机械搅拌转速对稻草厌氧消化性能的影响

以稻草为原料,采用批式厌氧消化,研究了4种搅拌转速(40,80,120,160 r/min)对稻草厌氧消化产气情况、组分变化和系统稳定性参数(pH值、碱度和氨氮)等的影响。结果表明,搅拌转速对稻草厌氧消化的产气性能有显著影响。80 r/min的厌氧消化效果最好,单位VS产气量为430.6 ml/g,分别比40,120和160 r/min提高了23.6%,11.4%和18.3%;80 r/min和160 r/min的消化时间T80均为46 d,分别比40 r/min和120 r/min缩短了20 d和3 d。搅拌转速为80 r/min时,厌氧消化反应器既能保证良好的物料混合效果,又能维持系统的稳定和较高的微生物活性,其TS,VS降解率均高于其他搅拌转速的反应器,产气性能最好。     

基于Fluent的自由液面搅拌流场数值模拟

基于fluent6.3仿真软件,采用滑动网格+多相流模型对无挡板圆柱容器、有挡板圆柱容器及无挡板方型容器搅拌流场进行了数值模拟,仿真研究了不同转速和挡板宽度对流场及液面形状的影响。仿真研究表明,该模型既适用于液面形状变化的强环流搅拌过程,也可用于液面近似为水平的完全挡板搅拌过程。由于该模型综合考虑了搅拌过程液面形状的变化,所以其流场仿真结果更为合理可信。     

水电机组推力轴承搅拌损耗计算方法

为较为准确地计算高转速水电机组高油位浸泡式润滑推力轴承的搅拌损耗,根据该类轴承的几何结构特点进行简化,推导出搅拌损耗计算的近似计算公式,分别通过近似公式和基于推力轴承高油位浸泡式油箱运行过程中的流场三维数值模拟方法来计算搅拌损耗。针对大型抽水蓄能机组推力轴承,计算了机组转速为120、210、270、350和500 r/min 5个工况下推力轴承的搅拌损耗,将数值模拟结果与近似计算值进行了对比分析。结果表明:搅拌损耗的大小与轴承转速正相关,转速越高,损耗越大;油系统循环管路进出口流量对搅拌损耗计算值的影响可忽略不计。数值模拟与近似公式计算的搅拌损耗在低转速工况偏差较大,二者的计算偏差随着转速的增高而降低。近似公式计算方法可用于推力轴承方案设计预估搅拌损耗,数值模拟方法可进一步用于轴承结构及几何参数的优化设计。     

高温液态水法水解稻秆的试验研究

以广州郊区的稻秆为原料,利用自行设计的小型反应器,以高温液态水的预处理方法,考查了反应时间、温度、压力、液固比、搅拌转速以及预热时间对稻秆水解的影响.实验结果发现:在200℃,压力为4.0MPa,液固比为20:1,搅拌转速500r/min,预热时间为40min时还原糖浓度达到最大值,还原糖转化率为51.85%,原料转化率达到48.18%.通过范氏分析及扫描电镜对此工况下的水解残渣进行了分析,发现半纤维素水解率达到88.90%,预处理后的原料疏松,孔隙增加,因而能够较大程度地提高后续纤维素酶水解的效率.     

喷雾引导型直喷汽油机燃油喷射对缸内流动特性影响的数值研究

为了深入研究喷雾引导型直喷汽油机燃油喷射对缸内流动特性的影响,利用STAR-CD软件数值模拟了1 500 r/min全负荷和5 500 r/min全负荷两个典型工况下发动机缸内的流动特性.对比分析了每一转速下,无喷射和有喷射时缸内的滚流率、湍流强度、点火区域的湍流强度以及关注切面的流场分布等.结果表明:在低转速全负荷工况下,燃油喷射过程对缸内流动有强烈的干涉作用,而高转速全负荷时该影响很小.另外,燃油喷射对高、低转速下缸内的平均湍能强度影响很小,而对点火区域的湍动能有很大提高.     

柴油机电动压气机模拟分析

对某款4缸轻型柴油机电动压气机对发动机性能的影响进行仿真分析,研究电动压气机对发动机瞬态工况改善情况。匹配研究表明:电动压气机布置在压气机出口,与普通增压器串联,能够有效改善发动机某些工况的动力性和瞬态响应特性,发动机转速越低,改善效果越明显。转速为1300 r/min时,扭矩提升7.23%,定速加负荷工况的加速时间从16.7 s缩短至6.7 s,减少了60%;转速为1400 r/min时,扭矩提升6.52%,定速加负荷工况的加速时间从16.1 s缩短至7.1 s,减少了56%。     

双碱法CO2捕集富液再生技术研究

以苛化反应釜为富液再生器,采用单因素分析方法研究了再生温度、搅拌速率、再生当量比、富液浓度等因素对富液再生效果的影响,并采用正交试验对这些参数进行优化。结果表明：在实验条件下,各因素对富液再生效果影响的主次顺序为搅拌速率、再生温度、再生当量比、富液浓度。搅拌速率对反应再生率影响最为显著,再生温度与再生当量比对反应再生率影响较为显著,富液浓度对反应再生率影响较小。最佳工况组合为：搅拌速率200 r/min,再生温度70℃,再生当量比115%,富液浓度1.25 mol/L。     

基于泡沫浮选的能源微藻采收实验研究

文章以十二胺作为捕收剂,利用泡沫浮选法采收能源微藻——小球藻。利用正交实验研究了捕收剂用量、搅拌转速、藻液浓度、溶液p H和浮选时间对小球藻采收效率的影响。结果表明:捕收剂用量、搅拌转速、藻液浓度对采收效率影响显著,p H和浮选时间对采收率影响较小;十二胺能显著增加小球藻细胞的可浮性,较高的搅拌转速和藻液浓度有利于提高藻细胞与气泡的碰撞粘附效率。综合考虑采收率和采收成本,在不调节藻液浓度和p H的情况下,泡沫浮选法采收小球藻的最优条件为十二胺用量为30 mg/L、搅拌转速为1 200r/min、浮选时间为3 min,此时采收率可达到98.35%。     

可变排量机油泵在发动机上的节油研究

为保证怠速工况下合理的机油压力,减少发动机热怠速异响,需要充分平衡机油泵的转排量。设计者在兼顾热怠速工况下机油压力,无疑造成了低温或高速工况下较大的液压功损失,从而引起发动机摩擦功增大,油耗增加。可变机油泵可以解决这一问题,因此受到越来越多厂家的青睐。本文对机油泵的摩擦功构成进行分析,对可变机油泵的节油原理进行了阐述,并通过台架测试,验证了同排量固定机油泵与二级可变排量机油泵在1.2TDG发动机上的节油表现,二级可变排量机油泵对油耗的贡献为,在转速2 000 r/min及油温9 0℃的状态下,摩擦功节省1.07%;有效燃料消耗率受发动机系统机油压力的影响较大,在90℃机油温度,发动机转速2 000 r/min,平均有效缸内压力为0.2 MPa工况下,系统机油压力每降低0.1 MPa,燃油消耗率可以降低6 g/(kW·h)。     

供油提前角对柴油/乙醇发动机经济性和排放特性的影响

在YTR3105试验机上,在最大扭矩转速1 500 r/min(扭矩192 N.m)和标定转速2 400 r/min(扭矩164N.m)两个工况下进行了不同供油提前角和不同配比柴油/乙醇混合燃料发动机的经济性与排放特性试验。结果表明:柴油/乙醇发动机的有效燃油消耗率较柴油机的有所升高,但能量消耗率有所下降;随着供油提前角增大,碳烟排放明显降低,但NOx排放明显升高,CO和THC排放均降低;随着乙醇含量的加大,在转速1 500 r/min时,CO排放增大,在转速2 400 r/min时,CO排放降低,而THC排放在两个工况下均有所增大。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BE´NARD-MARANGONI CONVECTION IN SMALL ASPECT RATIO CONTAINERS

This study investigates, by means of numerical simulation, coupled gravity and capillarity-driven thermoconvection of a fluid layer heated from below (Be´nard-Marangoni convection), close to the threshold and in small aspect ratio containers. First, we present a broad validation of the numerical model we have developed onto widely recognized results available from experimental, theoretical, and numerical fields. Furthermore, we report the numerical results we have obtained in analyzing the dependence on the convective cell pattern of the container shape. In the smallest aspect ratio range only a few cells can develop, so the convective patterns mainly depend on the aspect ratio and the shape of the container, but no major transient evolution can be observed. On the other hand, larger aspect ratio containers allow a comparatively large number of cells to develop. The shape of the container plays a significant part in the transient stage until the stationary pattern is attained, in which hexagonal cells prevail at the core surrounded by a row of predominantly pentagonal cells.     

高压氢气储运移动式压力容器发展趋势与挑战

高压储运是主要氢气储运方式,高压氢气移动式压力容器是主要氢气储运装备.高压氢气储运容器充放频繁,氢气储量大,介质易燃易爆,具有潜在的泄漏和爆炸危险.此外,作为移动式压力容器,对运输效率要求较高,运输环境复杂多变.中国已把氢能列为未来产业,高压氢气储运容器类型和数量也将快速发展.该文总结了高压氢气储运容器主要类型、应用特...     

单因子自动加药控制在混凝处理的应用

生水加药混凝处理由于技术水平和仪表设备可靠性不高,长期以来一直是采用人工调节控制,很难保证混凝效果和出水质量。针对这一情况,广东红海湾发电有限公司生水预处理系统混凝加药采用单因子自动加药控制系统。该系统具有良好抗干扰调节能力,能迅速反映水质、水量、浓度等各项表观参数的综合影响,实现混凝剂的及时精确投加,保证最佳的混凝效果,大大提高了沉淀池的出水水质质量。     

A numerical study of soot aggregate formation in a laminar coflow diffusion flame

Soot aggregate formation in a two-dimensional laminar coflow ethylene/air diffusion flame is studied with a pyrene-based soot model, a detailed sectional aerosol dynamics model, and a detailed radiation model. The chemical kinetic mechanism describes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation up to pyrene, the dimerization of which is assumed to lead to soot nucleation. The growth and oxidation of soot particles are characterized by the HACA surface mechanism and pyrene-soot surface condensation. The mass range of the solid soot phase is divided into thirty-five discrete sections and two equations are solved in each section to model the formation of the fractal-like soot aggregates. The coagulation model is improved by implementing the aggregate coagulation efficiency. Several physical processes that may cause sub-unitary aggregate coagulation efficiency are discussed. Their effects on aggregate structure are numerically investigated. The average number of primary soot particles per soot aggregate np is found to be a strong function of the aggregate coagulation efficiency. Compared to the available experimental data, np is well reproduced with a constant 20% aggregate coagulation efficiency. The predicted axial velocity, OH mole fraction, and C₂H₂ mole fraction are validated against experimental data in the literature. Reasonable agreements are obtained. Finally, a sensitivity study of the effects of particle coalescence on soot volume fraction and soot aggregate nanostructure is conducted using a coalescence cutoff diameter method.     

一维最优直肋的肋效率分析

为研究等截面一维直翅优化问题,从Schmidt最优翅片形状假定出发,通过理论分析得到一种优化的直翅周线表达式,并找出了优化后的翅片散热效率与其几何外形之间的关系。在优化后的直翅精确解基础上,针对实际工程设计中,在散热效率与精确解偏差不大于0．12％的情况下,进一步推导出翅片所能采用的近似周线方程,为等截面直翅的工程优化设计和应用提供了依据。     

Heat transfer enhancement of concentrated solar absorber using hollow cylindrical fins filled with phase change material

A concentrated solar absorber with finned phase change materials was experimentally studied using a Scheffler type parabolic dish concentrator. The absorber's inner surface was fixed with hollow cylindrical containers filled with phase change material (PCM) for heat transfer augmentation. The absorber's selected PCM was acetanilide (Melting point of 116 °C)—the cylindrical capsules protruding into the fluid side to create turbulence and mixing and acting as fins. The absorber surface temperature was observed to be about 130–150 °C during the outdoor tests while passing fluid through the absorber. The fluid flow rate varied from 60 to 100 kg/h during the outdoor experiments. The peak energy and exergy efficiency of parabolic dish collector (PDC) at the fluid flow rate of 80 kg/h with PCM integrated solar absorber was found to be about 67.88% and 6.96%, respectively. The integration of cylindrical PCM containers resulted in more heat transfer augmentation in the solar absorbers. The optimized solar absorber could be suitable for various applications like steam generation, biomass gasification, space heating, and hydrogen generation.     

Modifying the thermal performance of electrical distribution transformers using phase change materials (paraffin wax)

In this paper, an electrical distribution transformer has been studied experimentally and a novel technique has been proposed to enhance its cooling performance by addition of paraffin wax to transformer oil using closed containers made of aluminum. These containers were immersed in the transformer oil. A 100 kVA transformer was used as a model for study because these transformers are widely used in the electricity distribution network in Iraq. As temperature rises, the phase change material (paraffin wax) absorbs heat and melts inside the containers at a constant temperature. This feature can be utilized to store heat for a period until the temperature for weather drops; then this heat is rejected, and the wax begins to solidify. In this experiment, five containers were used, each containing 2 kg of wax. The results showed a clear decrease in the temperature of the oil, which led to the enhancment of its thermal insulation and kept the oil from failure and the preserved the transformer from breakdown. The results showed that the reduction in temperature is approximately 7°C and the reduction increased upon increasing the amount of wax added.     

Experimental Study on Performance Enhancement of Evacuated Tube by Constant Heat Flux Mode

The evacuated tube collector with U shape copper absorber tube is considered for the analysis. The experimental investigation is conducted on parabolic trough collector with U shape tube as absorber tube. The effect of the sudden fluctuations in the solar radiation on the performance of the collector is reduced by means of evacuated tube collector filled with thermic fluids. The analysis is performed with different thermic fluids such as dowtherm, therminol66, glycol water and ethylene glycol, are filled in the annular space between inner glass tube and U shape copper absorber tube. The experimentation is carried out at various mass flow rates from 20 to 100 LPH with the step-up flow rate of 20 LPH. A comparative study is carried out on various parameters such as effect of mass flow rate over instantaneous efficiency, useful heat gain and work input, etc. The characteristic curve of cylindrical parabolic trough collector (PTC) is also discussed. Experimental results show that, ethylene glycol gives better efficiency over mass flow rate and therminol66 gives best power heat ratio. Heat transfer mediums and its properties [specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity] for all specified heat transfer fluids are also discussed. The results obtained with various specified heat transfer fluids filled in the annulus space of evacuated tube are compared with plain evacuated tube. It is observed that there is significant enhancement of overall instantaneous collection efficiency of the parabolic trough collector.     

悬浮澄清池-预涂动态膜错流过滤系统除浊效果及过滤机制研究

利用悬浮澄清池-预涂动态膜错流过滤系统处理淮河原水,考察其除浊效果及稳定性,同时对预涂动态膜错流过滤模型进行探讨。结果表明,悬浮澄清池-预涂动态膜错流过滤系统对浊度的总去除率可达99%以上,出水浊度0.2NTU以下;预涂剂为30g粉末活性炭和75g硅藻土并投加一定量聚铝进行二次混凝时,预涂动态膜错流过滤过程可用标准过滤模型描述,说明动态膜透水孔隙的堵塞可归结为颗粒在膜孔隙中的吸附、架桥等作用。研究结果为减少水浊度提供了新方法。     

Performance tests of catalysts for the safe conversion of hydrogen inside the nuclear waste containers in Fukushima Daiichi

The safe decommissioning as well as decontamination of the radioactive waste resulting from the nuclear accident in Fukushima Daiichi represents a huge task for the next decade. At present, research and development on long-term safe storage containers has become an urgent task with international cooperation in Japan. One challenge is the generation of hydrogen and oxygen in significant amounts by means of radiolysis inside the containers, as the nuclear waste contains a large portion of sea water. The generation of radiolysis gases may lead to a significant pressure build-up inside the containers and to the formation of flammable gases with the risk of ignition and the loss of integrity.In the framework of the project “R&D on technology for reducing concentration of flammable gases generated in long-term waste storage containers” funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT), the potential application of catalytic recombiner devices inside the storage containers is investigated. In this context, a suitable catalyst based on the so-called intelligent automotive catalyst for use in a recombiner is under consideration. The catalyst is originally developed and mass-produced for automotive exhaust gas purification, and is characterized by having a self-healing function of precious metals (Pd, Pt and Rh) dissolved as a solid solution in the perovskite type oxides. The basic features of this catalyst have been tested in an experimental program. The test series in the REKO-4 facility has revealed the basic characteristics of the catalyst required for designing the recombiner system.