提高近场声全息重建精度方法

在近场声金息中利用扫描法进行全息面测量时,全息面上的测点信号与参考信号会不可避免地受到一些噪声的影响,降低重建精度,影响重建的实现.在噪声与声源信号以及噪声相互之间非相关的假设下,首先引入两种传递函数估计方法求解全息面复声压,然后再进行近场声全息重建.仿真和实验结果表明,该方法可以有效抑制非相关噪声对全息面复声压计算的影响.近场声全息重建结果表明,该方法减少了测量噪声带来的误差,提高了扫描法近场声全息的重建精度.     

基于混合全息算法的多源相干声场分离方法

当空间声场中存在多个相干声源时,运用常规的近场声全息算法无法重建和预测每个相干声源的声场分布,限制了声全息的应用范围和对相干声场的分析。在针对该问题的现有方法中,基于傅里叶变换的声场分离技术只能用于相干声源位于全息面两侧的情况,而分布源边界点法、联合波叠加法等虽然可解决相干声源位于全息面同侧的分离问题,但在应用时必须预先知道声源的位置以及几何形状等先验知识。针对相干声源在全息面同侧的情况,提出一种新的多源相干声场分离方法。该方法只需全息面声压,不需要其他先验知识就可以实现相干声场分离,能很好地弥补现有方法的缺点,并为相干声场的分析提供有力手段。数值仿真和试验验证该方法的正确性、可行性和有效性。     

基于传递函数估计的近场声全息的噪声源识别

在近场声全息(NAH)声场测量中,噪声的存在使近场声全息重建精度降低,影响声场重建的实现。本文提出一种基于传递函数估计的双测量面NAH技术,首先采用双测量面对噪声源信号进行测量,然后基于传递函数法引入一种合理的传递函数估计,结合参考传声器信号来求解全息面复声压,最后利用前后测量面数据相位差异来求解格林函数,根据声场重建公式进行近场声全息声场重建。数值仿真及重建误差分析表明,存在测量噪声影响的情况下,本文提出的方法相比传递函数法NAH重建误差更小,能够更准确地识别声源位置并提高声全息重建精度。最后对某型拖拉机前端进行近场阵列扫描试验,验证基于传递函数估计的双测量面NAH的有效性。     

正交球面波Patch近场声全息

常规近场声全息(Near-field acoustic holography,NAH)中,为减小算法误差对结果的影响,要求全息测量孔径必须大于声源面积。由于要求的全息孔径较大,导致该技术测量工作异常繁琐以及在大尺寸结构上应用困难。为解决此问题,以全息声压近场外推为基础的Patch近场声全息技术(Patchnear-field acoustic holography,PNAH)发展起来。根据声场的球面波近似原理,提出正交球面波Patch近场声全息方法,该方法将振动体产生的声场等效近似为一系列不同阶次的正交球面波源产生的声场的线性叠加,通过这些正交球面波源的声辐射过程来实现全息面声压的近场外推,然后利用近场外推所得声压数据采用计算简便的快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier transform,FFT)方法实现全息重建。数值仿真结果表明,该方法在小全息孔径条件下取得良好效果,显著减小对全息孔径大小的要求,从而方便工程运用。     

强脉冲干扰非线性混叠转子故障信号分离

由于旋转机械在运行过程中,传感器测得的振动信号是各振源的混叠信号且含有很强的噪声,常规的信号处理方法难以分离混叠信号,对设备的状态监测和故障诊断造成了很大的困难。针对这一问题,介绍了盲源分离基本原理和方法,指出源分离算法在脉冲噪声环境下失效。针对强脉冲噪声环境下的混叠振动信号,首先,通过中值滤波降噪方法对振动信号进行降噪;然后,通过盲源分离算法对降噪后的信号分离;最后,利用该方法对实测混叠转子振动信号成功实现了降噪和故障信号分离。仿真结果验证了提出方法的有效性。     

NEAR-FIELD ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY FOR SEMI-FREE ACOUSTIC FIELD BASED ON WAVE SUPERPOSITION APPROACH

In the semi-free acoustic field, the actual acoustic pressure at any point is composed of two parts: The direct acoustic pressure and the reflected acoustic pressure. The general acoustic holographic theories and algorithms request that there is only the direct acoustic pressure contained in the pressure at any point on the hologram surface, consequently, they cannot be used to reconstruct acoustic source and predict acoustic field directly. To take the reflected pressure into consideration, near-field acoustic holography for semi-free acoustic field based on wave superposition approach is proposed to realize the holographic reconstruction and prediction of the semi-free acoustic field, and the wave superposition approach is adopted as a holographic transform algorithm. The proposed theory and algorithm are realized and verified with a numerical example, and the drawbacks of the general theories and algorithms in the holographic reconstruction and prediction of the semi-free acoustic field are also demonstrated by this numerical example.     

Gas leak locating in steel pipe using wavelet transform and cross-correlation method

Pipelines leakage in power plant, petrochemical complexes, and refineries can lead to explosion, pollution, and severe physical damages, so precise and on time leak locating is very important. There are many techniques for detecting and locating the leakage. In this research, we represent the leak locating principle in pressurized gas pipelines by using acoustic emission theory. An algorithm for finding the location of continuous acoustic waves resulted from leakage is provided by MATLAB software. The used leak locating technique is a combination of wavelet transform, filtering, and cross-correlation methods. The resulted acoustic emission signals were analyzed into high and low frequencies by wavelet transform and available noises on them were omitted completely by filtering. Then de-noised acoustic emission signals were reconstructed. Time differences of de-noised waves were calculated precisely by using cross-correlation function. For studying the accuracy of used method, acoustic emission testing was done by continuous leakage source. The resulted signals of leakage were recorded by two acoustic sensors in two sides of leakage source, and time difference and leak location were calculated by using the algorithm. Several tests were done by changing sensor distance from leakage source and error percent of less than 3 % was resulted in leak locating that indicated high precision of used algorithm.     

Enhancing the reconstruction of acoustic source field using wavelet transformation

This paper shows the use of wavelet transformation combined with inverse acoustics to reconstruct the surface velocity of a noise source. This approach uses the boundary element analysis based on the measured sound pressure at a set of field points, the Helmholtz integral equations and wavelet transformation for reconstructing the normal surface velocity field. The reconstructed field can be diverged due to the small measurement errors in the case of nearfield acoustic holography (NAH) using an inverse boundary element method. In order to avoid this instability in the inverse problem, the reconstruction process should include some form of regularization for enhancing the resolution of source images. The usual method of regularization has been the truncation of wave vectors associated with small singular values, although the order of an optimal truncation is difficult to determine. In this paper, a wavelet transformation is applied to reduce the computation time for inverse acoustics and to enhance the reconstructed vibration field. The computational speed-up is achieved, with solution time being reduced to 14.5%.     

分布源边界点法在声场全息重建和预测中的应用

提出了以分布源边界点法作为声场的全息变换算法,建立了基于分布源边界点法的声全息重建和预测的数学模型。与基于边界元法的声全息重建和预测模型相比,此法避开了变量插值、数值计算和奇异积分的处理,具有计算速度快、计算精度高、计算稳定性好和简单易懂等优点,因此在工程实践中有着广泛的应用前景。     

应用微分算法处理特种管道测厚激光超声信号

为了实现特种管道在高温、高压、辐射等特殊环境下管壁厚度的非均匀性检测,提出一种基于微分算法的管道壁厚激光超声测量及特征信号处理方法。采用脉冲激光激励和激光干涉探测的激光超声方法,实验测得管道试件的宽频带激光超声信号。采用数字平均算法对宽带激光超声信号进行去噪处理,提高原始激光超声信号的信噪比。采用微分算法对激光超声信号进行特征提取处理,得到表征管壁厚度的激光超声特征信号。根据管道材料声速和激光超声传播时间反演计算得到管道试件的壁厚值,管壁厚度测量值与实际值的误差小于5%。研究表明,基于微分算法的管道壁厚激光超声测量及特征信号处理方法具有良好的信噪比、准确的信号特征量和较高的测量精度,可用于管道壁厚的在线实时检测以及因腐蚀、应力引起的管道壁厚不均匀性检测。     

利用声场空间分布特征诊断滚动轴承故障

基于振动信号分析的特征提取是目前最主要的机械故障诊断方法,而振动信号的获取受到接触式测量的限制,基于声学测量的故障诊断能够克服这一缺点,但传统基于单通道测试的声学诊断技术存在测点选择难和局部诊断的不足。基于近场声全息技术提出一种用于滚动轴承故障诊断的声场分布特征提取方法。不同轴承故障能产生不同的振动特性,进而产生相应的声场分布,鉴于轴承状态与声场分布特性的对应关系,利用近场声全息算法重建声源附近各轴承运行状态下的声场,得到反映声场分布的二维声像图,再从声像图中提取故障相关的灰度共生矩阵特征,建立声场分布特性与轴承运行状态间的内在联系,结合支持矢量机模式分类,用于轴承的故障诊断。研究表明所提出的声场分布特征提取方法能够有效地用于滚动轴承的各类故障诊断,为机械故障诊断提供了新的参考。     

近场声全息理论与应用的研究现状与展望

回顾近场声全息(NAH,near field acoustical holography)理论与应用的发展历史及国内外研究现状。对NAH技术进行分类,并对各类NAH技术的重建算法及适用范围进行评述。重点介绍近十几年来NAH的发展：正交共形结构NAH技术中关于测量孔径有限性对重建精度影响的研究,特别是关于数据外推技术的发展;全息面数据采集方法研究,包括参考源互谱测量法及基于声强测量的宽带声全息重建技术(broadband acoustical holography from intensity measurement,BAHIM)法;任意形结构NAH技术中声场重建病态性研究的发展,特别是正则化理论的应用;NAH在工程中的应用研究,包括移动声源、封闭空间声场等场合的应用等。另外,还介绍一些其他的声场重建技术,包括Helmholtz积分方程最小均方误差法(HELS)、边界点方法等。最后,讨论NAH研究有待解决的问题,并探讨NAH研究的发展趋势。     

Sound visualization of smartphone-radiated noise using nearfield acoustic holography

A smartphone contains electronic components that can inadvertently act as sources of unwanted vibration and noise. Also known as the “buzz,” the noise is produced primarily by multilayer ceramic capacitors, the piezoelectric pulsation of which drives the circuit board into vibration, hence sound radiation. Given the close proximity of the smartphone to the ear, the audible noise, albeit low in amplitude, can be a nuisance and degrade the call quality. Thus accurate measurement and analysis of the noise are needed as the first step toward resolving the problem. The popular farfield-based techniques, however, are not applicable to smartphone-radiated noise because of its low sound pressure level (∼20 dB). This paper presents an alternative method based on nearfield acoustic holography (NAH), here tailored for a small mobile device radiating low-intensity noise. The NAH method is shown to be capable of visualizing sound pressure and intensity anywhere near the smartphone as well as the vibration of the circuit board, which could lead to an effective design strategy for a quieter smartphone.

     

声矢量阵列波达方向估计的四元数空间稀疏分解

针对稀疏分解(sparse decomposition)类算法在恢复矢量阵列信号时收敛速度慢的问题,本文将稀疏分解理论推广到四元数空间,提出了一种声矢量阵列波达方向估计的四元数正交匹配追踪算法。首先,建立声矢量阵列的四元数模型,然后将方向矢量矩阵在四元数空间展开作为冗余字典,最后利用正交匹配追踪算法恢复原始信号得到目标方位信息。实验结果表明:在四元数空间建立的冗余字典强化了声矢量传感器各输出分量间正交性,与长矢量模型即在复数域的冗余字典相比恢复性能更好。具体表现为:冗余字典原子长度降为长矢量方法的1/3,并有效去除长矢量方法在DOA估计角度真值附近1°范围内的偏差。仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

半自由场波叠加噪声源识别方法研究

提出了一种适合半自由场条件下进行噪声源识别的方法，通过仿真和实验验证了半自由场波叠加噪声源识别方法的正确性。根据波叠加方法的原理，声源产生的空间声场可以用其内部的一系列虚源点来等效代替，而虚源源强可以通过匹配场点的声压来获得，进而由这些虚源重建任意场点的各种声学量。通过阵列获取声压场，结果表示成声压等值线图、三维视图或声强矢量图，便于直观地判别出声源的位置、大小和传播路径。半自由场渡叠加噪声源识剐方法可以在半自由场条件下对任意形状物体进行噪声源识别。     

基于单全息面三维声强测量的声场分离技术

在测量全息面三维声强和均方声压的基础上，根据平面上二维切向有功声强与复声压相位间的关系来间接获取复声压的相位，结合测得的均方声压，得到全息复声压；根据全息面上微粒法向振速的叠加原理和波数域的Euler公式，推导出基于单全息面三维声强测量的声场分离公式，将全息面两侧声源各自在全息面上产生的声压分离开来。在全息面两侧均有声源的情况下，实现噪声源的识别与定位，克服了近场声全息(NAH)和基于声强测量的宽带声全息(BAHIM)的应用局限性。数值仿真的结果证明了该技术的可行性和有效性。     

基于FSWT细化时频谱SVD降噪的冲击特征分离方法

为有效提取滚动轴承故障振动信号的故障冲击特征,提出了基于FSWT细化时频谱SVD降噪的冲击特征分离提取方法。首先对原始信号进行频率切片小波变换得到全频带下的时频分布,然后根据时频谱能量分布特点选择出感兴趣的时频区域,再以较高的时频分辨率对感兴趣的时频区域进行细化分析得到细化的时频谱,从而分割出含有故障特征时频区域。为克服噪声对细化时频谱精度的影响,FSWT细化分析过程融入SVD降噪,通过对FSWT细化时频谱系数矩阵进行奇异值差分谱阈值降噪,使得FSWT细化时频谱的冲击特征更加明显,最后通对降噪后的细化时频谱进行FSWT逆变换重构,分离出故障冲击信号。仿真分析和故障诊断实例表明,基于FSWT细化时频谱SVD降噪的冲击特征分离提取方法能够成功从低信噪比信号中提取出周期性的冲击特征,有效地实现对滚动轴承各种故障的诊断。     

基于边界元理论的鼓风机组管路振动噪声控制研究

针对鼓风机组管路振动噪声问题,应用结构声辐射理论和结构振动测量数据分析振动声辐射强度。以实测振动信号为依据,根据对低频段计算精度较好的边界元理论,应用有限元软件和Sysnoise声学仿真软件建立了实际声场的边界元流体模型和有限元结构模型的耦合模型,得到了模拟声场的仿真结果,并与实测结果进行比较,确定了主要噪声能量来源于管路振动造成的结构振动。通过分析振动的来源以及振动传递的路径和传递特性,确定了隔振降噪的方法。依据理论分析结果,对实际现场采取了有效的隔振降噪方法,隔振后降噪效果明显。     

Use of Homomorphic Filtering for Upgrading Flaw Imaging in the Expert Examination of Welded Joints of Atomic Power Plant Pipelines

The possibility of using homomorphic filtration of ultrasonic echo signals, as a preliminary data processing method, for upgrading the flaw images obtained during coherent echo-signal processing is considered. Homomorphic filtration makes it possible to attenuate the effect of multiplicative noises appearing in the data recording, such as variation of the acoustic contact or the rough surface of the tested object. Obtaining of the images consists of the following stages: calculation of holograms on the basis of measured echo signals, taking the logarithm of the calculated holograms, determination of the hologram spectrum, projection operation in the spectral space, and the Fourier transform. The results of the practical use of homomorphic filtration for expertise of flaw dimensions in austenite welded joints of 325 × 15-mm stainless-steel pipelines are given.     

EEMD和TFPF联合降噪法在齿轮故障诊断中的应用

为了消除噪声对齿轮传动系统故障特征提取的影响,提出了一种基于集成经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)和时频峰值滤波(time-frequency peak filtering,简称TFPF)相结合的降噪方法。针对TFPF算法在窗长的选择方面受到限制的问题,采用了EEMD方法对其进行改进,使得信号在噪声压制和有效信号保真两方面得到权衡;含噪声的信号经过EEMD分解后,得到一系列频率成分从高到低的本征模态函数(intrinsic mode functions,简称IMFs),计算出各IMFs间的相关系数,判断需要滤波的IMFs。对不同的IMFs选择不同的窗长进行TFPF滤波,把过滤后的IMFs和剩余的IMFs重构得到最终的降噪信号。用模拟仿真信号和齿轮齿根故障信号对该方法进行验证,可见EEMD+TFPF能有效地去除噪声,成功提取齿根裂纹故障特征。