than that of AF chips. These findings validate the application of vacuum frying technology for the production of high-quality foods with lesser degradation of frying oil.Industrial relevanceFood manufacturers are now impelled by the health-conscious consumer base for the production of healthy food products. The toxic effect of foods fried in degraded oils on human health is now widely known and thus the production of safe fried foods is the need of hour globally. In this context, vacuum frying is the most feasible approach for the production of quality fried products retaining the natural colour, flavour, sensory and nutritional properties better than that of atmospheric frying. Vacuum frying causes the least degradation of fatty acid of the frying oil and the fried potatoes, producing healthy potato chips. Therefore, the oil used for vacuum frying have a greater shelf life and oxidative stability than atmospheric frying. However, the higher installation cost of vacuum fryer still limits its use in the street fried food market, where degradation of oil is more likely. Thus, for its widespread commercialisation in developing countries, steps should be taken both by government and manufacturing companies to reduce the installation costs.     

油炸与油炸食品中的反式脂肪酸产生、危害及消减

反式脂肪酸(trans fatty acids,TFA)一般天然存在于反刍动物体内,或在油脂精炼、加热、氢化加工过程中产生。不恰当的加工方式,如高温加热或油炸等,也会产生一定量的TFA,且不同加工条件对TFA生成量的影响程度不同。TFA对人体健康的影响是多方面的,因此更需要在油脂烹调过程中对其加以控制。本文从TFA的结构、来源、不同加工条件对其形成的影响、危害和消减措施等方面做出阐述,对我国目前暴露量进行分析并提出相关的建议。     

Consequence of Commercial Fish Frying on Some Quality Parameters of Oil with Special Reference to Trans Fat

In the present study, the quality of frying oil, as affected by commercial pan fish frying, was investigated. The quality of fresh frying oil, null replenishment (NR) oil, and discarded frying oil were evaluated by drawing out the oil samples from the fryer at the initial stage, just before the addition of new frying oil for level make-up and used oil of the last frying cycle, respectively. The parameters used to assess the quality were the fatty acid composition including trans fatty acid (TFA), free fatty acid, and peroxide values of frying oil. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to examine fatty acids profiles of the frying oils. Trans fatty acid in fresh oils varied from 2.5%–3.8% (except oil-6, which contained 13%), whereas NR oils and discarded oils contained 5.6%–14.8% and 7.3%–20.8% trans fatty acids, correspondingly. Free fatty acid in fresh, NR, and discarded oils were 0.12%–0.24%, 0.22%–1.74%, and 0.80%–3.39%, respectively. Peroxide value in fresh, NR, and discarded oils were determined to be 1.15–3.93, 2.71–7.51, and 2.84–14.68 meq of O₂ /kg oil. It was observed that commercial fryers were not using the proper oil for frying. Furthermore, the last frying cycle just before discarding the oil may be dangerous for the health of consumers due to their significant level of TFA, free fatty acid, and peroxide values.