基于超声导波检测管道缺陷的数值模拟

为了研究扭转模态在不同形状管道中的传播特性和缺陷的检测能力,建立了带有缺陷的管道有限元模型,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对T(0, 1)模态导波在直管、弯管中的传播过程进行数值模拟研究。导波信号采用汉宁窗调制的正弦信号,激励T(0, 1)模态信号。结果表明:最低阶的扭转模态适合于管道的缺陷检测;50 kHz的T(0, 1)模态导波对直管、弯管上的缺陷敏感,在缺陷对应的位置上,导波的回波幅值最大,能量也较集中。     

粘性液体对管道中扭转导波传播特性的影响研究

对带有液体的圆柱/管中的波传播进行了研究。在流动为层流的假设下,研究了有粘性液体管道中扭转导波的位移模式和传播特性。分析了波的频散和衰减曲线,得到了粘性、密度等和第一阶扭转模态衰减的关系,确定了粘性液体对扭转导波的影响,为扭转导波在损伤检测中应用做了一些理论工作。数值计算结果与某文献中实验结果符合较好,一定程度上证明了液体中的层流假设,说明了第一阶扭转模态在损伤探测中的优势。     

管结构导波频散曲线绘制与试验验证

从理论上分析了管道结构中三种模态簇导波的传播特性。根据推导出导波的频散方程,通过数值方法绘制出了导波的频散曲线。利用试验验证了所建立的频散曲线的有效性。在两种不同截面尺寸的管道中进行激励70kHz-200kHz范围内的纵向模态试验,结果表明L(0,2)在管结构中传播速度与理论值较吻合,对利用超声导波对管道进行无损检测具有一定实际指导意义。     

基于Lorenz系统Lyapunov指数的管道超声导波检测

为了提高长距离管道超声导波检测中弱导波信号的识别精度,提出了基于Lorenz系统Lyapunov指数的管道超声导波检测方法。基于非共振周期信号的参数激励实现Lorenz系统的混沌控制,将待测的导波信号作为参数激励的扰动项输入Lorenz检测系统中,通过对比有无导波信号输入后Lorenz系统最大Lyapunov指数的不同响应,确定适合导波信号检测的参数激励幅值;然后利用ANSYS软件和搭建的超声导波试验平台分别进行数值模拟和实验,获得超声导波在含有不同损伤个数、大小的6 m长管道中传播的数值模拟信号和试验信号,利用Lorenz检测系统识别数值模拟与实验信号;基于二分法对导波信号进行分段识别,通过定位出回波信号的时间段实现损伤定位。检测结果表明,Lorenz系统能够有效地免疫噪声并识别管道的缺陷,并且提高了管道超声导波检测的灵敏度。     

相关函数算法在超声导波计量管道内液体流速中的应用

通过对超声导波技术在充液管道内流量计量的研究,提出了一种新的供热管路中热量表流量计量在线检测方法。试验中,因超声导波在充液管道内传播速度较快,为了准确地测量管道内液体流速对导波传播速度的影响,需要非常准确地提取导波的传播时间。分析了相关函数法在计算导波传播时间的应用原理,并通过理论分析和实验验证了相关函数法的准确性,为采用超声导波测量管道内液体流量提供理论基础。     

有机热载体炉积碳层导波检测模态识别研究

针对有机热载体炉火灾的关键因素积碳层,提出利用超声导波对其厚度进行定量检测的方法。阐述了超声导波检测原理和检测系统。然而,由于管道超声导波具有多模态和频散特性,利用时频分析对炉管积碳检测的超声导波模态进行识别。接收信号的时频分析结果与L(0,2)模态的理论频散曲线较为拟合。并且通过时差法确定接收信号的实验群速度与理论群速度相对误差仅为1.88%~3.48%。从而确定接收信号主要为L(0,2)模态。该研究结果为基于超声导波的有机热载体炉积碳检测技术奠定了基础。（蓝色部分为修改意见1的修改）     

T(0,1)模态导波在弯管上传播的仿真与实验

由于弯管的几何形状复杂,超声导波在弯管中的传播特性比在直管中复杂。弯管超声导波检测中,衡量其检测有效性的一个重要参数是透过率。通过有限元模拟研究了激励频率、弯曲半径、弯管角度对T(0,1)模态导波透过率的影响。发现:不同激励频率的导波在弯管上有不同的透过率,并且激励频率高的导波由于脉冲宽度小,更易产生新的波前;在不同的弯曲半径和弯曲角度的弯管中,最小透过率的T(0,1)模态导波的频率也各不一样;随弯管角度的变化,信号的透过率呈规律性变化。通过实验验证了不同激励频率下,T(0,1)模态导波透过率和激励频率的关系。在实际检测有弯管段的管道时,需采用多频率检测。     

流体管道超声导波无损检测

研究工程中流体管道的结构损伤识别技术具有现实的意义。以实现管道损伤定位为目的,探讨超声导波检测技术在流体管道的结构损伤识别中的可行性以及其识别精度。选择材料为20#碳钢的圆管为研究对象,根据频散方程利用数值法求解其各个模态频散曲线。以管中导波的传播原理为基础,从管中导波的模式、频散特征、避开截止频率、传播速度等方面因素选择激励信号,通过Abaqus有限元仿真分析导波在流体管道中的传播机理,利用概率密度函数法实现流体管道损伤定位。最后通过在管道上引入切槽损伤和孔损伤进行实验,对定位方法进行验证,实验结果与仿真分析基本吻合,证明了该方法的工程实用价值。     

非轴对称多元载荷条件下管道中纵向模态导波激励

轴对称载荷是管道中轴对称模态导波激励的有效方法。然而,受换能器安装误差等因素的影响,激励载荷多会变为非轴对称载荷,进而使激励出的导波模态变得复杂。对非轴对称多元载荷条件下纵向模态导波的激励问题进行了深入研究。考虑两种典型的非轴对称载荷,采用简正模态展开技术,建立了导波激励声场与边界载荷的量化关系,进而分析了各模态导波的产生机理及载荷阵列对纵向导波激励的影响。采用有限元数值模拟验证了理论预测结果。考虑实际管道检测中出现的非轴对称载荷,提出了一种载荷补偿策略并进行了实验验证。结果表明,该方法能够有效抑制弯曲模态导波的产生,同时也有助于改善导波信号的噪声水平。     

火炮身管超声导波频散特性及传感器配置

超声导波检测技术具有检测距离远、效率高的优点,适用于检测火炮身管等圆管类结构,具有突出的军事应用价值和前景。首先对圆管超声导波理论进行推导,并对身管损伤的几种常见类型进行分析研究。采用数值计算的方法绘制频散曲线,通过分析其频散特性对导波检测频率进行优选,初步得到了最佳的检测频率范围;其次着重对传感器种类选择、数量及分布方式与导波传播特性的关系进行研究。实验表明,导波检测的最佳频率范围为0～300 kHz,且导波弯曲模态一般不宜作为检测模态;传感器数量的增加不仅增强了激励信号的强度,还有效抑制了身管中导波的频散。     

基于超声导波检测的角钢型材缺陷特性分析

输电线路铁塔长期暴露在大气环境之中受到腐蚀,会造成角钢型材不同位置出现壁厚减小的情况,严重时可能导致铁塔断裂倒塌.为此,对角钢型材内壁锈蚀情况的检测技术进行探究.首先,对超声兰姆波的传播机理进行分析,确定角钢型材超声兰姆波的检测模态;然后,基于有限元理论对角钢型材进行三维数值建模,通过数值模拟探究了导波在钢材中的传播特...     

SH导波在钢板缺陷检测中的传播特性

水平剪切(Shear Horizontal,SH)导波在传播的过程中有对称模式和反对称模式,其相速度和群速度主要取决于试件的厚度和频率之积(频厚积)。利用COMSOL有限元分析软件,建立了钢板缺陷的3-D模型,仿真分析了SH0导波在钢板中的传播特性。仿真结果表明SH波在传播过程中很少发生波束方向的改变,无频散和模式转换,信噪比高。利用电磁超声方法激励SH波,对钢板中的裂纹和焊缝缺陷进行了实验,验证了仿真结果的正确性及可行性,为超声导波在板材缺陷检测中的应用提供基础。     

Flexible piezopolymer ultrasonic guided wave arrays

Ultrasonic guided wave technology is being applied to a variety of gas and liquid transmission pipeline inspection applications. There are a variety of promising transduction techniques used to excite longitudinal, torsional, and flexural modes in pipe. Some of the more common methods include electromagnetic-acoustic, magnetostrictive, and piezoceramic array transducers. The objective of the work presented in this paper was to develop an array design that is simpler to manufacture and attach to pipelines compared to the current piezoceramic design. The design considerations for a flexible piezopolymer-based array are discussed in this paper along with the basic principles behind the selection of the array element width and spacing. The performance of a piezoceramic and piezopolymer array, with identical element spacing and width, are compared at four different frequencies. Tests were undertaken on a carbon steel pipe with a simulated defect. Evaluation of the different arrays was performed in terms of the defect response, in terms of amplitude, of the lower-order axisymmetric modes. It is shown that while the piezopolymer array provides comparable sensitivity to the piezoceramic array, the amplitude of the signals reflected from the simulated defect are 30 dB lower compared to those generated using the piezoceramic array.     

Multiridge-based analysis for separating individual modes from multimodal guided wave signals in long bones

Quantitative ultrasound has great potential for assessing human bone quality. Considered as an elastic waveguide, long bone supports propagation of several guided modes, most of which carry useful information, individually, on different aspects of long bone properties. Therefore, precise knowledge of the behavior of each mode, such as velocity, attenuation, and amplitude, is important for bone quality assessment. However, because of the complicated characteristics of the guided waves, including dispersion and mode conversion, the measured signal often contains multiple wave modes, which yields the problem of mode separation. In this paper, some novel signal processing approaches were introduced to solve this problem. First, a crazy-climber algorithm was used to separate time-frequency ridges of individual modes from time-frequency representations (TFR) of multimodal signals. Next, corresponding time domain signals representing individual modes were reconstructed from the TFR ridges. It was found that the separated TFR ridges were in agreement with the theoretical dispersion, and the reconstructed signals were highly representative of the individual guided modes as well. The validations of this study were analyzed by simulated multimodal signals, with or without noise, and by in vitro experiments. Results of this study suggest that the ridge detection and individual reconstruction method are suitable for separating individual modes from multimodal signals. Such a method can improve the analysis of skeletal guided wave signals by providing accurate assessment of mode-specific ultrasonic parameters, such as group velocity, and indicate different bone quality properties.     

混凝土分层缺陷的超声检测方法研究

为解决混凝土结构中分层缺陷的在线非接触检测难题,论文提出了利用空气耦合(简称:空耦)超声导波定量检测混凝土结构中分层缺陷的新方法。首先研究了空耦超声导波在混凝土结构中的传播特性,理论分析和实验表明,利用空耦超声波以入射角8.7°入射厚度为50 mm的混凝土板时,可以激发以A0模态为主的导波。然后构建了空耦超声导波扫查实验系统,在混凝土结构单侧利用一对倾斜8.7°的空耦探头激励和接收导波信号,通过分析发现A0模态对分层缺陷敏感,且其幅度与扫查路径中的分层缺陷尺寸存在单调变化关系;在此基础上,对检测区域进行扫查,利用不同位置处的导波信号幅度实现分层缺陷的二维成像。实验结果表明,该方法不仅可以避免耦合剂对检测结果的影响,同时可实现对服役状态下混凝土结构中分层位置及尺寸的定量检测。     

A Guided Wave Approach to Defect Detection in Switch Rail

An approach to detect switch rail defect based on ultrasonic guided wave technology is studied. Eight typical cross-sections are chosen from the switch rail, and each cross-section's theoretical dispersion curves and wave structures are derived using the semianalytical finite-element method. The dispersion curve of eight sections has 262 modes at 60 kHz. Based on k-means clustering analysis algorithm, 25 kinds of classification results are obtained from 262 modes. According to the mean and variance of energy, an optimal set of modes with uniform amplitude over the entire section of the switch rail is selected. The optimal excitation point is determined based on the vibration energy. The defect echo signal is obtained by excitation of these guided wave modes. Field experiment results show that by comparing the sum of the differences between the collected and basic data and setting a certain threshold, the internal defect detection of the switch guide rail can be realized. The research results herein are valuable for analyzing the dispersion characteristics and realizing the nondestructive testing of the variable cross-section waveguide.     

夹层输流管道弹性波频散特征分析

对无限长夹层输流管道的管壁弹性波频散特征、管内流体声波频散特征,以及弹性体与流体声固耦合的波传播频散特征进行了研究与分析.基于铁木辛柯梁模型构建弹性体管道的波数解析式.考虑声固耦合效应,对无限长夹层输流管道的管壁弹性波与管内流体声波相互耦合的波数和模态振型进行了求解.运用参数化扫描,分别计算了管内流体域为水和空气情况下...