龙伯透镜天线及其应用

伯透镜天线（Luneberg Lens）由R．K．龙伯（R. K．Luneberg）于1944年提出．距今已有超过60年的历史。经过工程技术人员的不断更新和改良，现在这项电介质透镜天线技术被广泛用来制造低成本、高增益和易于操作的微波天线，主要应用于移动接收站对卫星的跟踪等方面。     

龙伯透镜天线的原理及其研究进展

龙伯透镜天线是一种折射率渐变的透镜天线,可将特定频率的入射波汇聚到透镜表面的某点或将电磁波沿原方向反射,能够实现波束扫描和多波束聚焦,已用于电子对抗、第五代移动通信技术、卫星通信以及军用战机和舰艇.介绍了龙伯透镜天线的基础理论,归纳梳理了球形龙伯透镜天线和变形龙伯透镜天线,总结了三种制备技术,对比了不同类型的透镜天线性能,并分析了馈源对龙伯透镜性能的影响,最后对龙伯透镜天线的发展提出建议.     

高增益金属透镜天线设计

金属透镜天线具有高增益和大功率容量等优点。采用几何光学原理将一组平行间隔的金属板设计为金属凹透镜,实现对电磁波的汇聚,获得高增益辐射特性。在辐射原理和结构分析基础上,设计了一款工作于X波段(10 GHz)的金属透镜天线,采用矩形喇叭天线作为初级馈源、13片金属板嵌于一只半径为153 mm的PVC筒顶部。仿真和测试结果吻合良好,表明该金属透镜天线性能优异:|S_(11)|<-10dB阻抗带宽为18%(从9.6~11.5 GHz),在10GHz工作频点的增益达到27dBi,相比喇叭天线提高了10.2dB。     

一种基于超表面的低剖面宽带透镜天线

提出一种新型的基于超表面的低剖面宽带高增益透镜天线,该透镜采用宽带的电偶极子天线作为馈源,设计中心频率工作在10 GHz.针对超表面透镜在不同位置的折射率的需求,同时提出了一种新型的非谐振超材料单元,该单元由三层介质板组成,中间一层是印有十字形带状线的双层印刷板.通过改变上下两层介质的介电常数,可以达到不同的折射率变化范围,从而实现透镜的中间层和阻抗匹配层对折射率的需求.所提出的透镜天线设计方法可以获得21 dBi的最高增益以及58%的-10 dB阻抗带宽.更重要的是所提出的具有高折射率的超材料单元可以实现只有0.32λ₀的透镜厚度,大大减小了透镜的剖面.最后进行了加工实验,对所提出的方法和仿真结果进行了验证,实验结果表明,透镜天线的实测带宽、方向图和增益都与仿真理论结果有较好的吻合度.     

A multi-beam planar lens antenna for UAV relay datalink

龙伯透镜天线表面放置多个馈源即可在同一频段或跨频段同时产生多个扫描波束跟踪多个目标,针对这一特点,设计了适用于C频段无人机中继数据链的紧凑多波束平板透镜天线。采用矢量球面波函数展开法结合差分进化算法优化设计透镜天线,仿真分析了单个Vivaldi天线照射3层直径160 mm平板透镜天线,天线增益优于传统均匀分层的透镜天线。同时,采用16个Vivaldi天线组成半圆环阵照射平板透镜天线,通过扫描波束的馈电切换,实现宽角范围的多波束覆盖。仿真结果表明:平板透镜天线在宽频带(5.5~9.0 GHz)内具有良好的多波束辐射特性。     

一种应用于基站天线的新型球透镜

针对传统龙伯透镜结构复杂、制作工艺难度大、不易实现批量化生产等问题,提出了一种应用于基站天线的新型球透镜,采用同一种介质材料的一个介质基座和多个介质锥体,再将各介质锥体均匀分布连接于介质基座上,组成球透镜.仿真结果表明:采用所提出的球透镜的双极化基站天线,具有良好的辐射方向图和高增益性能.     

基于相位梯度超表面的高增益透镜天线设计

针对汽车雷达系统对长距离目标探测需求,完成了一款小尺寸、高增益的透镜天线设计。通过相位梯度超表面结构对透射电磁波的相位进行补偿,将馈源辐射的准球面波变换为准平面波,从而实现天线增益的显著提高。仿真结果表明设计的超表面结构对垂直入射的平面波具有良好的聚焦效果,透镜天线的平面尺寸仅为14.4 mm×14.4 mm,在77～81 GHz频率范围内天线的增益均大于17.5 dB,最大增益能够达到18.25 dB。与未加载超表面的天线相比,该天线的增益在工作频率范围内平均提高了约10 dB。与其他车载雷达天线相比,该天线尺寸更小,结构更加简单,能够更好地集成在车载雷达系统电路中。     

一种分段的超短波对数周期天线设计与实验

超短波的传播方式主要为视距传播,这种传播方式需要天线具有强方向性且有较高的增益。而对数周期天线是一种超宽带、中等增益的天线,非常适用于超短波通信。然而在超短波频段下,常规对数周期天线的长度较长,小型化程度不高。为了实现超短波对数周期天线的小型化,提出一种分段的超短波对数周期天线的设计方案。根据应用需求,在满足天线增益的情况下,采用分段设计缩减天线长度,同时调整集合线之间的夹角,以实现天线的阻抗匹配。经过仿真设计,天线在30～70 MHz频段内典型增益大于8 dBi,天线的长度缩减至7 m。采用基于无人机飞行平台的外场测试系统对天线进行实验测试,测试结果表明,天线在工作频率范围内驻波比小于1.5,测试与仿真的辐射特性基本一致。该天线具有带宽宽、增益高、结构简单等特点,可以满足实际场景中超短波天线的需求。     

V频段圆柱龙伯透镜天线设计

设计并实现了一种V频段圆柱龙伯透镜天线.在平行平板波导间,根据龙伯透镜原理与介电常数等效原理,推导出了圆柱龙伯透镜天线的理论设计公式,并结合商业仿真软件高频结构仿真器(HFSS)仿真分析和优化,完成天线设计.仿真结果表明,该V频段圆柱龙伯透镜天线增益为21.4 dBi,波束宽度为1.56o,副瓣电平为-14.7 dB.根据设计结果,加工和测试验证V频段圆柱龙伯透镜天线的可实现性,实测结果表明,该天线增益为20.1 dBi,波束宽度为1.60o,副瓣电平为-11.1 dB,天线效率为45.7％,说明该天线具有一定的工程应用价值.     

一种新型金属透镜天线设计

为了获得具有高增益特性的天线，对传统透镜天线工作原理进行了分析。因为透镜天线板间电场模式与波导中电场模式类似，以此为依据通过改变金属透镜的金属平板间距和板脊高度，设计了一种新型金属透镜天线，迥异于传统金属透镜天线的凹形曲面结构。该天线金属透镜由多片长方形侧面加脊金属板组成，能够很好地调节口径面的相位分布，以此实现口径面同相分布，从而获得高增益性能。     

Nonuniform Luneburg and two-shell lens antennas: radiationcharacteristics and design optimization

Design optimization of radially nonuniform spherical lens antennas is the focus of this paper. In particular, special attention is given to the optimal design of nonuniform Luneburg (1964) lens antennas. One of the important engineering objectives of designing an optimal Luneburg lens antenna is to use as small number of shells as possible while maintaining an acceptable gain and sidelobe performance. In a typical radially uniform design, by reducing the number of shells, the gain is decreased and the grating lobes are increased. This deficiency in the radiation performance of the uniform lens antenna can be overcome by designing the nonuniform lens antenna. This necessitates the optimum selection of each layer thickness and permittivity. A genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer with adaptive cost function is implemented to obtain the optimal design. In this manner, the GA optimizer simultaneously determines the optimal material and its thickness for each shell by controlling the gain and sidelobes envelope of the radiation pattern. Various lens geometries, including air gaps and feed offset from the lens surface, are analyzed by using the dyadic Green's functions of the multilayered dielectric sphere. Many useful engineering design guidelines have been suggested for the optimum construction of the lens. The results have been satisfactory and demonstrate the utility of the GA/adaptive cost-function algorithm. Additionally, the radiation characteristics of a novel two-shell lens antenna have been studied, and its performance is compared to the Luneburg lens     

Performance of the wire-grid lens HF antenna

The wire-grid lens HF antenna is a high-frequency realization of a two-dimensional Luneburg lens. This vertically polarized high-directivity 36-beam circular antenna can operate over a 10/1 frequency band. When receiving a signal on a single beam, it exhibits a low binary-error rate equivalent to that of a nest of three high-gain rhombics required to cover the same frequency band. Improved reception is obtained by receiving a signal on a pair of adjacent beams operating in the angle-diversity mode. As a direction-finding antenna, its accuracy is limited primarily by irregularities in ionospheric propagation. Its theoretical performance, which has been calculated with precision on a high-speed digital computer, is compared with its measured performance.     

基于龙伯透镜的低剖面阵列天线

本文提出了一种利用多个龙伯透镜单元组成的低剖面阵列天线,天线可实现大角度波束扫描。从仿真结果可见,与传统相控阵天线相比,波束扫描范围可扩展到±71°,与具有相同口径面积的基于单个龙伯透镜实现的阵列天线相比,剖面高度和体积重量大大降低。     

分层伦伯透镜天线的辐射性能计算

介绍了伦伯透镜及伦伯透镜天线的特点，用经典电磁理论模式展开法计算平面波入射分层伦伯透镜时的散射场，然后利用此结论和互易定理计算喇叭天线作为馈源时伦伯透镜天线的辐射场。     

用矢量球面波理论和互易原理分析伦伯透镜天线

伦伯透镜是一种球形分层介质天线,考虑到数值计算的复杂性,本文提出用矢量球面波理论和互易原理相结合,分析其性能。该方法首先用矢量球面波理论计算平面波入射到多层介质球的散射场,在此基础上,用互易原理将散射场转变成天线的远区辐射场。基于这种方法,本文着重研究了伦伯透镜天线的焦区场和远区场特性,包括透镜分层总数以及层与层之间存在的空气间隙对实际应用可能造成的影响。最后,对卫星通信中伦伯透镜天线多波束应用的可行性给出了分析结果。     

Permittivity of composites used for Luneburg lens antennas by drilling holes based on 3-D printing technique

Due to the attractive performances such as the ability of beam focus, broadband, multi-beam scanning and other features, Luneburg lens antennas are applied in multi-beam antenna, which overcomes the problem of gain loss produced by multi-beam parabolic antenna. Based on 3-D printing technique, Luneburg lens antennas by drilling holes are studied. Permittivity and loss tangent of the equivalent lens materials can be influenced by original materials, hole shapes, hole directions, and porosity. After tests, polystyrene with waxes may be the most appropriate materials for Luneburg lens with high strength. Permittivity with the shape of triangle is the lowest due to the homogeneity. Relative permittivities with the direction at a range of 15°-45° are lower while loss tangent at a range of 0°-30°. Radial directional holes are more appropriate for Luneburg lens. The relative permittivity is decreased with the increment of porosity. After calculations, the forecasts calculated by Looyenga and A-BG theory are more precise. Finally, Luneburg lens with two layers is fabricated by 3-D printing.     

基于新型龙伯球天线的高密度组网方法

龙伯球天线是一种基于“电磁波透镜”原理研制的天线,相比较于传统天线而言,对电磁波有着更好的聚焦和控制效果,利用该技术的移动通信天线可以实现对小区波束的精确控制,提高组网密度,提升网络容量。本文介绍了该基于此类新型天线的工程应用研究成果,验证了高密度组网技术的可行性,并提出了一种可以应用于高业务场景的组网方法。