Evaluation of thermal contact conductance using a new experimental-numerical method in fin-tube heat exchangers

In a fin-tube heat exchanger the contact between fin collar and tube surface is obtained through mechanical expansion of tubes. Since the interfaces between the tubes and fins consist partially of metal-to-metal contact and partially of air, the features of heat transfer through the contact interfaces have not been fully investigated. The present study aims at the development of a new tool including an experiment and a numerical calculation for the estimation of the thermal contact conductance between the fin collar and tube surface, and pursues the evaluation of the factors affecting the thermal contact conductance in a fin-tube heat exchanger. Heat exchangers fabricated for the current study have been put to the test for heat balance in a vacuum chamber with water as an internal fluid. And a finite difference numerical scheme has been used for the data reduction of the experimental data to evaluate the thermal contact conductance. Fin-tube heat exchangers employed in the current research are of tube diameter of 7 mm with different tube expansion ratios, fin spacings, and fin types. The results of the present study imply that these parameters as well as hydrophilic fin coating have a significant effect on the thermal contact conductance. It has been discovered that the portion of the thermal contact resistance is not negligible compared with the total thermal resistance in a fin-tube heat exchanger, and this means that in order to reduce the thermal contact resistance thoughtful care should be taken in fabricating heat exchangers.     

三排变片距翅片盘管换热器结霜特性实验研究

为改善空气源热泵室外翅片盘管换热器在低环境温度下沿空气流动方向结霜不均匀、首排结霜量较大进而导致热泵除霜间隔较短、制热能力下降等问题,对不同翅片片距组合的变片距翅片盘管换热器在低环温工况下运行及结霜的情况进行实验研究。结果表明：变片距翅片盘管换热器在低环温条件下可有效延长迎风面管排发生结霜堵塞的时间、对于结霜生长速度和结霜质量也有抑制作用。变片距翅片盘管换热器在结霜中后期阶段换热功率更高,在合理的翅片间距组合下,变片距翅片盘管换热器可以在不损失过多换热功率的情况下延长换热器迎风面管排结霜堵塞的时间,如样品4的平均换热功率比样品1低6.02%,而除霜间隔延长了37 min。     

通道轮式换热器结霜工况下的换热研究

通道轮式新风换气机作为一种新型的通风换气设备近年来得到了广泛的应用。然而,其室外排风侧结霜是影响其在严寒地区冬季运行的主要问题,结霜严重时会影响该设备的运行性能。因此,有必要对通道轮式新风换气机在结霜工况下的运行规律进行深入的研究以指导其在严寒地区冬季的应用。文章在能量守恒、含湿量守恒的基础上建立了通道轮式换热器排风侧结霜工况下的数学模型,该模型耦合了结霜子模型和热交换子模型。利用该模型分析了不同工况下结霜量对该换热器换热的影响。计算出了不同工况下融霜的时间间隔,为采取有效的除霜控制方法提供了依据。将模拟结果与实验数据进行了比较,两者吻合很好,进一步验证了所建模型的可靠性。     

翅片结构对换热器结霜特性影响的实验研究

本文对空气源热泵的翅片管换热器表面霜层生长特性进行实验研究,通过红外热像仪对霜层表面温度进行测量,并用热电偶直接测量装置进行校核.分析了平片、波纹片、条缝片3种翅片类型及翅片节距对霜层厚度、结霜量、换热量的影响,并用霜层-湿空气界面条件等作为传热及传质驱动力分析了霜层生长规律.实验结果表明,波纹片及条缝片翅片换热器界面...     

空气源热泵系统无霜化及除霜方法概述

空气源热泵因性能稳定、使用方便等特点在房间供暖与空调等领域得到广泛应用,冬季室外换热器表面结霜和除霜是影响其系统性能的主要因素。本文概括了空气源热泵系统的结霜条件、无霜化以及各类热力与非热力除霜方法,重点阐述了采用相变蓄热装置的各种热泵系统及除霜方法,对研究报导中应用的相变材料、蓄热换热器结构进行综述。最后对实现空气源热泵产品的无霜化或除霜高效化和持续供热的研究方向进行展望:可靠的吸附材料及其再生方法研发是通过干燥方法破坏除霜条件的技术需求;高压电场和超声波除霜方法需进一步完善,提高稳定性和经济性;蓄热除霜有很大的市场潜力,但需优化系统及蓄热换热器设计,并深入相变材料的研究。     

Heat transfer characteristics of spirally-coiled circular fin-tube heat exchangers operating under frosting conditions

The objective of this study is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of spirally-coiled circular fin-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions. The heat transfer rate, pressure drop, frost thickness, and Nusselt number of the heat exchanger were measured and analyzed by varying the fin pitch and number of tube rows under frosting conditions. In addition, the Nusselt number of the spirally-coiled circular fin-tube exchanger was compared with those of flat plate fin-tube heat exchangers with discrete fins. An empirical correlation of the Nusselt number was developed as a function of the Reynolds number, dimensionless fin pitch normalized by the hydraulic diameter, i.e., D_h/F_p, Fourier number, and number of tube rows. The measured Nusselt number was consistent with the predicted value with mean and average deviations of 3.5% and 0.3%, respectively.     

微通道换热器在热泵型空调机组中的应用

将微通道换热器应用到北美市场典型的分体式热泵型空调机组中,并对采用微通道换热器的机组和采用铜管翅片式换热器的原机组的性能进行试验对比。试验结果表明,室内室外机均采用微通道换热器后,机组能力提高4％,制冷季节能效比（SEER）与制热季节能效系数（HSPF）分别提高2％和1％,换热器质量减轻44％,制冷剂充注量减少51％。平均结霜时间与原机组相比延长5％,平均除霜时间比原机组延长4％。此外,通过优化设计,制冷剂的分布更加均匀。对室外机微通道用换热器进行耐腐蚀性测试和压力交变疲劳测试,结果表明微通道换热器具有良好的可靠性。     

对化霜控制问题的探讨

风冷热泵通常采用测量翅片管表面温度来控制化霜，但对于北方严寒而且干燥地区，会出现虽然翅片管温度很低，但由于空气中绝对湿度太小，而不结霜的情况，如果采用温度控制化霜就会出现误操作，本文提出根据流经翅片管的空气压降来控制化霜的方法，可以避免发生上述误操作，改善热泵在冬季运行的效果。     

Performance of finned-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions: I. Simulation model

This paper describes an analytical model that was developed to predict the performance of finned-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions. The method models the frost growth mechanism and heat exchanger performance in a comprehensive manner. The results include frost accumulation and its effect on energy transfer in relation to varying humidities, fin densities and ambient conditions.     

关于风冷热泵除霜问题的研究

本文通过对风冷热泵冷热水机组冬季制热运行时换热器结霜与除霜问题的研究，提出了一种“能量分析法”。具体针对一种常见的除霜方法-逆循环除霜，提出了相应的减少除霜损失的方法。     

结霜翅片管换热器热质传递分析

低温工况下翅片管换热器的结霜是一个复杂的热质传递过程.从能量的角度出发,由换热器的对数平均温差(LMTD)引出对数平均焓差(LMED),改进了传统的基于对数平均温差(LMTD)的结霜翅片管换热器传热、传质模型,并通过实验研究了影响翅片管换热器结霜及能量传递系数(E0)的主要因素.结果表明,能量传递系数(E0)更准确地反映了结霜工况下换热器的热质交换情况,可以作为系统在霜运行及实时化霜的重要性能参数.     

能量分析法在空气源热泵除霜中的应用

针对空气源热泵冷热水机组冬季制热运行时换热器结霜与除霜的问题，提出了一种能量分析法。从能量转换和能量传递的角度出发，分析一种常见的除霜方法——逆循环除霜。通过对除霜过程的讨论，找出了相应的减少除霜损失的方法。     

空气源热泵结霜机理及除霜/抑霜技术研究进展

结霜导致蒸发器的热阻增加,传热系数降低,系统COP减小,制约了空气源热泵的推广应用。本文在表面结霜机理研究现状的基础上,总结了影响结霜的各种因素相应除霜/抑霜技术,综述了逆循环、热气旁通和电加热三种常用除霜方法的研究进展,概括了改变空气参数、表面温度和换热器结构的抑霜效果,以及表面改性抑霜技术的研究现状。指出霜导热系数模型的局限性及除霜/抑霜技术存在的问题,提出今后应结合多种措施着重探索对水蒸气凝结、冷凝水冻结、霜层回融和塌陷等阶段均有较强抑制作用的抑霜技术。     

Experimental investigation of thermal contact resistance in plain-fin-and-tube evaporators with collarless fins

The thermal contact resistance between fins and tubes in a plain-fin heat exchanger has been studied. The test coils have aluminum fins and tubes with no fin-collars. The heat-exchanger configuration under investigation was selected because this fin–tube joint is commonly used in refrigeration applications. Two coils were examined: one in the as-manufactured condition, and the other with brazed fin–tube joints—providing an intimate, metallurgical, bond between fins and tubes. Both heat exchangers were examined under dry and frosting conditions. The results show significant contact resistance in the production heat exchanger when operating under dry conditions. When frost is formed on the surface, the contact resistance is dramatically reduced to an insignificant value.     

Air-side heat transfer enhancement of a refrigerator evaporator using vortex generation

In most domestic and commercial refrigeration systems, frost forms on the air-side surface of the air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger. Frost-tolerant designs typically employ a large fin spacing in order to delay the need for a defrost cycle. Unfortunately, this approach does not allow for a very high air-side heat transfer coefficient, and the performance of these heat exchangers is often air-side limited. Longitudinal vortex generation is a proven and effective technique for thinning the thermal boundary layer and enhancing heat transfer, but its efficacy in a frosting environment is essentially unknown. In this study, an array of delta-wing vortex generators is applied to a plain-fin-and-tube heat exchanger with a fin spacing of 8.5 mm. Heat transfer and pressure drop performance are measured to determine the effectiveness of the vortex generator under frosting conditions. For air-side Reynolds numbers between 500 and 1300, the air-side thermal resistance is reduced by 35–42% when vortex generation is used. Correspondingly, the heat transfer coefficient is observed to range from 33 to 53 W m⁻² K⁻¹ for the enhanced heat exchanger and from 18 to 26 W m⁻² K⁻¹ for the baseline heat exchanger.     

冷热水三联供空调机组的除霜特性

三联供机组在冬季运行时,由于室外换热器表面结霜会严重影响机组的运行性能和安全系数。本文针对三联供空调机组所采用的除霜策略进行实验,研究了不同化霜温度测点对机组除霜特性的影响。结果表明:当化霜温度传感器置于室外换热器表面的测点2和测点5时,系统在结霜过程中持续波动的时间分别为2 280 s和220 s;除霜时间分别为5 min和12 min,系统过热度持续为负值的时间分别为185 s和80 s。为系统安全考虑,建议化霜温度传感器布置于测点5。     

受限空间中翅片管换热器的性能分析

受限空间翅片管换热器,是指由于总体框架尺寸的限制,部分结构参数被限定的换热器。为研究此类翅片管换热器的在换热传质时的不同特性,基于空调箱中的有限空间结构模型,建立适用于此类换热器计算的集总参数模型。利用二分迭代法求解的结果表明模型可高效精准地计算出翅片管换热器沿气流方向的排数,并且当任意工况参数或者结构参数发生变化时,此模型也可分析预测翅片管换热器的性能变化规律。利用实验数据对模型计算结果进行了对比验证:模型计算所得的各性能参数值与实验值吻合良好,其平均相对误差均小于2%,最大相对误差均小于8%。通过焓差实验台测定和分析翅片管换热器的制冷量和压降随工况参数和结构参数的变化规律,不仅优化换热器的设计,并为换热器运行调节方法的选取提供依据。     

Defrosting performances of a multi-split air source heat pump with phase change thermal storage

Recently, multi-split air source heat pumps (ASHPs) have been used increasingly for space heating in cold winter. When it operates in frosting environment, periodic defrosting is necessary to maintain a high system performance. However, researches on its defrosting were few due to its high capital and complicated controls. To solve its fundamental problem of insufficient heat available during defrosting, a novel reverse-cycle defrosting (NRCD) method based on the phase change thermal storage has been developed. In this paper, comparative experiments using both standard reverse-cycle defrosting (SRCD) method and NRCD method were carried out on a multi-split ASHP unit with a phase change material heat exchanger (PCM-HE) acting as energy accumulator during heating operation and heat source during defrosting operation. Experimental results suggested that when using the NRCD method, the system performances, such as suction pressure and temperature, defrosting and heat-resumption durations, COP during defrosting operation can be effectively improved.     

微通道换热器结霜特性及换热性能实验研究

结霜是制约微通道换热器在制冷及空调系统应用的主要因素之一。针对微通道换热器结霜问题,本文基于相变驱动力分析了结霜机理,观察了不同环境因素下冷表面霜层生长形貌,并实验研究了湿空气温度、含湿量、气流速度及冷却液温度对微通道换热器结霜特性及换热性能的影响。结果表明:湿空气含湿量及气流速度是影响微通道换热器结霜的主要因素,结霜时间为15 min,含湿量为5.75 g/(kg干空气)工况下,换热器表面结霜量比含湿量为3.58 g/(kg干空气)时提高了63.87%;气流速度为2.5 m/s工况下,换热器表面结霜量比气流速度为1 m/s时增加了55.4%。随着结霜时间的增长,湿空气温度、冷却液温度越低,含湿量、气流速度越大,换热量下降趋势越明显。     

An experimental study on frosting of laminar air flow on a cold surface with local cooling

This paper presents the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the humid airflow in frosting conditions. A flat plate of aluminum with cooling modules at the central region was used for the simulation of flat surface part of the fin of the heat exchanger. The local surface temperature of the plate and the local thickness and total mass of the frost on the plate were measured to analyze the heat and mass transfer characteristics. In order to analyze the frosting characteristics, an analysis algorithm was developed, which can provide the local air temperature, the frost surface temperature, the sensible and the latent heat flux distributions at the test plate. Also, by integrating the local heat flux distribution, the average heat flux characteristics were analyzed. The present experiment and analysis found that the characteristic of the upstream airflow was very different from that of the downstream airflow.