污泥转移SBR工艺中EPS对生物除磷的作用

采用新型强化生物除磷工艺--污泥转移SBR处理合成废水,探讨胞外聚合物（EPS）在工艺强化除磷过程中的作用。当污泥转移量为0、15%及30%时,污泥中的EPS含量分别为（108.14±9.68）mg·（g MLSS）^-1、（128.17±1.45）mg·（g MLSS）^-1和（123.35±22.98）mg·（g MLSS）^-1;工艺的除磷率分别为82.14%±0.85%、96.35%±1.25%及98.99%±0.98%,反应末端EPS中TP含量占污泥中TP的比重分别为27.9%±2.55%、57.23%±2.33%和63.88%±2.87%。此外,污泥中EPS在该工艺的好氧吸磷过程中吸磷量分别为（2.04±0.32）mg·（g MLSS）^-1、（5.90±0.38）mg·（g MLSS）^-1和（6.00±0.52）mg·（g MLSS）^-1,在污泥吸磷量中的贡献率均达到90%以上。研究结果表明：污泥转移SBR工艺中随着污泥转移量的增大有利于提高EPS中的磷含量,从而提升了工艺的除磷性能,EPS在该工艺的吸磷过程中起主要作用。但污泥转移对污泥中EPS含量影响不显著。     

Microbial community structure in an intermittently aerated submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic wastewater

The microbial community structure in an intermittently aerated submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic wastewater was investigated using the respiratory quinone profiling method. The operating cycle consisted of feeding the domestic wastewater into a 90-min oxic condition and a 60-min anoxic condition. A slight difference was observed in the microbial community structure of the suspended microorganisms in anoxic and oxic conditions. The dominant quinone type of anoxic and oxic conditions was ubiquinone (UQ)-8 followed by UQ-10 and menaquinone (MK)-6. The quinone profiles of the suspended microorganisms in the intermittently aerated SMBR with anoxic and oxic cycling showed that Nitrosomonas species, Alcaligenes species, and Thiobacillus, the dominant quinone of there are UQ-8 actively contributed to the biological nitrification/denitrification. The microbial diversities of suspended microorganisms in the anoxic and oxic conditions calculated on the molar fraction basis of all quinone compositions were 8.79-10.38 and 10.03-11.82, respectively.     

曝气生物滤池同步除铁锰和氨氮

在实验室条件下,采用双层陶粒滤料曝气生物滤池工艺,以受氨氮污染的原生铁锰地下水作为研究对象,研究了模拟微污染地下水中铁、锰和氨氮的去除,分析了滤速变化对滤池中铁、锰和氨氮同步去除的影响及铁、锰和氨氮浓度沿滤层深度的变化。结果发现当滤速突然增加时,滤池经过2～3 d的培养后,出水铁、锰和氨氮均可达标;当滤速由0.74 m·h^-1逐渐增加到3 m·h^-1时,水中铁与氨氮的浓度一般都在滤层深度0.75 m处即可达标,但锰浓度达标的滤层深度却由0.75 m增加到1.60 m。     

Mixed integer optimal control of an intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor for wastewater treatment

Optimal aeration control strategies for sequencing batch reactors in WWT with bypass nitrification are hereby studied. The operation is defined alternating aerobic and anoxic phases with high frequency. The controlled variable, the aeration, can only adopt fixed values, on and off, leading to a discrete trajectory of bang–bang type. The problem is to compute the number of switches and individual length of each aerobic and anoxic stage. This leads to a mixed integer nonlinear optimal control problem (MINTOC). The solution is challenging, since both integer and continuous variables ought to be considered in the optimization. In contrast to previous work, where optimization is performed based on the separation and independent solution of the integer and continuous problem, we apply an algorithm originally proposed by Sager (2005). The optimization program minimizes operation time and energy consumption. Effluent concentrations are considered as nonlinear constraints in accordance to environmental regulations.     

曝气生物滤池-臭氧氧化-曝气生物滤池组合工艺对印染废水的深度处理

采用曝气生物滤池(BAF)-臭氧氧化-曝气生物滤池三段组合工艺对二级生化后的印染废水进行深度处理,进水COD为90～150 mg/L,色度为16-32倍,经该工艺处理后的出水COD<35 mg/L,去除率>75%,色度降到4倍以下.工程运行实践表明,该深度处理系统运行稳定,处理效率高,出水水质达到印染场洗水工序对水质的要求.     

含盐污水SBR法生物脱氮模糊控制参数

为考察含盐污水SBR法生物脱氮实现模糊控制的可行性和有效性,以实际含盐生活污水作为研究对象,考察了脱氮过程DO、pH变化规律以及盐度冲击下pH的变化规律。结果表明含盐污水SBR法脱氮过程DO曲线变化不规律,应采用pH值为模糊控制参数。不同盐度下pH曲线有相似规律,曲线上出现的反映生物脱氮进程特征点：跃升点a（break point）、氨氮谷点b (ammonia valley)、硝酸盐峰c（nitrate apex）与有机物降解结束、硝化完成和反硝化完成有很好的对应关系;盐度升高后a、b推后出现;10 g&#8226;L^-1系统受盐度冲击时pH曲线依然遵从变化规律,但随着冲击盐度的升高特征点出现位置有所变化。冲击盐度高于30 g&#8226;L^-1,pH曲线逐渐趋于平缓,特征点a、b不明显但延长曝气时间时能够出现, c点受影响较小。     

氧化沟与曝气生物滤池除磷效果比较

污水的除磷有生物法和药剂强制去除法两大类.作者通过对两个污水处理厂的生产运行数据进行分析,比较了氧化沟和曝气生物滤池的除磷效果,并对运行费用进行了分析.     

活性污泥法脱氮除磷工艺优化设计的灵敏度分析

以ASM2D为机理模型对活性污泥法脱氮除磷工艺进行优化设计,在满足出水水质标准的前提下,使总设计费用达到最低,对优化模型中的各种参数进行灵敏度分析。结果表明,不同种类参数的灵敏度差别很大,其中目标函数中各参数对结果影响最大,最大灵敏度达到-99.02%;进水组分、化学计量系数和动力学参数的最大灵敏度分别为16.06%、11.9%和7.60%。随着排放标准的下降,系统的总费用也随之减少。对优化设计中参数进行灵敏度分析可以得出一些重要参数对结果的影响程度,为参数校正和结果输出提供理论依据。     

组合和耦合共生生物处理工艺同步去除废水中碳氮硫的研究进展

碳氮硫同步处理工艺是一种经济高效的废水生物处理工艺,逐渐成为国内外学者研究的热点。针对高浓度硫酸盐含氨有机废水,组合工艺(如DEAMOX和SANI)具有广阔的应用前景;同时,耦合工艺的构建对研发兼有占地空间小、工艺流程短和参数调控简单的碳氮硫生物同步处理工艺大有裨益。综述了有关废水中碳氮硫生物同步处理典型组合工艺的最新研究进展,分析了其中涉及的工艺单元及其优缺点;同时介绍了菌间耦合共生体系(自养反硝化/异养反硝化、半短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化、厌氧氨氧化/反硝化)的相关研究,并展望了碳氮硫生物同步处理工艺在废水处理中的应用。     

Advances in simultaneous strategies for dynamic process optimization

Following on the popularity of dynamic simulation for process systems, dynamic optimization has been identified as an important task for key process applications. In this study, we present an improved algorithm for simultaneous strategies for dynamic optimization. This approach addresses two important issues for dynamic optimization. First, an improved nonlinear programming strategy is developed based on interior point methods. This approach incorporates a novel filter-based line search method as well as preconditioned conjugate gradient method for computing search directions for control variables. This leads to a significant gain in algorithmic performance. On a dynamic optimization case study, we show that nonlinear programs (NLPs) with over 800,000 variables can be solved in less than 67 CPU minutes. Second, we address the problem of moving finite elements through an extension of the interior point strategy. With this strategy we develop a reliable and efficient algorithm to adjust elements to track optimal control profile breakpoints and to ensure accurate state and control profiles. This is demonstrated on a dynamic optimization for two distillation columns. Finally, these algorithmic improvements allow us to consider a broader set of problem formulations that require dynamic optimization methods. These topics and future trends are outlined in the last section.     

曝气生物滤池技术研究进展及其工艺改良

总结了曝气生物滤池的工艺原理、形式和特点以及滤料、进水水质、水力负荷、气水比、反冲洗等因素对滤池运行效果的影响, 回顾了国内外对曝气生物滤池去除各类污染物的最新研究进展, 阐述了该工艺在废水的固体悬浮物(SS)和有机物去除、硝化除氨、反硝化脱氮等方面所具备的优势, 同时指出了传统曝气生物滤池工艺在实际应用中存在的不足之处。本文针对传统滤池在较高的进水有机负荷条件下, 其硝化性能受到明显抑制的情况, 引入了一种在结构、曝气形式及运行方式上进行优化设计的曝气生物滤池工艺——内循环曝气生物滤池, 对其结构组成、运行方式以及工艺特点等作了介绍, 并指出内循环曝气生物滤池系统的硝化性能受进水有机负荷的影响明显减小, 改良后的工艺对各类污染物的去除效果均得到强化。此外, 根据内循环曝气生物滤池的研究现状及自身优点对其在处理高浓度生活污水中的应用作了展望。     

电极-生物膜法在生物脱氮处理中的潜力

阐述了以氢自养型反硝化为基础的电极-生物膜法及其在脱氮处理中的优势;着重从电极材料、工艺布置和影响处理效果的因素等方面对该技术进行了分析;对如何利用惰性阳极电解产氧来促进生物硝化,以开发出更加高效、环保的脱氮工艺提出了新思路:即电解产氧为主,曝气为辅,控制适当的水力停留时间,并主要通过电流调节控制氧水平,实现亚硝酸盐积累;同时利用电解产氢为电子供体进行反硝化,使限氧的硝酸盐型脱氮在BER中得以实现。     

水解酸化-SBR法处理生物制药废水

对采用水解酸化-SBR法处理生物制药废水的调试运行作了详细说明。工程实践表明，该工艺对处理有机物浓度高、水质水量波动大的生物制药废水是切实可行的，出水水质可达到国家污水综合排放标准一级标准．剩余污泥也得到有效处理处置。该工艺结构简单，操作简便，占地面积小，运行效果稳定，具有推广应用价值。     

一体化臭氧曝气生物滤池-上流式曝气生物滤池组合工艺深度处理制革废水

采用一体化臭氧曝气生物滤池-上流式曝气生物滤池组合工艺深度处理某制革厂废水,在进水量为50～80 m3/d的条件下,出水COD、氨氮可分别控制在100、10 mg/L以下,色度为5～10倍,完全达到该厂废水回用和排放标准。在不考虑人工及折旧费的情况下,运行成本仅为3.15元/m3,具有良好的经济效益和环境效益。     

再生水厂曝气生物滤池工艺改进

再生水厂利用城市污水处理厂二级出水作为再生水的水源,采用二级曝气生物滤池 纤维球过滤工艺对污水处理厂二级出水进行处理,处理后出水作为再生水进行回用.由于来水水质的制约,严重影响了再生水厂的中水再生能力.通过改变再生水厂来水水源,将二级曝气生物滤池串联运行改为并联运行,提高了再生水厂的处理能力,降低再生水成本.     

单级好氧脉冲式SBR处理垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮

为了考察单级好氧工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的可行性和脱氮性能,采用脉冲进水式SBR工艺处理高氨氮实际垃圾渗滤液。脉冲SBR运行周期共分为4个缺氧段和3个好氧段,采用3次等量进水模式。缺氧₄(An₄)不投加外碳源,利用微生物内碳源将NO₂^--N 还原为N₂。结果表明,经过4个不同进水TN阶段(118 d)的连续运行,获得了稳定和高效的脱氮性能。在进水COD为733~3971 mg·L^-1的条件下,出水COD稳定在298 ~888.15 mg·L^-1;在进水TN为299.78~1100.34 mg·L^-1的条件下,出水TN稳定在13.89~36.27 mg·L^-1。An₄的平均理论内源反硝化速率(TDNR_m)达到1.53 mg N·h^-1·(g MLVSS)^-1。运行阶段的单个周期内,An₄内源反硝化速率(DNR)分为快(DNR₁)和慢(DNR₂)两部分。其中阶段2(Ph₂)中的一个周期内DNR₁可达2.80 mg N·h^-1·(g MLVSS)^-1。在没有物化预处理和不投加外加碳源的情况下,实现单级好氧系统对垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮。     

Autotrophic nitrification and denitrification characteristics of an upflow biological aerated filter

Wastewater nitrification was carried out using a laboratory‐scale upflow biological aerated filter (BAF) packed with a polyurethane‐based porous medium. The filtration medium has macro‐pores which provide a greater surface area for the development of biofilms. The macro‐pores have both aerobic and anaerobic zones, depending on the depth of oxygen penetration in the medium. Wastewater ammonium was oxidized at a maximum rate of 1.8 kg NH₄⁺m^?3d^?1 and showed more than 90% nitrification efficiency in the BAF. During the biological nitrification of wastewater, considerable nitrogen loss was observed in the BAF under oxygen‐limited conditions when organic carbons were not provided for denitrification. Most probably, the lost nitrogen was converted to gaseous nitrogen compounds including dinitrogen by autotrophic dentrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

传统生物除磷脱氮工艺和反硝化除磷工艺对比

介绍了传统生物除磷脱氮和反硝化除磷的机理,比较了几个有代表性的传统除磷脱氮工艺和反硝化除磷工艺。通过分析认为反硝化除磷菌(DPB)能够以硝态氮为电子受体,从而大大节省耗氧量,缓解常规工艺对外加碳源的需求。如何在不增加工艺流程复杂性的同时,在工艺中充分富集DPB是反硝化除磷的关键。     

Effects of influent C/N ratio,C/P ratio and volumetric exchange ratio on biological phosphorus removal in UniFed SBR process

BACKGROUND: UniFed SBR is a novel process that can achieve high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus removal simultaneously in a simple single SBR tank. In this study, effects of influent C/N ratio, influent C/P ratio and volumetric exchange ratio on biological phosphorus removal in UniFed SBR process were investigated in a lab‐scale UniFed apparatus treating real domestic wastewater. RESULTS: The results showed that phosphorus removal efficiency increased as C/N ratio increased from 27% at 2.8 to 88% at 5.7. For C/N ratios 6.5 and above, complete phosphorus removal could be achieved. When C/N ratios and volumetric exchange ratio were fixed at 6 and 33%, respectively, phosphorus removal efficiency remained at 100% for C/P ratios higher than 33; effluent phosphate concentration was below the detection limit. For C/P ratios lower than 33, phosphorus removal efficiency decreased linearly with C/P ratio. Under the same influent C/N ratio and C/P ratio, the following factors all contributed to better phosphorus removal performance: greater volumetric exchange ratio; more organic substrate for PAOs to utilize, less inhibition by NO_x^? of phosphorus release during the feed/decant period; more PHB synthesized; and more aerobic phosphate uptake. CONCLUSION: High influent C/N ratio, high C/P ratio and high volumetric exchange ratio were beneficial to phosphorus removal in this process. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry