负载型K2CO3/Al2O3二氧化碳吸收剂的碳酸化反应特性

引言 全球变暖已经成为一个备受关注的环境问题.据预测,如不采取积极的温室气体减排措施,从现在起到2100年,全球近地面平均气温将继续升高1.4～5.8℃[1].CO2是主要的温室气体,而我国燃煤电厂是CO2排放量最大、最集中的化石燃料燃烧场所.因此研究和开发适用于燃煤电厂的CO2减排技术至关重要.     

Molar heat capacities of solvents used in CO2 capture: A group additivity and molecular connectivity analysis

The molar heat capacities of 38 pure solvents used for CO₂ capture studies are reported in the temperature range of 303.15–393.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Existing structural similarities between these compounds were explored using a group additivity analysis (GAA) and molecular connectivity principles in terms of the reported heat capacity data. Group additivity yields the estimates of CH₃, CH₂, CH, C, ?CH, NH₂, NH, N, ?N–, OH, O and ?O group contributions to the molar heat capacities at each investigated temperature. Molecular connectivity approach provides a single equation that models the molar heat capacities of amines over the investigated temperature range. Absolute average deviations for the GAA were found to be <2.5%, and <3% for the molecular connectivity analysis. The developed equations were tested by predicting the molar heat capacities of solvents newly proposed for CO₂ capture. Les capacités calorifiques molaires de trente huit (38) solvants purs utilisés pour les études de capture du CO₂ sont rapportées dans la gamme de température de (303.15 à 393.15) K et à pression atmosphérique. Les similitudes structurelles existantes entre ces composés ont été explorées à l'aide d'une analyse additivité de groupe et les principes de connectivité moléculaire en termes de capacité thermique. L'analyse fournit les estimations de la contribution des groups CH₃, CH₂, CH, C, ?CH, NH₂, NH, N, ?N–OH, O et S = aux capacités calorifiques molaires à chaque température étudiée. L'approche de connectivité moléculaire fournit une seule équation qui modélise les capacités calorifiques molaires des amines dans l'intervalle de température étudié. Les écarts absolus moyens pour l'analyse additivité des groupes ont été de moins de 2.5%, et de moins de 3% pour l'analyse de la connectivité moléculaire. Les équations développées ont été testées en prédisant les capacités calorifiques molaires des solvants nouvellement proposés pour la capture du CO₂. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Solubility and absorption rate enhancement of CO2 in K2CO3

The influence of addition of 2-(1-piperazinyl)-ethylamine (as a promoter) on the solubility and absorption rate of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in aqueous potassium carbonate solution (as a main solvent) was investigated experimentally, using a vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) equipment in temperatures from 303.15 to 323.15 K and CO₂ initial partial pressures between 25 and 75 kPa. The experimental data showed that the addition of 2-(1-piperazinyl)-ethylamine to potassium carbonate solution results in a significant enhancement in the solubility and absorption rate of CO₂. The response surface methodology was applied to explore the relationship between independent parameters on the CO₂ loading capacity of blended solution.     

液-液相变溶剂捕集CO2技术研究进展

化学溶剂吸收法是最有应用潜力的燃烧后二氧化碳脱除技术之一,较高的溶剂再生能耗阻碍了其进一步的工业应用。液-液相变溶剂由于具有降低吸收再生能耗的潜力,成为新型吸收剂的研究热点。综述了液-液相变溶剂的研究现状,从溶剂组成及其相变机理角度出发,将液-液相变溶剂分为热致相变溶剂、有机胺-低吸收速率胺溶剂、化学-物理溶剂、有机胺-离子液体溶剂四类吸收剂,分别介绍各类溶剂的研究进展,重点阐述其吸收性能及相变机理,并分析比较了各溶剂的优缺点。分析表明液-液相变溶剂节能潜力较大,今后的研究工作应侧重于相变溶剂的设计原则及分层机理的深入探讨。     

Recent developments in aqueous ammonia-based post-combustion CO2 capture technologies

Aqueous ammonia (NH₃) is a promising alternative solvent for the capture of industrial CO₂ emissions, given its high chemical stability and CO₂ removal capacity, and low material costs and regeneration energy. NH₃ also has potential for capturing multiple flue gas components, including NO_x, SO_x and CO₂, and producing value-added chemicals. However, its high volatility and low reactivity towards CO₂ limit its economic viability. Considerable efforts have been made to advance aqueous NH₃-based post-combustion capture technologies in the last few years: in particular, General Electric's chilled NH₃ process, CSIRO's mild-temperature aqueous NH₃ process and SRI International's mixed-salts (NH₃ and potassium carbonate) technology. Here, we review these research activities and other developments in the field, and outline future research needed to further improve aqueous NH₃-based CO₂ capture technologies.     

胆碱类低共融溶剂在CO2捕集与分离中的应用

胆碱类低共融溶剂是一种新型的离子液体。它不仅具有传统离子液体的优点,还具有价格低廉、低毒、生物可降解等优势。对胆碱类低共融溶剂在CO₂捕集与分离中所涉及的物理性质,如气体的溶解度、CO₂的吸收-解吸、密度、稳定性、黏度和表面张力等进行考察,并分析了胆碱类低共融溶剂的结构对各物性的影响。通过与传统离子液体的对比,胆碱类低共融溶剂在CO₂捕集与分离中的应用具有一定的优势,如CO₂溶解度高,黏度低。然而,胆碱类低共融溶剂在气体的选择性分离、表面张力等的研究还不足,且热稳定性方面还存在瓶颈,因此,其在CO₂捕集和分离中的应用还有待进一步探讨。     

氨水吸收CO2的吸收热预测模型

基于e-NRTL模型,利用Aspen Plus软件建立了氨水吸收CO₂的吸收热预测模型,验证了NH₃-CO₂-H₂O体系的汽液平衡、液相组成形态并与前人的实验数据做了对比,进而结合负载CO₂的氨水溶液中各离子及分子的变化特征,对CO₂吸收过程的反应热随着CO₂负载量的变化规律进行了预测并与已发表的数据进行了比较。结果表明,该吸收热模型能够准确地实现氨水吸收CO₂过程中汽液平衡、液相反应以及吸收热的计算。氨水吸收CO₂的反应热主要受H₂O的电离、NH₃的电离、NH₂COO^-的生成与水解、CO₂的溶解等反应过程的影响,H₂O的电离过程受NH₃的电离过程的抑制,对于总吸收热的贡献最大, NH₂COO^-的反应则随着CO₂负载量的增加先放热再吸热。随着温度的升高,总吸收热有所降低,当温度为80℃时,在较低的CO₂负载区间[0.2～0.5 mol CO₂·(mol NH₃)^-1],总吸收热约为70.5 kJ·(mol CO₂)^-1。     

Numerical modelling of rotating packed beds used for CO2 capture processes: A review

Over the last decades, renewable and clean energy sources are being rigorously adopted along with carbon capture technologies to tackle the increasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration level in the environment. CO₂ capture is a quintessential option for tackling global warming issues. In this context, the present paper has reviewed the process intensification equipment called a rotating packed bed (RPB), which is highly industry applicable due to high gravity (HiGee) force. This facilitates strong mass transfer characteristics, a compact design, and low energy consumption. In this review, the current research scenario of RPBs using numerical, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and mathematical modelling, along with different machine learning approaches in the CO₂ capture process, has been reviewed. The different geometry designs, hydrodynamic characteristics, performance parameters, research methods, and their effects on CO₂ removal efficiency have been discussed. Furthermore, the latest experimental studies are also summarized, especially in the absorption and adsorption domain. Finally, recommendations have been given to support the RPBs in different industrial and commercial applications of CO₂ removal.     

Sorbent design for CO2 capture under different flue gas conditions

CO₂ capture by solid sorbents is a physisorption process in which the gas molecules are adsorbed in a different porosity range, depending on the temperature and pressure of the capture conditions. Accordingly, CO₂ capture capacities can be enhanced if the sorbent has a proper porosity development and a suitable pore size distribution. Thus, the main objective of this work is to maximize the CO₂ capture capacity at ambient temperature, elucidating which is the most suitable porosity that the adsorbent has to have as a function of the emission source conditions. In order to do so, different activated carbons have been selected and their CO₂ capture capacities have been measured. The obtained results show that for low CO₂ pressures (e.g., conditions similar to post-combustion processes) the sorbent should have the maximum possible volume of micropores smaller than 0.7 nm. However, the sorbent requires the maximum possible total micropore volume when the capture is performed at high pressures (e.g., conditions similar to oxy-combustion or pre-combustion processes). Finally, this study also analyzes the important influence that the sorbent density has on the CO₂ capture capacity, since the adsorbent will be confined in a bed with a restricted volume.     

Strategies for CO2 capture from different CO2 emission sources by vacuum swing adsorption technology☆

Different VSA(Vacuum Swing Adsorption) cycles and process schemes have been evaluated to find suitable process configurations for effectively separating CO2 from flue gases from different industrial sectors. The cycles were studied using an adsorption simulator developed in our research group, which has been successfully used to predict experimental results over several years. Commercial zeolite APGIII and granular activated carbon were used as the adsorbents. Three-bed VSA cycles with- and without-product purge and 2-stage VSA systems have been investigated. It was found that for a feed gas containing 15% CO2(representing flue gas from power plants), high CO2 purities and recoveries could be obtained using a three-bed zeolite APGIII VSA unit for one stage capture, but with more stringent conditions such as deeper vacuum pressures of 1–3 k Pa. 2-stage VSA process operated in series allowed us to use simple process steps and operate at more realistic vacuum pressures. With a vacuum pressure of 10 k Pa, final CO2 purity of 95.3% with a recovery of 98.2% were obtained at specific power consumption of 0.55 MJ·(kg CO2)-1from feed gas containing15% CO2. These numbers compare very well with those obtained from a single stage process operating at1 k Pa vacuum pressure. The feed CO2 concentration was very influential in determining the desorption pressure necessary to achieve high separation efficiency. For feed gases containing N 30% CO2, a singlestage VSA capture process operating at moderate vacuum pressure and without a product purge, can achieve very high product purities and recoveries.     

SBA-15 grafted with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane in supercritical propane for CO2 capture

Supercritical propane (SC-propane) was found to be a promising solvent for grafting (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APS) onto synthesized SBA-15 for CO₂ capture. The influence of operating conditions in SC-propane for CO₂ adsorption at different pressures (8.3–13.8 MPa), temperatures (85–120 °C), and periods of time (4–16 h) were evaluated. The CO₂ adsorption conditions under different partial pressures, temperatures and moisture were evaluated. The results showed a reduction in pore characteristics and an increased amount of grafted APS with increasing pressure and temperature after grafting. After grafting in SC-propane at 11.0 MPa and various temperatures for 16 h, a 3–20% increase in the amount of grafted APS and a 6–49% increase in the CO₂ adsorption capacity over the toluene refluxing was observed. The time required for grafting in SC-propane could be reduced while maintaining higher nitrogen content and CO₂ adsorption capacity compared with grafting in toluene refluxing.     

Experimental studies of air-blast atomization on the CO2 capture with aqueous alkali solutions

In this work, an air-blast atomizing column was used to study the CO₂ capture performance with aqueous MEA (mono-ethanol-amine) and NaOH solutions. The effects of gas flow rate, the liquid to gas ratio (L/G), the CO₂ concentration on the CO₂ removal efficiency (η) and the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient (K_Ga_v) were investigated. The air-blast atomizing column was also compared with the pressure spray tower on the studies of the CO₂ capture performance. For the aqueous MEA and NaOH solutions, the experimental results show that the η decreases with increasing gas flow rate and CO₂ concentration while it increases with increasing L/G. The effects on K_Ga_v are more complicated than those for η. When the CO₂ concentration is low (3 vol%), K_Ga_v increases with increasing gas flow rate while decreases with increasing L/G. However, when the CO₂ concentration is high (9.5 vol%), as the gas flow rate and L/G increases, K_Ga_v increases first and then decreases. The aqueous MEA solution achieves higher η and K_Ga_v than the aqueous NaOH solution. The air-blast atomizing column shows a good performance on CO₂ capture.     

不同CO2捕集技术的CO2耦合绿氢制甲醇工艺研究

大量的化石燃料燃烧导致温室气体排放增加,全球气候变暖。世界各国以全球协约的方式减排CO₂,我国也由此提出“碳达峰·碳中和”目标。CO₂捕集以及转化制液体燃料和化学品是双碳目标下行之有效的碳减排措施之一,不仅可以实现CO₂的资源化利用,同时也缓解了国家能源安全问题。本文以燃煤电厂烟气CO₂捕集和CO₂合成甲醇为研究对象,分析了基于四种不同CO₂捕集技术的CO₂耦合绿氢制甲醇工艺。对四种不同CO₂捕集技术的CO₂制甲醇工艺进行了严格的稳态建模和模拟,分析和比较了不同CO₂捕集技术情景下的CO₂制甲醇工艺的技术和经济性能。结果表明,MEA、PCS、DMC和GMS情景的单位甲醇能耗分别是7.81、5.48、5.91和4.66 GJ/ t CH₃OH,GMS情景的单位能耗最低,其次是PCS情景,但随着更高效相变吸收剂的开发,PCS情景的单位甲醇产品的能耗将降低至2.29~2.58 GJ/t CH₃OH。四种情景的总生产成本分别是4314、4204、4279和4367 CNY/ t CH₃OH,PCS情景的成本最低,更具有经济优势。综合分析表明PCS情景的性能表现最好,为可用于燃煤电厂最佳的碳捕集技术,为CO₂高效合成燃料化学品提供方向,缓解化石燃料短缺和环境污染问题。     

不同CO2捕集技术的CO2耦合绿氢制甲醇工艺研究

大量的化石燃料燃烧导致温室气体排放增加,全球气候变暖。世界各国以全球协约的方式减排CO₂,我国也由此提出“碳达峰·碳中和”目标。CO₂捕集以及转化制液体燃料和化学品是双碳目标下行之有效的碳减排措施之一,不仅可以实现CO₂的资源化利用,同时也缓解了国家能源安全问题。本文以燃煤电厂烟气CO₂捕集和CO₂合成甲醇为研究对象,分析了基于四种不同CO₂捕集技术的CO₂耦合绿氢制甲醇工艺。对四种不同CO₂捕集技术的CO₂制甲醇工艺进行了严格的稳态建模和模拟,分析和比较了不同CO₂捕集技术情景下的CO₂制甲醇工艺的技术和经济性能。结果表明,MEA、PCS、DMC和GMS情景的单位甲醇能耗分别是7.81、5.48、5.91和4.66 GJ/ t CH₃OH,GMS情景的单位能耗最低,其次是PCS情景,但随着更高效相变吸收剂的开发,PCS情景的单位甲醇产品的能耗将降低至2.29~2.58 GJ/t CH₃OH。四种情景的总生产成本分别是4314、4204、4279和4367 CNY/ t CH₃OH,PCS情景的成本最低,更具有经济优势。综合分析表明PCS情景的性能表现最好,为可用于燃煤电厂最佳的碳捕集技术,为CO₂高效合成燃料化学品提供方向,缓解化石燃料短缺和环境污染问题。     

燃煤烟气中SO2对氨法脱碳的影响

利用湿壁塔实验台对燃煤烟气中SO₂对氨水溶液［1%～7%(质量）］吸收CO₂的影响进行了实验研究,具体分析了不同反应温度（20～80℃）和CO₂体积分数（5%～20%）条件下,CO₂传质通量及传质系数随SO₂浓度和SO₂负载量的变化规律。结果表明, SO₂浓度由0增至11428 mg·m^-3,CO₂传质通量及传质系数均有一半左右降幅,而SO₂负载量［0.1～0.4 mol SO₂·（mol NH₃）^-1］的增加,同样导致CO₂传质通量及传质系数明显减小。氨水浓度及反应温度增加可有效提高CO₂传质通量和传质系数,相对降低SO₂对CO₂传质的影响。CO₂浓度的增加可明显提高其传质通量,但是CO₂的传质系数有所降低。     

Operating limits and features of direct air capture on K2CO3/ZrO2 composite sorbent

Potassium carbonate-based sorbents are prospective materials for direct air capture (DAC). In the present study, we examined and revealed the influence of the temperature swing adsorption (TSA) cycle conditions on the CO₂ sorption properties of a novel aerogel-based K₂CO₃/ZrO₂ sorbent in a DAC process. It was shown that the humidity and temperature drastically affect the sorption dynamic and sorption capacity of the sorbent. When a temperature at the sorption stage was 29 ℃ and a water vapor pressure in the feed air was 5.2 mbar (1 bar = 10⁵ Pa), the composite material demonstrated a stable CO₂ sorption capacity of 3.4% (mass). An increase in sorption temperature leads to a continuous decrease in the CO₂ absorption capacity reaching a value of 0.7% (mass) at T = 80 ℃. The material showed the retention of a stable CO₂ sorption capacity for many cycles at each temperature in the range. Increasing P_H2O in the inlet air from 5.2 to 6.8 mbar leads to instability of CO₂ sorption capacity which decreases in the course of 3 consecutive TSA cycles from 1.7% to 0.8% (mass) at T = 29 ℃. A further increase in air humidity only facilitates the deterioration of the CO₂ sorption capacity of the material. A possible explanation for this phenomenon could be the filling of the porous system of the sorbent with solid reaction products and an aqueous solution of potassium salts, which leads to a significant slowdown in the CO₂ diffusion in the composite sorbent grain. To investigate the regeneration step of the TSA cycle in situ, the macro ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopic imaging was applied for the first time. It was shown that the migration of carbonate-containing species over the surface of sorbent occurs during the thermal regeneration stage of the TSA cycle. The movement of the active component in the porous matrix of the sorbent can affect the sorption characteristics of the composite material. The revealed features make it possible to formulate the requirements and limitations that need to be taken into account for the practical implementation of the DAC process using the K₂CO₃/ZrO₂ composite sorbent.     

负载型K2CO3/Al2O3吸收剂吸收CO2反应机理

利用热重分析仪、扫描电镜和氮吸附仪对不同粒径的K₂CO₃颗粒和负载型K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃二氧化碳吸收剂的碳酸化特性进行研究。负载后的吸收剂比表面积和孔隙结构得到较大改善,使得碳酸化反应速率和转化率均提高,吸收剂碳酸化特性得到改善。纯K₂CO₃颗粒吸收剂的反应速率和转化率随着粒径的增加而减小,负载型吸收剂的反应速率和转化率随着粒径的增加略增大。研究了不同粒径和反应时间对K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃颗粒微观结构的影响,结果表明K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃颗粒具有较稳定的微观结构。采用负载型粒子模型对K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸收剂吸收CO₂碳酸化过程进行研究,所建立的粒子模型计算结果与试验值吻合较好。利用建立的模型对不同CO₂浓度下K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸收剂碳酸化反应特性进行模拟计算,模拟结果具备一定的合理性和准确性,为开展进一步研究提供了基础。